1
|
Xia T, Umezu K, Scully DM, Wang S, Larina IV. In vivo volumetric depth-resolved imaging of cilia metachronal waves using dynamic optical coherence tomography. OPTICA 2023; 10:1439-1451. [PMID: 38665775 PMCID: PMC11044847 DOI: 10.1364/optica.499927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Motile cilia are dynamic hair-like structures covering epithelial surfaces in multiple organs. The periodic coordinated beating of cilia creates waves propagating along the surface, known as the metachronal waves, which transport fluids and mucus along the epithelium. Motile ciliopathies result from disrupted coordinated cilia beating and are associated with serious clinical complications, including reproductive disorders. Despite the recognized clinical significance, research of cilia dynamics is extremely limited. Here, we present quantitative imaging of cilia metachronal waves volumetrically through tissue layers using dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT). Our method relies on spatiotemporal mapping of the phase of intensity fluctuations in OCT images caused by the ciliary beating. We validated our new method ex vivo and implemented it in vivo to visualize cilia metachronal wave propagation within the mouse fallopian tube. This method can be extended to the assessment of physiological cilia function and ciliary dyskinesias in various organ systems, contributing to better management of pathologies associated with motile ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kohei Umezu
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deirdre M. Scully
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deniz E, Pasha M, Guerra ME, Viviano S, Ji W, Konstantino M, Jeffries L, Lakhani SA, Medne L, Skraban C, Krantz I, Khokha MK. CFAP45, a heterotaxy and congenital heart disease gene, affects cilia stability. Dev Biol 2023; 499:75-88. [PMID: 37172641 PMCID: PMC10373286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common and lethal birth defect, affecting 1.3 million individuals worldwide. During early embryogenesis, errors in Left-Right (LR) patterning called Heterotaxy (Htx) can lead to severe CHD. Many of the genetic underpinnings of Htx/CHD remain unknown. In analyzing a family with Htx/CHD using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous recessive missense mutation in CFAP45 in two affected siblings. CFAP45 belongs to the coiled-coil domain-containing protein family, and its role in development is emerging. When we depleted Cfap45 in frog embryos, we detected abnormalities in cardiac looping and global markers of LR patterning, recapitulating the patient's heterotaxy phenotype. In vertebrates, laterality is broken at the Left-Right Organizer (LRO) by motile monocilia that generate leftward fluid flow. When we analyzed the LRO in embryos depleted of Cfap45, we discovered "bulges" within the cilia of these monociliated cells. In addition, epidermal multiciliated cells lost cilia with Cfap45 depletion. Via live confocal imaging, we found that Cfap45 localizes in a punctate but static position within the ciliary axoneme, and depletion leads to loss of cilia stability and eventual detachment from the cell's apical surface. This work demonstrates that in Xenopus, Cfap45 is required to sustain cilia stability in multiciliated and monociliated cells, providing a plausible mechanism for its role in heterotaxy and congenital heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - M Pasha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - M E Guerra
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S Viviano
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - W Ji
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - M Konstantino
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - L Jeffries
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S A Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - L Medne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - C Skraban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - I Krantz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - M K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oeler KJ, Hill DB, Oldenburg AL. OCT particle tracking velocimetry of biofluids in a microparallel plate strain induction chamber. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210174R. [PMID: 34528428 PMCID: PMC8441543 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.096005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Imaging biofluid flow under physiologic conditions aids in understanding disease processes and health complications. We present a method employing a microparallel plate strain induction chamber (MPPSIC) amenable to optical coherence tomography to track depth-resolved lateral displacement in fluids in real time while under constant and sinusoidal shear. AIM Our objective is to track biofluid motion under shearing conditions found in the respiratory epithelium, first validating methods in Newtonian fluids and subsequently assessing the capability of motion-tracking in bronchial mucus. APPROACH The motion of polystyrene microspheres in aqueous glycerol is tracked under constant and sinusoidal applied shear rates in the MPPSIC and is compared with theory. Then 1.5 wt. % bronchial mucus samples considered to be in a normal hydrated state are studied under sinusoidal shear rates of amplitudes 0.7 to 3.2 s - 1. RESULTS Newtonian fluids under low Reynolds conditions (Re ∼ 10 - 4) exhibit velocity decreases directly proportional to the distance from the plate driven at both constant and oscillating velocities, consistent with Navier-Stokes's first and second problems at finite depths. A 1.5 wt. % mucus sample also exhibits a uniform shear strain profile. CONCLUSIONS The MPPSIC provides a new capability for studying biofluids, such as mucus, to assess potentially non-linear or strain-rate-dependent properties in a regime that is relevant to the mucus layer in the lung epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J. Oeler
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - David B. Hill
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Marsico Lung Institute, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Amy L. Oldenburg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang T, Deniz E, Khokha MK, Tagare HD. Gaussian process post-processing for particle tracking velocimetry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3196-3216. [PMID: 31360598 PMCID: PMC6640822 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) gives quantitative estimates of fluid flow velocities from images. But particle tracking is a complicated problem, and it often produces results that need substantial post-processing. We propose a novel Gaussian process regression-based post-processing step for PTV: The method smooths ("denoises") and densely interpolates velocity estimates while rejecting track irregularities. The method works under a large range of particle densities and fluid velocities. In addition, the method calculates standard deviances (error bars) for the velocity estimates, opening the possibility of propagating the standard deviances through subsequent processing and analysis. The accuracy of the method is experimentally evaluated using Optical Coherence Tomography images of particles in laminar flow in a pipe phantom. Following this, the method is used to quantify cilia-driven fluid flow and vorticity patterns in a developing Xenopus embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
| | - Engin Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
| | - Hemant D. Tagare
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
- Department of {Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Statistics and Data Science}, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gamm UA, Huang BK, Mis EK, Khokha MK, Choma MA. Visualization and quantification of injury to the ciliated epithelium using quantitative flow imaging and speckle variance optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15115. [PMID: 29118359 PMCID: PMC5678121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary flow is an important defense mechanism in the lung to remove inhaled pathogens and pollutants. Disruption of ciliary flow can lead to respiratory infections. Multiple factors, from drugs to disease can cause an alteration in ciliary flow. However, less attention has been given to injury of the ciliated epithelium. In this study, we show how optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to investigate injury to the ciliated epithelium in a multi-contrast setting. We used particle tracking velocimetry (PTV-OCT) to investigate the cilia-driven flow field and 3D speckle variance imaging to investigate size and extent of injury caused to the skin of Xenopus embryos. Two types of injuries are investigated, focal injury caused by mechanical damage and diffuse injury by a calcium chloride shock. We additionally investigate injury and regeneration of cilia to calcium chloride on ex vivo mouse trachea. This work describes how OCT can be used as a tool to investigate injury and regeneration in ciliated epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute A Gamm
- Yale University, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brendan K Huang
- Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Emily K Mis
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale University, Department of Genetics, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael A Choma
- Yale University, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale University, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McLean JP, Ling Y, Hendon CP. Frequency-constrained robust principal component analysis: a sparse representation approach to segmentation of dynamic features in optical coherence tomography imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:25819-25830. [PMID: 29041245 PMCID: PMC5644470 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.025819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sparse representation theory is an exciting area of research with recent applications in medical imaging and detection, segmentation, and quantitative analysis of biological processes. We present a variant on the robust-principal component analysis (RPCA) algorithm, called frequency constrained RPCA (FC-RPCA), for selectively segmenting dynamic phenomena that exhibit spectra within a user-defined range of frequencies. The algorithm lacks subjective parameter tuning and demonstrates robust segmentation in datasets containing multiple motion sources and high amplitude noise. When tested on 17 ex-vivo, time lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scans of human ciliated epithelium, segmentation accuracies ranged between 91-99% and consistently out-performed traditional RPCA.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ling Y, Yao X, Gamm UA, Arteaga-Solis E, Emala CW, Choma MA, Hendon CP. Ex vivo visualization of human ciliated epithelium and quantitative analysis of induced flow dynamics by using optical coherence tomography. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:270-279. [PMID: 28231402 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cilia-driven mucociliary clearance is an important self-defense mechanism of great clinical importance in pulmonary research. Conventional light microscopy possesses the capability to visualize individual cilia and its beating pattern but lacks the throughput to assess the global ciliary activities and flow dynamics. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), which provides depth-resolved cross-sectional images, was recently introduced to this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen de-identified human tracheobronchial tissues are directly imaged by two OCT systems: one system centered at 1,300 nm with 6.5 μm axial resolution and 15 μm lateral resolution, and the other centered at 800 nm with 2.72 μm axial resolution and 5.52 μm lateral resolution. Speckle variance images are obtained in both cross-sectional and volumetric modes. After imaging, sample blocks are sliced along the registered OCT imaging plane and processed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain for comparison. Quantitative flow analysis is performed by tracking the path-lines of microspheres in a fixed cross-section. Both the flow rate and flow direction are characterized. RESULTS The speckle variance images successfully segment the ciliated epithelial tissue from its cilia-denuded counterpart, and the results are validated by corresponding H&E stained sections. A further temporal frequency analysis is performed to extract the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) at cilia cites. By adding polyester microspheres as contrast agents, we demonstrate ex vivo imaging of the flow induced by cilia activities of human tracheobronchial samples. CONCLUSION This manuscript presents an ex vivo study on human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium and its induced mucous flow by using OCT. Within OCT images, intact ciliated epithelium is effectively distinguished from cilia-denuded counterpart, which serves as a negative control, by examining the speckle variance images. The cilia beat frequency is extracted by temporal frequency analysis. The flow rate, flow direction, and particle throughput are obtained through particle tracking. The availability of these quantitative parameters provides us with a powerful tool that will be useful for studying the physiology, pathophysiology and the effectiveness of therapies on epithelial cilia function, as well as serve as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with ciliary dysmotility. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:270-279, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xinwen Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ute A Gamm
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emilio Arteaga-Solis
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Michael A Choma
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christine P Hendon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deniz E, Jonas S, Hooper M, N. Griffin J, Choma MA, Khokha MK. Analysis of Craniocardiac Malformations in Xenopus using Optical Coherence Tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42506. [PMID: 28195132 PMCID: PMC5307353 DOI: 10.1038/srep42506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects affect 3% of children in the United States. Among the birth defects, congenital heart disease and craniofacial malformations are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, the genetic mechanisms underlying craniocardiac malformations remain largely uncharacterized. To address this, human genomic studies are identifying sequence variations in patients, resulting in numerous candidate genes. However, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis for most candidate genes are unknown. Therefore, there is a need for functional analyses in rapid and efficient animal models of human disease. Here, we coupled the frog Xenopus tropicalis with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to create a fast and efficient system for testing craniocardiac candidate genes. OCT can image cross-sections of microscopic structures in vivo at resolutions approaching histology. Here, we identify optimal OCT imaging planes to visualize and quantitate Xenopus heart and facial structures establishing normative data. Next we evaluate known human congenital heart diseases: cardiomyopathy and heterotaxy. Finally, we examine craniofacial defects by a known human teratogen, cyclopamine. We recapitulate human phenotypes readily and quantify the functional and structural defects. Using this approach, we can quickly test human craniocardiac candidate genes for phenocopy as a critical first step towards understanding disease mechanisms of the candidate genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engin Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stephan Jonas
- Department of Medical Informatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Hooper
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John N. Griffin
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Michael A. Choma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar, Street New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Applied Physics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gamm UA, Huang BK, Syed M, Zhang X, Bhandari V, Choma MA. Quantifying hyperoxia-mediated damage to mammalian respiratory cilia-driven fluid flow using particle tracking velocimetry optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 20:80505. [PMID: 26308164 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.8.080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen supplementation [hyperoxia, increased fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 )] is an indispensable treatment in the intensive care unit for patients in respiratory failure. Like other treatments or drugs, hyperoxia has a risk-benefit profile that guides its clinical use. While hyperoxia is known to damage respiratory epithelium, it is unknown if damage can result in impaired capacity to generate cilia-driven fluid flow. Here, we demonstrate that quantifying cilia-driven fluid flow velocities in the sub-100 μm/s regime (sub-0.25 in./min regime) reveals hyperoxia-mediated damage to the capacity of ciliated respiratory mucosa to generate directional flow. Flow quantification was performed using particle tracking velocimetry optical coherence tomography (PTV-OCT) in ex vivo mouse trachea. The ability of PTV-OCT to detect biomedically relevant flow perturbations in the sub-100 μm/s regime was validated by quantifying temperature- and drug-mediated modulation of flow performance in ex vivo mouse trachea. Overall, PTV-OCT imaging of cilia-driven fluid flow in ex vivo mouse trachea is a powerful and straightforward approach for studying factors that modulate and damage mammalian respiratory ciliary physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute A Gamm
- Yale University, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brendan K Huang
- Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mansoor Syed
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 208064, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Yale University, Department of Pathology, PO Box 208023, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Yale University, Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 208064, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Michael A Choma
- Yale University, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United StatesbYale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United StatescYale University, Depar
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou KC, Huang BK, Gamm UA, Bhandari V, Khokha MK, Choma MA. Particle streak velocimetry-optical coherence tomography: a novel method for multidimensional imaging of microscale fluid flows. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1590-603. [PMID: 27375926 PMCID: PMC4929663 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a new OCT method for flow speed quantification and directional velocimetry: particle streak velocimetry-OCT (PSV-OCT). PSV-OCT generates two-dimensional, 2.5-vector component (vx ,|vy |,vz ) maps of microscale flow velocity fields. Knowledge of 2.5-vector components also enables the estimation of total flow speed. The enabling insight behind PSV-OCT is that tracer particles in sparsely-seeded fluid flow trace out streaks in (x,z,t)-space. The streak orientations in x-t and z-t yield vx and vz , respectively. The in-plane (x-z plane) residence time yields the out-of-plane speed |vy |. Vector component values are generated by fitting streaks to a model of image formation that incorporates equations of motion in 3D space. We demonstrate cross-sectional estimation of (vx ,|vy |,vz ) in two important animal models in ciliary biology: Xenopus embryos (tadpoles) and mouse trachea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; Current affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, 101 Science Dr., NC 27708, USA;
| | - Brendan K Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Ute A Gamm
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Michael A Choma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208267, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lemieux BT, Chen JJ, Jing J, Chen Z, Wong BJF. Measurement of ciliary beat frequency using Doppler optical coherence tomography. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 5:1048-54. [PMID: 26136399 PMCID: PMC4698234 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is a technical challenge and difficult to perform in vivo. Doppler optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) is a mesoscopic noncontact imaging modality that provides high-resolution tomographic images and detects micromotion simultaneously in living tissues. In this work we used D-OCT to measure CBF in ex vivo tissue as the first step toward translating this technology to clinical use. METHODS Fresh ex vivo samples of rabbit tracheal mucosa were imaged using both D-OCT and phase-contrast microscopy (n = 5). The D-OCT system was designed and built to specification in our lab (1310-nm swept source vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser [VCSEL], 6-μm axial resolution). The samples were placed in culture and incubated at 37°C. A fast Fourier transform was performed on the D-OCT signal recorded on the surface of the samples to gauge CBF. High-speed digital video of the epithelium recorded via phase-contrast microscopy was analyzed to confirm the CBF measurements. RESULTS The D-OCT system detected Doppler signal at the epithelial layer of ex vivo rabbit tracheal samples suggestive of ciliary motion. CBF was measured at 9.36 ± 1.22 Hz using D-OCT and 9.08 ± 0.48 Hz using phase-contrast microscopy. No significant differences were found between the 2 methods (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION D-OCT allows for the quantitative measurement of CBF without the need to resolve individual cilia. Furthermore, D-OCT technology can be incorporated into endoscopic platforms that allow clinicians to readily measure CBF in the office and provide a direct measurement of mucosal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Lemieux
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jason J Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Joseph Jing
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang BK, Gamm UA, Bhandari V, Khokha MK, Choma MA. Three-dimensional, three-vector-component velocimetry of cilia-driven fluid flow using correlation-based approaches in optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3515-38. [PMID: 26417520 PMCID: PMC4574676 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microscale quantification of cilia-driven fluid flow is an emerging area in medical physiology, including pulmonary and central nervous system physiology. Cilia-driven fluid flow is most completely described by a three-dimensional, three-component (3D3C) vector field. Here, we generate 3D3C velocimetry measurements by synthesizing higher dimensional data from lower dimensional measurements obtained using two separate optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based approaches: digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)-OCT. Building on previous work, we first demonstrate directional DLS-OCT for 1D2C velocimetry measurements in the sub-1 mm/s regime (sub-2.5 inch/minute regime) of cilia-driven fluid flow in Xenopus epithelium, an important animal model of the ciliated respiratory tract. We then extend our analysis toward 3D3C measurements in Xenopus using both DLS-OCT and DPIV. We demonstrate the use of DPIV-based approaches towards flow imaging of Xenopus cerebrospinal fluid and mouse trachea, two other important ciliary systems. Both of these flows typically fall in the sub-100 μm/s regime (sub-0.25 inch/minute regime). Lastly, we develop a framework for optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio of 3D3C flow velocity measurements synthesized from 2D2C measures in non-orthogonal planes. In all, 3D3C OCT-based velocimetry has the potential to comprehensively characterize the flow performance of biological ciliated surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K. Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| | - Ute A. Gamm
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510,
USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510,
USA
- Current affiliations: Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129,
USA
- St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, 19134,
USA
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510,
USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510,
USA
| | - Michael A. Choma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510,
USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, Connecticut 06510,
USA
- Department of Applied Physics, PO Box 208267, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang S, Burton JC, Behringer RR, Larina IV. In vivo micro-scale tomography of ciliary behavior in the mammalian oviduct. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13216. [PMID: 26279472 PMCID: PMC4538602 DOI: 10.1038/srep13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia in the mammalian oviduct play a key role in reproduction, such as transporting fertilized oocytes to the uterus for implantation. Due to their small size (~5-10 μm in length and ~300 nm in diameter), live visualization of cilia and their activity in the lumen of the oviduct through tissue layers represents a major challenge not yet overcome. Here, we report a functional low-coherence optical imaging technique that allows in vivo depth-resolved mapping of the cilia location and cilia beat frequency (CBF) in the intact mouse oviduct with micro-scale spatial resolution. We validate our approach with widely-used microscopic imaging methods, present the first in vivo mapping of the oviduct CBF in its native context, and demonstrate the ability of this approach to differentiate CBF in different locations of the oviduct at different post-conception stages. This technique opens a range of opportunities for live studies in reproductive medicine as well as other areas focused on cilia activity and related ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason C Burton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Irina V Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|