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Hacker L, Wabnitz H, Pifferi A, Pfefer TJ, Pogue BW, Bohndiek SE. Criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking phantoms for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:541-558. [PMID: 35624150 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of accepted standards and standardized phantoms suitable for the technical validation of biophotonic instrumentation hinders the reliability and reproducibility of its experimental outputs. In this Perspective, we discuss general criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking biophotonic phantoms, and use these criteria and state-of-the-art developments to critically review the literature on phantom materials and on the fabrication of phantoms. By focusing on representative examples of standardization in diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy, fluorescence-guided surgery and photoacoustic imaging, we identify unmet needs in the development of phantoms and a set of criteria (leveraging characterization, collaboration, communication and commitment) for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hacker
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Distensibility of Deformable Aortic Replicas Assessed by an Integrated In-Vitro and In-Silico Approach. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030094. [PMID: 35324783 PMCID: PMC8945006 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct estimation of the distensibility of deformable aorta replicas is a challenging issue, in particular when its local characterization is necessary. We propose a combined in-vitro and in-silico approach to face this problem. First, we tested an aortic silicone arch in a pulse-duplicator analyzing its dynamics under physiological working conditions. The aortic flow rate and pressure were measured by a flow meter at the inlet and two probes placed along the arch, respectively. Video imaging analysis allowed us to estimate the outer diameter of the aorta in some sections in time. Second, we replicated the in-vitro experiment through a Fluid-Structure Interaction simulation. Observed and computed values of pressures and variations in aorta diameters, during the cardiac cycle, were compared. Results were considered satisfactory enough to suggest that the estimation of local distensibility from in-silico tests is reliable, thus overcoming intrinsic experimental limitations. The aortic distensibility (AD) is found to vary significantly along the phantom by ranging from 3.0 × 10−3 mmHg−1 in the ascending and descending tracts to 4.2 × 10−3 mmHg−1 in the middle of the aortic arch. Interestingly, the above values underestimate the AD obtained in preliminary tests carried out on straight cylindrical samples made with the same material of the present phantom. Hence, the current results suggest that AD should be directly evaluated on the replica rather than on the samples of the adopted material. Moreover, tests should be suitably designed to estimate the local rather than only the global distensibility.
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Vardaki MZ, Kourkoumelis N. Tissue Phantoms for Biomedical Applications in Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2020; 11:1179597220948100. [PMID: 32884391 PMCID: PMC7440735 DOI: 10.1177/1179597220948100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a group of analytical techniques, currently applied in several research fields, including clinical diagnostics. Tissue-mimicking optical phantoms have been established as an essential intermediate stage for medical applications with their employment from spectroscopic techniques to be constantly growing. This review outlines the types of tissue phantoms currently employed in different biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy, focusing on their composition and optical properties. It is therefore an attempt to present an informed range of options for potential use to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Liu Y, Ghassemi P, Depkon A, Iacono MI, Lin J, Mendoza G, Wang J, Tang Q, Chen Y, Pfefer TJ. Biomimetic 3D-printed neurovascular phantoms for near-infrared fluorescence imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2810-2824. [PMID: 30258692 PMCID: PMC6154206 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technology enables the fabrication of optically realistic and morphologically complex tissue-simulating phantoms for the development and evaluation of novel optical imaging products. In this study, we assess the potential to print image-defined neurovascular phantoms with patent channels for contrast-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. An anatomical map defined from clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was segmented and processed into files suitable for printing a forebrain vessel network in rectangular and curved-surface biomimetic phantoms. Methods for effectively cleaning samples with complex vasculature were determined. A final set of phantoms were imaged with a custom NIRF system at 785 nm excitation using two NIRF contrast agents. In addition to demonstrating the strong potential of 3D printing for creating highly realistic, patient-specific biophotonic phantoms, our work provides insight into optimal methods for accomplishing this goal and elucidates current limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pejhman Ghassemi
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Andrew Depkon
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Maria Ida Iacono
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gonzalo Mendoza
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jianting Wang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Qinggong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - T Joshua Pfefer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Maneas E, Xia W, Ogunlade O, Fonseca M, Nikitichev DI, David AL, West SJ, Ourselin S, Hebden JC, Vercauteren T, Desjardins AE. Gel wax-based tissue-mimicking phantoms for multispectral photoacoustic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9. [PMID: 29541509 PMCID: PMC5846519 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-mimicking phantoms are widely used for the calibration, evaluation and standardisation of medical imaging systems, and for clinical training. For photoacoustic imaging, tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) that have tuneable optical and acoustic properties, high stability, and mechanical robustness are highly desired. In this study, gel wax is introduced as a TMM that satisfies these criteria for developing photoacoustic imaging phantoms. The reduced scattering and optical absorption coefficients were independently tuned with the addition of TiO2 and oil-based inks. The frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation obeyed a power law; for native gel wax, it varied from 0.71 dB/cm at 3 MHz to 9.93 dB/cm at 12 MHz. The chosen oil-based inks, which have different optical absorption spectra in the range of 400 to 900 nm, were found to have good photostability under pulsed illumination with photoacoustic excitation light. Optically heterogeneous phantoms that comprised of inclusions with different concentrations of carbon black and coloured inks were fabricated, and multispectral photoacoustic imaging was performed with an optical parametric oscillator and a planar Fabry-Pérot sensor. We conclude that gel wax is well suited as a TMM for multispectral photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Maneas
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Wenfeng Xia
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Olumide Ogunlade
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Martina Fonseca
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Daniil I. Nikitichev
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Anna L. David
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX,
UK
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit),
Belgium
| | - Simeon J. West
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Main Theatres, Maple Bridge Link Corridor, Podium 3, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU,
UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Jeremy C. Hebden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
| | - Adrien E. Desjardins
- Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ,
UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,
UK
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Maneas E, Xia W, Nikitichev DI, Daher B, Manimaran M, Wong RYJ, Chang CW, Rahmani B, Capelli C, Schievano S, Burriesci G, Ourselin S, David AL, Finlay MC, West SJ, Vercauteren T, Desjardins AE. Anatomically realistic ultrasound phantoms using gel wax with 3D printed moulds. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:015033. [PMID: 29186007 PMCID: PMC5802334 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa9e2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe methods for creating tissue-mimicking ultrasound phantoms based on patient anatomy using a soft material called gel wax. To recreate acoustically realistic tissue properties, two additives to gel wax were considered: paraffin wax to increase acoustic attenuation, and solid glass spheres to increase backscattering. The frequency dependence of ultrasound attenuation was well described with a power law over the measured range of 3–10 MHz. With the addition of paraffin wax in concentrations of 0 to 8 w/w%, attenuation varied from 0.72 to 2.91 dB cm−1 at 3 MHz and from 6.84 to 26.63 dB cm−1 at 10 MHz. With solid glass sphere concentrations in the range of 0.025–0.9 w/w%, acoustic backscattering consistent with a wide range of ultrasonic appearances was achieved. Native gel wax maintained its integrity during compressive deformations up to 60%; its Young’s modulus was 17.4 ± 1.4 kPa. The gel wax with additives was shaped by melting and pouring it into 3D printed moulds. Three different phantoms were constructed: a nerve and vessel phantom for peripheral nerve blocks, a heart atrium phantom, and a placental phantom for minimally-invasive fetal interventions. In the first, nerves and vessels were represented as hyperechoic and hypoechoic tubular structures, respectively, in a homogeneous background. The second phantom comprised atria derived from an MRI scan of a patient with an intervening septum and adjoining vena cavae. The third comprised the chorionic surface of a placenta with superficial fetal vessels derived from an image of a post-partum human placenta. Gel wax is a material with widely tuneable ultrasound properties and mechanical characteristics that are well suited for creating patient-specific ultrasound phantoms in several clinical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Maneas
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ, United Kingdom. These authors contributed equally to this work
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Effect of size, concentration, and type of spherical gold nanoparticles on heat evolution following laser irradiation using tissue-simulating phantoms. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:625-34. [PMID: 26861979 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy has recently gained a considerable attention particularly after the revolution of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. The aim of the present study is to assess the optimal photothermal response through investigating some effective parameters of spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), e.g., type, size, and concentration, as a preclinical study for efficient photothermal treatment. Tissue-simulating phantoms based on agar and water media incorporated with two different types of AuNPs, spherical Au particles capped with citrate or spherical Au core-silica shell NPs, were built. Heat evolution for each NP type was recorded in the phantom matrix with different particle sizes at various concentrations following exposure to low laser power (irradiance 35 mW/cm(2)) and emitting at λ = 532 nm. Our results demonstrated that AuNPs capped with citrate recorded higher temperature elevations than those capped with silica shell. Particles with smaller sizes produced more heating effect than those having larger sizes. Also, higher temperatures were recorded at a critical concentration of NPs. Exponential decay constants based on theoretical calculations demonstrated that laser attenuation increases with the continuous increase of particle size and concentration.
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