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Hong Z, Sun Y, Ye P, Loy DA, liang R. Bio-inspired Compact, High-resolution Snapshot Hyperspectral Imaging System with 3D Printed Glass Lightguide Array. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2023; 11:2300156. [PMID: 37789929 PMCID: PMC10544842 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202300156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
To address the major challenges to obtain high spatial resolution in snapshot hyperspectral imaging, 3D printed glass lightguide array has been developed to sample the intermediate image in high spatial resolution and redistribute the pixels in the output end to achieve high spectral resolution. Curved 3D printed lightguide array can significantly simplify the snapshot hyperspectral imaging system, achieve better imaging performance, and reduce the system complexity and cost. We have developed two-photon polymerization process to print glass lightguide array, and demonstrated the system performance with biological samples. This new snapshot technology will catalyze new hyperspectral imaging system development and open doors for new applications from UV to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Hong
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Piaoran Ye
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Douglas A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1235 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721-0012, USA
| | - Rongguang liang
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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2
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Azimi Yancheshme A, Palmese GR, Alvarez NJ. A generalized scaling theory for spontaneous spreading of Newtonian fluids on solid substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:677-688. [PMID: 36680958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS There exists a generalized solution for the spontaneous spreading dynamics of droplets taking into account the influence of interfacial tension and gravity. EXPERIMENTS This work presents a generalized scaling theory for the problem of spontaneous dynamic spreading of Newtonian fluids on a flat substrate using experimental analysis and numerical simulations. More specifically, we first validate and modify a dynamic contact angle model to accurately describe the dependency of contact angle on the contact line velocity, which is generalized by the capillary number. The dynamic contact model is implemented into a two-phase moving mesh computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which is validated using experimental results. FINDINGS We show that the spreading process is governed by three important parameters: the Bo number, viscous timescale τviscous, and static advancing contact angle, θs. More specifically, there exists a master spreading curve for a specific Bo and θs by scaling the spreading time with the τviscous. Moreover, we developed a correlation for prediction of the equilibrium shape of the droplets as a function of both Bo and θs. The results of this study can be used in a wide range of applications to predict both dynamic and equilibrium shape of droplets, such as in droplet-based additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe R Palmese
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas J Alvarez
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Kim K, Lee WG. Portable, Automated and Deep-Learning-Enabled Microscopy for Smartphone-Tethered Optical Platform Towards Remote Homecare Diagnostics: A Review. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2200979. [PMID: 36420919 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally new pandemic diseases induce urgent demands for portable diagnostic systems to prevent and control infectious diseases. Smartphone-based portable diagnostic devices are significantly efficient tools to user-friendly connect personalized health conditions and collect valuable optical information for rapid diagnosis and biomedical research through at-home screening. Deep learning algorithms for portable microscopes also help to enhance diagnostic accuracy by reducing the imaging resolution gap between benchtop and portable microscopes. This review highlighted recent progress and continued efforts in a smartphone-tethered optical platform through portable, automated, and deep-learning-enabled microscopy for personalized diagnostics and remote monitoring. In detail, the optical platforms through smartphone-based microscopes and lens-free holographic microscopy are introduced, and deep learning-based portable microscopic imaging is explained to improve the image resolution and accuracy of diagnostics. The challenges and prospects of portable optical systems with microfluidic channels and a compact microscope to screen COVID-19 in the current pandemic are also discussed. It has been believed that this review offers a novel guide for rapid diagnosis, biomedical imaging, and digital healthcare with low cost and portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Intelligent Optical Module Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kim J, Park H, Yoon C. Advances in Biodegradable Soft Robots. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214574. [PMID: 36365570 PMCID: PMC9658808 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable soft robots have been proposed for a variety of intelligent applications in soft robotics, flexible electronics, and bionics. Biodegradability offers an extraordinary functional advantage to soft robots for operations accompanying smart shape transformation in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and light. This review primarily surveyed the current advanced scientific and engineering strategies for integrating biodegradable materials within stimuli-responsive soft robots. It also focused on the fabrication methodologies of multiscale biodegradable soft robots, and highlighted the role of biodegradable soft robots in enhancing the multifunctional properties of drug delivery capsules, biopsy tools, smart actuators, and sensors. Lastly, the current challenges and perspectives on the future development of intelligent soft robots for operation in real environments were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Harim Park
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - ChangKyu Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence:
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5
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Baldini G, Albini A, Maiolino P, Cannata G. An Atlas for the Inkjet Printing of Large-Area Tactile Sensors. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062332. [PMID: 35336503 PMCID: PMC8950613 DOI: 10.3390/s22062332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to discuss the inkjet printing technique as a fabrication method for the development of large-area tactile sensors. The paper focuses on the manufacturing techniques and various system-level sensor design aspects related to the inkjet manufacturing processes. The goal is to assess how printed electronics simplify the fabrication process of tactile sensors with respect to conventional fabrication methods and how these contribute to overcoming the difficulties arising in the development of tactile sensors for real robot applications. To this aim, a comparative analysis among different inkjet printing technologies and processes is performed, including a quantitative analysis of the design parameters, such as the costs, processing times, sensor layout, and general system-level constraints. The goal of the survey is to provide a complete map of the state of the art of inkjet printing, focusing on the most effective topics for the implementation of large-area tactile sensors and a view of the most relevant open problems that should be addressed to improve the effectiveness of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baldini
- Mechatronics and Automatic Control Laboratory, University of Genoa, 16145 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-6314-2962
| | | | - Perla Maiolino
- Oxford Robotics Institute, Oxford OX2 6NN, UK; (A.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Giorgio Cannata
- Mechatronics and Automatic Control Laboratory, University of Genoa, 16145 Genova, Italy;
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6
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Garifulla M, Shin J, Kim C, Kim WH, Kim HJ, Kim J, Hong S. A Case Study of Quantizing Convolutional Neural Networks for Fast Disease Diagnosis on Portable Medical Devices. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010219. [PMID: 35009760 PMCID: PMC8749713 DOI: 10.3390/s22010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the amount of attention paid towards convolutional neural networks (CNN) in medical image analysis has rapidly increased since they can analyze and classify images faster and more accurately than human abilities. As a result, CNNs are becoming more popular and play a role as a supplementary assistant for healthcare professionals. Using the CNN on portable medical devices can enable a handy and accurate disease diagnosis. Unfortunately, however, the CNNs require high-performance computing resources as they involve a significant amount of computation to process big data. Thus, they are limited to being used on portable medical devices with limited computing resources. This paper discusses the network quantization techniques that reduce the size of CNN models and enable fast CNN inference with an energy-efficient CNN accelerator integrated into recent mobile processors. With extensive experiments, we show that the quantization technique reduces inference time by 97% on the mobile system integrating a CNN acceleration engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhammed Garifulla
- School of Computer Science Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.G.); (J.S.); (C.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Juncheol Shin
- School of Computer Science Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.G.); (J.S.); (C.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Chanho Kim
- School of Computer Science Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.G.); (J.S.); (C.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Won Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41404, Korea; (W.H.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41404, Korea; (W.H.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Jaeil Kim
- School of Computer Science Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.G.); (J.S.); (C.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Seokin Hong
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si 16419, Korea
- Correspondence:
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7
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Abstract
Abstract
3D printing belongs to the emerging technologies of our time. Describing diverse specific techniques, 3D printing enables rapid production of individual objects and creating shapes that would not be produced with other techniques. One of the drawbacks of typical 3D printing processes, however, is the layered structure of the created parts. This is especially problematic in the production of optical elements, which in most cases necessitate highly even surfaces. To meet this challenge, advanced 3D printing techniques as well as other sophisticated solutions can be applied. Here, we give an overview of 3D printed optical elements, such as lenses, mirrors, and waveguides, with a focus on freeform optics and other elements for which 3D printing is especially well suited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Blachowicz
- Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics – Center for Science and Education , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
| | - Guido Ehrmann
- Virtual Institute of Applied Research on Advanced Materials (VIARAM) , 33619 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics , 33619 Bielefeld , Germany
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8
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Zhang H, Qi T, Zhu X, Zhou L, Li Z, Zhang YF, Yang W, Yang J, Peng Z, Zhang G, Wang F, Guo P, Lan H. 3D Printing of a PDMS Cylindrical Microlens Array with 100% Fill-Factor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36295-36306. [PMID: 34293853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical microlens arrays (CMLAs) play a key role in many optoelectronic devices, and 100% fill-factor CMLAs also have the advantage of improving the signal-to-noise ratio and avoiding stray-light effects. However, the existing preparation technologies are complicated and costly, which are not suitable for mass production. Herein, we propose a simple, efficient, and low-cost manufacturing method for CMLAs with a high fill-factor via the electric-field-driven (EFD) microscale 3D printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). By adjusting the printing parameters, the profile and the fill-factor of the CMLAs can be controlled to improve their optical performance. The optical performance test results show that the printed PDMS CMLAs have good image-projecting and light-diffraction properties. Using the two printing modes of this EFD microscale 3D-printing technology, a cylindrical dual-microlens array with a double-focusing function is simply prepared. At the same time, we print a series of specially shaped microlenses, proving the flexible manufacturing capabilities of this technology. The results show that the prepared CMLAs have good morphology and optical properties. The proposed method may provide a viable route for manufacturing large-area CMLAs with 100% fill-factor in a very simple, efficient, and low-cost manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Tianyu Qi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Longjian Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Zhang
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zilong Peng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Hongbo Lan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
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9
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Hunt B, Ruiz AJ, Pogue BW. Smartphone-based imaging systems for medical applications: a critical review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200421VR. [PMID: 33860648 PMCID: PMC8047775 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Smartphones come with an enormous array of functionality and are being more widely utilized with specialized attachments in a range of healthcare applications. A review of key developments and uses, with an assessment of strengths/limitations in various clinical workflows, was completed. AIM Our review studies how smartphone-based imaging (SBI) systems are designed and tested for specialized applications in medicine and healthcare. An evaluation of current research studies is used to provide guidelines for improving the impact of these research advances. APPROACH First, the established and emerging smartphone capabilities that can be leveraged for biomedical imaging are detailed. Then, methods and materials for fabrication of optical, mechanical, and electrical interface components are summarized. Recent systems were categorized into four groups based on their intended application and clinical workflow: ex vivo diagnostic, in vivo diagnostic, monitoring, and treatment guidance. Lastly, strengths and limitations of current SBI systems within these various applications are discussed. RESULTS The native smartphone capabilities for biomedical imaging applications include cameras, touchscreens, networking, computation, 3D sensing, audio, and motion, in addition to commercial wearable peripheral devices. Through user-centered design of custom hardware and software interfaces, these capabilities have the potential to enable portable, easy-to-use, point-of-care biomedical imaging systems. However, due to barriers in programming of custom software and on-board image analysis pipelines, many research prototypes fail to achieve a prospective clinical evaluation as intended. Effective clinical use cases appear to be those in which handheld, noninvasive image guidance is needed and accommodated by the clinical workflow. Handheld systems for in vivo, multispectral, and quantitative fluorescence imaging are a promising development for diagnostic and treatment guidance applications. CONCLUSIONS A holistic assessment of SBI systems must include interpretation of their value for intended clinical settings and how their implementations enable better workflow. A set of six guidelines are proposed to evaluate appropriateness of smartphone utilization in terms of clinical context, completeness, compactness, connectivity, cost, and claims. Ongoing work should prioritize realistic clinical assessments with quantitative and qualitative comparison to non-smartphone systems to clearly demonstrate the value of smartphone-based systems. Improved hardware design to accommodate the rapidly changing smartphone ecosystem, creation of open-source image acquisition and analysis pipelines, and adoption of robust calibration techniques to address phone-to-phone variability are three high priority areas to move SBI research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Hunt
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Brady Hunt,
| | - Alberto J. Ruiz
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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10
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Liu Y, Rollins AM, Levenson RM, Fereidouni F, Jenkins MW. Pocket MUSE: an affordable, versatile and high-performance fluorescence microscope using a smartphone. Commun Biol 2021; 4:334. [PMID: 33712728 PMCID: PMC7955119 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone microscopes can be useful tools for a broad range of imaging applications. This manuscript demonstrates the first practical implementation of Microscopy with Ultraviolet Surface Excitation (MUSE) in a compact smartphone microscope called Pocket MUSE, resulting in a remarkably effective design. Fabricated with parts from consumer electronics that are readily available at low cost, the small optical module attaches directly over the rear lens in a smartphone. It enables high-quality multichannel fluorescence microscopy with submicron resolution over a 10× equivalent field of view. In addition to the novel optical configuration, Pocket MUSE is compatible with a series of simple, portable, and user-friendly sample preparation strategies that can be directly implemented for various microscopy applications for point-of-care diagnostics, at-home health monitoring, plant biology, STEM education, environmental studies, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew M Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard M Levenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Farzad Fereidouni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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11
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Nath P, Kabir A, Khoubafarin Doust S, Kreais ZJ, Ray A. Detection of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens Using Photonic Point-of-Care Devices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100841. [PMID: 33086578 PMCID: PMC7603237 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses are highly contagious and can easily be transmitted via air, water, body fluids, etc. Throughout human civilization, there have been several pandemic outbreaks, such as the Plague, Spanish Flu, Swine-Flu, and, recently, COVID-19, amongst many others. Early diagnosis not only increases the chance of quick recovery but also helps prevent the spread of infections. Conventional diagnostic techniques can provide reliable results but have several drawbacks, including costly devices, lengthy wait time, and requirement of trained professionals to operate the devices, making them inaccessible in low-resource settings. Thus, a significant effort has been directed towards point-of-care (POC) devices that enable rapid diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections. A majority of the POC devices are based on plasmonics and/or microfluidics-based platforms integrated with mobile readers and imaging systems. These techniques have been shown to provide rapid, sensitive detection of pathogens. The advantages of POC devices include low-cost, rapid results, and portability, which enables on-site testing anywhere across the globe. Here we aim to review the recent advances in novel POC technologies in detecting bacteria and viruses that led to a breakthrough in the modern healthcare industry.
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12
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Szydlowski NA, Jing H, Alqashmi M, Hu YS. Cell phone digital microscopy using an oil droplet. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2328-2338. [PMID: 32499926 PMCID: PMC7249838 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an accessible cell phone imaging method using small droplets of microscope immersion oil and consumer-grade oils. Oil droplets were more resistant to evaporation than water droplets, and they resolved cellular structures that were visible using a 20x/0.75 objective. We optically characterized the droplets using a cell phone screen and resolution target. We further obtained cellular resolution images of an onion epidermis and a zea stem cross-section sample. Our droplet-based method enables stable optical imaging for diagnostic and educational purposes without custom setups, specialized components, or manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Anna Szydlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Currently with the College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haoran Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mohamed Alqashmi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ying Samuel Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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13
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Long J, Parker HE, Ehrlich K, Tanner MG, Dhaliwal K, Mills B. Frugal filtering optical lenses for point-of-care diagnostics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1864-1875. [PMID: 32341853 PMCID: PMC7173883 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Rapid diagnosis of infections in LMICs presents many challenges, especially in rural areas where access to health care, including diagnostics, is poor. Microscopy is one of the most commonly used platforms to diagnose bacterial infections on clinical samples. Fluorescence microscopy has high sensitivity and specificity but to date is mostly performed within a laboratory setting due to the high-cost, low portability and highly specialist nature of equipment. Point-of-care diagnostics could offer a solution to the challenge of infection diagnosis in LMICs. In this paper we present frugal, easy to manufacture, doped polydimethylsiloxane filtering optical lenses that can be integrated into smartphone microscopes for immediate detection of fluorescently labelled bacteria. This provides a breakthrough technology platform for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Long
- EPSRC Proteus IRC Hub in Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Helen E. Parker
- EPSRC Proteus IRC Hub in Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katjana Ehrlich
- EPSRC Proteus IRC Hub in Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Michael G. Tanner
- EPSRC Proteus IRC Hub in Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Institute of Photonics and Quantum Science (IPAQS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- EPSRC Proteus IRC Hub in Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bethany Mills
- EPSRC Proteus IRC Hub in Optical Molecular Sensing and Imaging, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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14
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Zhou P, Yu H, Zou W, Zhong Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu L. Cross-scale additive direct-writing fabrication of micro/nano lens arrays by electrohydrodynamic jet printing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6336-6349. [PMID: 32225884 DOI: 10.1364/oe.383863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-quality micro/nanolens arrays (M/NLAs) are becoming irreplaceable components of various compact and miniaturized optical systems and functional devices. There is urgent requirement for a low-cost, high-efficiency, and high-precision technique to manufacture high-quality M/NLAs to meet their diverse and personalized applications. In this paper, we report the one-step maskless fabrication of M/NLAs via electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing. In order to get the best morphological parameters of M/NLAs, we adopted the stable cone-jet printing mode with optimized parameters instead of the micro dripping mode. The optical parameters of M/NLAs were analyzed and optimized, and they were influenced by the E-jet printing parameters, the wettability of the substrate, and the viscosity of the UV-curable adhesive. Thus, diverse and customized M/NLAs were obtained. Herein, we realized the fabrication of nanolens with a minimum diameter of 120 nm, and NLAs with different parameters were printed on a silicon substrate, a cantilever of atomic force microscopy probe, and single-layer graphene.
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15
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Mariani S, Robbiano V, Iglio R, La Mattina AA, Nadimi P, Wang J, Kim B, Kumeria T, Sailor MJ, Barillaro G. Moldless Printing of Silicone Lenses With Embedded Nanostructured Optical Filters. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1906836. [PMID: 32377177 PMCID: PMC7202556 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201906836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical lenses are among the oldest technological innovations (3000 years ago) and they have enabled a multitude of applications in healthcare and in our daily lives. The primary function of optical lenses has changed little over time; they serve mainly as a light-collection (e.g. reflected, transmitted, diffracted) element, and the wavelength and/or intensity of the collected light is usually manipulated by coupling with various external optical filter elements or coatings. This generally results in losses associated with multiple interfacial reflections, and increases the complexity of design and construction. In this work we introduce a change in this paradigm, by integrating both light-shaping and image magnification into a single lens element using a moldless procedure that takes advantage of the physical and optical properties of mesoporous silicon (PSi) photonic crystal nanostructures. Casting of a liquid poly(dimethyl) siloxane (PDMS) pre-polymer solution onto a PSi film generates a droplet with contact angle that is readily controlled by the silicon nanostructure, and adhesion of the cured polymer to the PSi photonic crystal allows preparation of lightweight (10 mg) freestanding lenses (4.7 mm focal length) with an embedded optical component (e.g. optical rugate filter, resonant cavity, distributed Bragg reflector). Our fabrication process shows excellent reliability (yield 95%) and low cost and we expect our lens to have implications in a wide range of applications. As a proof-of-concept, using a single monolithic lens/filter element we demonstrate: fluorescence imaging of isolated human cancer cells with rejection of the blue excitation light, through a lens that is self-adhered to a commercial smartphone; shaping the emission spectrum of a white light emitting diode (LED) to tune the color from red through blue; and selection of a narrow wavelength band (bandwidth 5 nm) from a fluorescent molecular probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Valentina Robbiano
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Rossella Iglio
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Antonino A La Mattina
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Pantea Nadimi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Joanna Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Byungji Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tushar Kumeria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
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16
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Berglund GD, Tkaczyk TS. Fabrication of optical components using a consumer-grade lithographic printer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30405-30420. [PMID: 31684288 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to 3D print optical elements will greatly expand the accessibility of optical fabrication. Here, we report on two fabrication techniques for plano-convex lens files using a consumer-grade lithographic printer. Lenses were post-processed using a simple spin coating technique with the resin used in the printing process or by curing directly on glass concave lenses. Average RMS roughness values were between 13 and 28 nm and RMS wavefront deviations were between 0.297 and 0.374 wave for spin-coated lenses. The average roughness RMS for the glass-cured lenses was 6 nm and the average form RMS was 0.048 wave.
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17
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Dai B, Jiao Z, Zheng L, Bachman H, Fu Y, Wan X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Han X, Zhao C, Huang TJ, Zhuang S, Zhang D. Colour compound lenses for a portable fluorescence microscope. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:75. [PMID: 31645921 PMCID: PMC6804733 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrated a handheld smartphone fluorescence microscope (HSFM) that integrates dual-functional polymer lenses with a smartphone. The HSFM consists of a smartphone, a field-portable illumination source, and a dual-functional polymer lens that performs both optical imaging and filtering. Therefore, compared with the existing smartphone fluorescence microscope, the HSFM does not need any additional optical filters. Although fluorescence imaging has traditionally played an indispensable role in biomedical and clinical applications due to its high specificity and sensitivity for detecting cells, proteins, DNAs/RNAs, etc., the bulky elements of conventional fluorescence microscopes make them inconvenient for use in point-of-care diagnosis. The HSFM demonstrated in this article solves this problem by providing a multifunctional, miniature, small-form-factor fluorescence module. This multifunctional fluorescence module can be seamlessly attached to any smartphone camera for both bright-field and fluorescence imaging at cellular-scale resolutions without the use of additional bulky lenses/filters; in fact, the HSFM achieves magnification and light filtration using a single lens. Cell and tissue observation, cell counting, plasmid transfection evaluation, and superoxide production analysis were performed using this device. Notably, this lens system has the unique capability of functioning with numerous smartphones, irrespective of the smartphone model and the camera technology housed within each device. As such, this HSFM has the potential to pave the way for real-time point-of-care diagnosis and opens up countless possibilities for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Ziao Jiao
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27709 USA
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjun Wan
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Yule Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodian Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27709 USA
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
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18
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Wattinger M, Gordon P, Ghorayshi M, Coté G. Method and system for the centrifugal fabrication of low cost, polymeric, parabolic lenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21405-21419. [PMID: 31510219 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for low-cost, rapid production of aspheric polymeric lenses using fluid rotation is presented. The system utilizes a cylindrical chamber to hold and cure a polymer while spinning. This system is capable of producing lenses with parabolic planar-concave, planar-convex, and meniscus geometries with tunable radii of curvature and focal lengths. Examples are demonstrated for lenses of 25 mm diameter. System models, performance, and components are described in detail, and lens variability is assessed for surface profile, surface roughness, radius of curvature, and single-lens resolution limit. Results show excellent RMS surface roughness for a low-cost lens production technique.
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19
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Ahmad Zahidi AA, Chung DCK, Katariya M, Liew OW, Ng TW. Living specimens under field immobilization and smartphone microscopic observation. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1741-1747. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alifa A. Ahmad Zahidi
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Dwayne C. K. Chung
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Mayur Katariya
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Centre for Translational MedicineCardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Ng
- Laboratory for Optics and Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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20
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Assefa BG, Pekkarinen M, Partanen H, Biskop J, Turunen J, Saarinen J. Imaging-quality 3D-printed centimeter-scale lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:12630-12637. [PMID: 31052801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.012630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing of imaging-quality optics has been challenging due to the tight tolerances on surface shape and roughness. We report on manufacturing such optics with Print optical Technology, which is based on modified ink-jet printing. We demonstrate for the first time a 3D-printed singlet lens with a surface profile deviation of ±500 nm within a 12-mm aperture diameter. Its RMS surface roughness is below 1 nm without surface polishing. The printed lens exhibits an imaging resolution of some 140 lp mm -1 at 100-mm focal length in the visible region.
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21
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Misbah I, Zhao F, Shih WC. Symmetry Breaking-Induced Plasmonic Mode Splitting in Coupled Gold-Silver Alloy Nanodisk Array for Ultrasensitive RGB Colorimetric Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2273-2281. [PMID: 30569702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of symmetry breaking-induced mode splitting in coupled gold-silver alloy nanodisk array (ANA). According to the plasmonic hybridization picture, the original localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of individual nanodisk is split into a pair of high and low energy modes when placed in between a superstrate and a substrate. Although well studied in single silver nanoparticles, the high energy mode has been largely suppressed in gold nanoparticles, which nevertheless are more chemically robust and have superior environmental stability. Herein, we show that the high energy mode can be partially restored and precisely engineered to ∼540 nm for silver-rich alloy nanodisk which has excellent environmental stability. However, peak broadening and red-shifting occur due to plasmonic dephasing when the nanodisk diameter increases. We next demonstrate that a far-field coupled ANA fabricated by low-cost nanosphere lithography can fully restore the high energy mode with electric field concentration extended into the superstrate, thereby imparting greater sensitivity to local refractive index changes. The high energy mode at 540 nm is of key importance for color change detection using low-cost RGB cameras/human vision and broadband light sources (e.g., the sun). The index sensitivity of ANA is the highest among existing plasmonic arrays (particles or holes) within a similar resonance wavelength region. We demonstrate colorimetric detection of sub-nanomolar and sub-monolayer biotin-streptavidin surface binding with a smartphone camera and a white light lamp. The high performance yet low-cost fabrication and detection technology could potentially result in affordable point-of-care biosensing technologies.
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22
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Hernández-Neuta I, Neumann F, Brightmeyer J, Ba Tis T, Madaboosi N, Wei Q, Ozcan A, Nilsson M. Smartphone-based clinical diagnostics: towards democratization of evidence-based health care. J Intern Med 2019; 285:19-39. [PMID: 30079527 PMCID: PMC6334517 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in bioanalytical techniques have led to the development of novel and robust diagnostic approaches that hold promise for providing optimal patient treatment, guiding prevention programs and widening the scope of personalized medicine. However, these advanced diagnostic techniques are still complex, expensive and limited to centralized healthcare facilities or research laboratories. This significantly hinders the use of evidence-based diagnostics for resource-limited settings and the primary care, thus creating a gap between healthcare providers and patients, leaving these populations without access to precision and quality medicine. Smartphone-based imaging and sensing platforms are emerging as promising alternatives for bridging this gap and decentralizing diagnostic tests offering practical features such as portability, cost-effectiveness and connectivity. Moreover, towards simplifying and automating bioanalytical techniques, biosensors and lab-on-a-chip technologies have become essential to interface and integrate these assays, bringing together the high precision and sensitivity of diagnostic techniques with the connectivity and computational power of smartphones. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging field of clinical smartphone diagnostics and its contributing technologies, as well as their wide range of areas of application, which span from haematology to digital pathology and rapid infectious disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hernández-Neuta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - F Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - J Brightmeyer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - T Ba Tis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - N Madaboosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
| | - Q Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, SE, Sweden
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23
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Sung YL, Garan J, Hu Z, Shan X, Shih WC. Modeling the surface of fast-cured polymer droplet lenses for precision fabrication. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:10342-10347. [PMID: 30645242 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical lenses with diameter in the millimeter range have found important commercial use in smartphone cameras. Although these lenses are typically made by molding, recent demonstration of fast-cured polymer droplets by inkjet printing has gained interest for cost-effective smartphone microscopy. In this technique, the surface of a fast-cured polydimethylsiloxane droplet obtains dynamic equilibrium via the interplay of surface tension, gravity, thermalization, and a steep viscosity hike. The nature of surface formation involves multiple physical and chemical domains, which represent significant challenges in modeling with the Young-Laplace theory, assuming constant surface tension and viscosity. To overcome these challenges, we introduce the concept of effective surface tension, which allows fast-cured polymer droplets to be modeled as normal liquid droplets with constant viscosity.
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24
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Nguyen H, Sung Y, O’Shaughnessy K, Shan X, Shih WC. Smartphone Nanocolorimetry for On-Demand Lead Detection and Quantitation in Drinking Water. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11517-11522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Liu Q, Yuan H, Liu Y, Wang J, Jing Z, Peng W. Real-time biodetection using a smartphone-based dual-color surface plasmon resonance sensor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-6. [PMID: 29704329 PMCID: PMC5920152 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.4.047003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We proposed a compact and cost-effective red-green dual-color fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on the smartphone. Inherent color selectivity of phone cameras was utilized for real-time monitoring of red and green color channels simultaneously, which can reduce the chance of false detection and improve the sensitivity. Because there are no external prisms, complex optical lenses, or diffraction grating, simple optical configuration is realized. It has a linear response in a refractive index range of 1.326 to 1.351 (R2 = 0.991) with a resolution of 2.3 × 10 - 4 RIU. We apply it for immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that a linear SPR response was achieved for IgG concentrations varying from 0.02 to 0.30 mg / ml with good repeatability. It may find promising applications in the fields of public health and environment monitoring owing to its simple optics design and applicability in real-time, label-free biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Dalian University of Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian, China
| | - Huizhen Yuan
- Dalian University of Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Dalian University of Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Dalian University of Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenguo Jing
- Dalian University of Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Dalian University of Technology, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian, China
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26
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Kamal T, Yang L, Lee WM. In situ retrieval and correction of aberrations in moldless lenses using Fourier ptychography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2708-2719. [PMID: 29401807 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid droplets cured at low temperatures or using ultraviolet light are primary approaches for fabricating refractive lenses without molds. Until now the performance of moldless lens fabrication process relied heavily on this step to precisely control the shape of each liquid droplet. Hence, a major hurdle in lenses fabricated from liquid droplets is the large variability of droplet shapes because they are sensitive to small amounts of interfacial forces. The shape of the final droplet critically affects the imaging performance of the lenses and cannot be reversed easily. Here, we aim to overcome this hurdle by performing in situ aberration correction using Fourier ptychography techniques. We demonstrate, for the first time, that computational optics can reverse high amounts of optical aberrations in moldless lenses and achieve high resolution imaging. In terms of imaging resolution, we successfully increased the resolving power of low powered moldless elastomer lenses by almost three-fold, from a numerical aperture of 0.035 to 0.099. The computational approach directly elucidates the spatially varying wavefront aberrations from each lens using the same imaging system. This provides direct feedback of droplet lens fabrication techniques without the need for advanced wavefront correction methods. The application of computational imaging onto moldless lenses, using consumer digital imaging systems, lends itself to the global efforts in decentralising high resolution image intensive scientific tools to the wider community.
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27
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Karunakaran B, Tharion J, Dhawangale AR, Paul D, Mukherji S. Fabrication of miniature elastomer lenses with programmable liquid mold for smartphone microscopy: curing polydimethylsiloxane with in situ curvature control. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-14. [PMID: 29453846 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Miniature lenses can transform commercial imaging systems, e.g., smartphones and webcams, into powerful, low-cost, handheld microscopes. To date, the reproducible fabrication of polymer lenses is still a challenge as they require controlled dispensing of viscous liquid. This paper reports a reproducible lens fabrication technique using liquid mold with programmable curvature and off-the-shelf materials. The lens curvature is controlled during fabrication by tuning the curvature of an interface of two immiscible liquids [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glycerol]. The curvature control is implemented using a visual feedback system, which includes a software-based guiding system to produce lenses of desired curvature. The technique allows PDMS lens fabrication of a wide range of sizes and focal lengths, within 20 min. The fabrication of two lens diameters: 1 and 5 mm with focal lengths ranging between 1.2 and 11 mm are demonstrated. The lens surface and bulk quality check performed using X-ray microtomography and atomic force microscopy reveal that the lenses are suitable for optical imaging. Furthermore, a smartphone microscope with ∼1.4-μm resolution is developed using a self-assembly of a single high power fabricated lens and microaperture. The lenses have various potential applications, e.g., optofluidics, diagnostics, forensics, and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwari Karunakaran
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Joseph Tharion
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Arvind Ramrao Dhawangale
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Debjani Paul
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Soumyo Mukherji
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Powai, Mumbai, India
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28
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Sung Y, Campa F, Shih WC. Open-source do-it-yourself multi-color fluorescence smartphone microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5075-5086. [PMID: 29188104 PMCID: PMC5695954 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an important technique for cellular and microbiological investigations. Translating this technique onto a smartphone can enable particularly powerful applications such as on-site analysis, on-demand monitoring, and point-of-care diagnostics. Current fluorescence smartphone microscope setups require precise illumination and imaging alignment which altogether limit its broad adoption. We report a multi-color fluorescence smartphone microscope with a single contact lens-like add-on lens and slide-launched total-internal-reflection guided illumination for three common tasks in investigative fluorescence microscopy: autofluorescence, fluorescent stains, and immunofluorescence. The open-source, simple and cost-effective design has the potential for do-it-yourself fluorescence smartphone microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulung Sung
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Fernando Campa
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Program of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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29
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Sung YL, Garan J, Nguyen H, Hu Z, Shih WC. Automated batch characterization of inkjet-printed elastomer lenses using a LEGO platform. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:7346-7350. [PMID: 29048055 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small, self-adhesive, inkjet-printed elastomer lenses have enabled smartphone cameras to image and resolve microscopic objects. However, the performance of different lenses within a batch is affected by hard-to-control environmental variables. We present a cost-effective platform to perform automated batch characterization of 300 lens units simultaneously for quality inspection. The system was designed and configured with LEGO bricks, 3D printed parts, and a digital camera. The scheme presented here may become the basis of a high-throughput, in-line inspection tool for quality control purposes and can also be employed for optimization of the manufacturing process.
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30
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Gawedzinski J, Pawlowski ME, Tkaczyk TS. Quantitative evaluation of performance of 3D printed lenses. OPTICAL ENGINEERING (REDONDO BEACH, CALIF.) 2017; 56:084110. [PMID: 29238114 PMCID: PMC5724772 DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.56.8.084110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of the shape, surface quality, and imaging capabilities of custom 3D printed lenses. 3D printing technology enables lens prototypes to be fabricated without restrictions on surface geometry. Thus, spherical, aspherical and rotationally non-symmetric lenses can be manufactured in an integrated production process. This technique serves as a noteworthy alternative to multistage, labor-intensive, abrasive processes such as grinding, polishing and diamond turning. Here, we evaluate the quality of lenses fabricated by Luxexcel using patented Printoptical© technology that is based on an inkjet printing technique by comparing them to lenses made with traditional glass processing technologies (grinding, polishing etc.). The surface geometry and roughness of the lenses were evaluated using white-light and Fizeau interferometers. We have compared peak-to-valley wavefront deviation, root-mean-squared wavefront error, radii of curvature and the arithmetic average of the roughness profile (Ra) of plastic and glass lenses. Additionally, the imaging performance of selected pairs of lenses was tested using 1951 USAF resolution target. The results indicate performance of 3D printed optics that could be manufactured with surface roughness comparable to that of injection molded lenses (Ra < 20 nm). The RMS wavefront error of 3D printed prototypes was at a minimum 18.8 times larger than equivalent glass prototypes for a lens with a 12.7 mm clear aperture, but when measured within 63% of its clear aperture, 3D printed components' RMS wavefront error was comparable to glass lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gawedzinski
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005
| | | | - Tomasz S. Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005
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31
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Hong Z, Liang R. IR-laser assisted additive freeform optics manufacturing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7145. [PMID: 28769051 PMCID: PMC5541068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer-controlled additive manufacturing (AM) processes, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, create 3D objects by the successive adding of a material or materials. While there have been tremendous developments in AM, the 3D printing of optics is lagging due to the limits in materials and tight requirements for optical applicaitons. We propose a new precision additive freeform optics manufacturing (AFOM) method using an pulsed infrared (IR) laser. Compared to ultraviolet (UV) curable materials, thermally curable optical silicones have a number of advantages, such as strong UV stability, non-yellowing, and high transmission, making it particularly suitable for optical applications. Pulsed IR laser radiation offers a distinct advantage in processing optical silicones, as the high peak intensity achieved in the focal region allows for curing the material quickly, while the brief duration of the laser-material interaction creates a negligible heat-affected zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Hong
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Rongguang Liang
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA.
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Seo MW, Koo KI, Seo JM. Simple and low-cost polymer lens fabrication using a pressure-driven micro chamber. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:3785-3788. [PMID: 29060722 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a low-cost lens fabrication method using a micro chamber produced by a three-dimensional (3-D) printer is presented. The shape of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane was controlled by adjusting the pressure inside the chamber. On top of the shaped membrane, an ultraviolet-curable resin was poured. Depending on the pressure inside the chamber and the shape of the chamber lid, three types of lenses could be made: a bi-convex lens, a plano-convex lens, and a concave lens. This method can reduce the cost of making pilot or evaluation devices in healthcare service.
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Fuh YK, Lai ZH, Kau LH, Huang HJ. A lab-on-phone instrument with varifocal microscope via a liquid-actuated aspheric lens (LAL). PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650971 PMCID: PMC5484483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a novel concept of liquid-actuated aspheric lens (LAL) with a built-in aspheric polydimethylsiloxane lens (APL) to enable the design of compact optical systems with varifocal microscopic imaging. The varifocal lens module consists of a sandwiched structures such as 3d printed syringe pump functionally serves as liquid controller. Other key components include two acrylic cylinders, a rigid separator, a APL/membrane composite (APLMC) embedded PDMS membrane. In functional operation, the fluidic controller was driven to control the pressure difference and ALPMC deformation. The focal length can be changed through the pressure difference. This is achieved by the adjustment of volume change of injected liquid such that a widely tunable focal length. The proposed LAL can transform to 3 modes: microscopic mode (APLMC only), convex-concave mode and biconcave mode. It is noticeable that LAL in the operation of microscopic mode is tunable in focus via the actuation of APLMC (focal length is from 4.3 to 2.3 mm and magnification 50X) and can rival the images quality of commercial microscopes. A new lab-on-phone device is economically feasible and functionally versatile to offer a great potential in the point of care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiin-Kuen Fuh
- Institute of Opto-mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Zheng-Hong Lai
- Institute of Opto-mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Li-Han Kau
- Institute of Opto-mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jui Huang
- Institute of Opto-mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
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Mepham A, Besant JD, Weinstein AW, Burgess IB, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Power-free, digital and programmable dispensing of picoliter droplets using a Digit Chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1505-1514. [PMID: 28350406 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for power-free methods to manipulate small volumes of liquids and thereby enable use of diagnostic assays in resource-limited settings. Most existing self-powered devices provide analog manipulation of fluids using paper, capillary or pressure-driven pumps. These strategies are well-suited to manipulating larger micro- and milliliter-scale volumes at constant flow rates; however, they fail to enable the manipulation of nanoliter and picoliter volumes required in assays using droplets, capillary sampling (e.g. finger prick), or expensive reagents. Here we report a device, termed the Digit Chip, that provides programmable and power-free digital manipulation of sub-nanoliter volumes. The device consists of a user-friendly button interface and a series of chambers connected by capillary valves that serve as digitization elements. Via a button press, the user dispenses and actuates ultra-small, quantitatively-programmed volumes. The device geometry is optimized using design models and experiments and precisely dispenses volumes as low as 21 pL with 97% accuracy. The volume dispensed can be tuned in 10 discrete steps across one order-of-magnitude with 98% accuracy. As a proof-of-principle that nanoliter-scale reagents can be precisely actuated and combined on-chip, we deploy the device to construct a precise concentration gradient with 10 discrete concentrations. Additionally, we apply this device alongside an inexpensive smartphone-based fluorescence imaging platform to perform a titration of E. coli with ampicillin. We observe the onset of bacterial death at a concentration of 5 μg mL-1, increasing to a maximum at 50 μg mL-1. These results establish the utility of the Digit Chip for diagnostic applications in low-resource environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mepham
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
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Design and fabrication of a passive droplet dispenser for portable high resolution imaging system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41482. [PMID: 28128365 PMCID: PMC5269729 DOI: 10.1038/srep41482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Moldless lens manufacturing techniques using standard droplet dispensing technology often require precise control over pressure to initiate fluid flow and control droplet formation. We have determined a series of interfacial fluid parameters optimised using standard 3D printed tools to extract, dispense and capture a single silicone droplet that is then cured to obtain high quality lenses. The dispensing process relies on the recapitulation of liquid dripping action (Rayleigh-Plateau instability) and the capturing method uses the interplay of gravitational force, capillary forces and liquid pinning to control the droplet shape. The key advantage of the passive lens fabrication approach is rapid scale-up using 3D printing by avoiding complex dispensing tools. We characterise the quality of the lenses fabricated using the passive approach by measuring wavefront aberration and high resolution imaging. The fabricated lenses are then integrated into a portable imaging system; a wearable thimble imaging device with a detachable camera housing, that is constructed for field imaging. This paper provides the full exposition of steps, from lens fabrication to imaging platform, necessary to construct a standalone high resolution imaging system. The simplicity of our methodology can be implemented using a regular desktop 3D printer and commercially available digital imaging systems.
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36
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Meng X, Huang H, Yan K, Tian X, Yu W, Cui H, Kong Y, Xue L, Liu C, Wang S. Smartphone based hand-held quantitative phase microscope using the transport of intensity equation method. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:104-109. [PMID: 27929181 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to realize high contrast imaging with portable devices for potential mobile healthcare, we demonstrate a hand-held smartphone based quantitative phase microscope using the transport of intensity equation method. With a cost-effective illumination source and compact microscope system, multi-focal images of samples can be captured by the smartphone's camera via manual focusing. Phase retrieval is performed using a self-developed Android application, which calculates sample phases from multi-plane intensities via solving the Poisson equation. We test the portable microscope using a random phase plate with known phases, and to further demonstrate its performance, a red blood cell smear, a Pap smear and monocot root and broad bean epidermis sections are also successfully imaged. Considering its advantages as an accurate, high-contrast, cost-effective and field-portable device, the smartphone based hand-held quantitative phase microscope is a promising tool which can be adopted in the future in remote healthcare and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Huachuan Huang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China and School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Keding Yan
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Haoyang Cui
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Liang Xue
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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37
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Nguyen V, Rizzo J, Sanii B. An Assemblable, Multi-Angle Fluorescence and Ellipsometric Microscope. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166735. [PMID: 27907008 PMCID: PMC5132209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a multi-functional microscope for research laboratories that have significant cost and space limitations. The microscope pivots around the sample, operating in upright, inverted, side-on and oblique geometries. At these geometries it is able to perform bright-field, fluorescence and qualitative ellipsometric imaging. It is the first single instrument in the literature to be able to perform all of these functionalities. The system can be assembled by two undergraduate students from a provided manual in less than a day, from off-the-shelf and 3D printed components, which together cost approximately $16k at 2016 market prices. We include a highly specified assembly manual, a summary of design methodologies, and all associated 3D-printing files in hopes that the utility of the design outlives the current component market. This open design approach prepares readers to customize the instrument to specific needs and applications. We also discuss how to select household LEDs as low-cost light sources for fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate the utility of the microscope in varied geometries and functionalities, with particular emphasis on studying hydrated, solid-supported lipid films and wet biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Nguyen
- Keck Science Department, Scripps College, Claremont, CA, United States of America
| | - John Rizzo
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States of America
| | - Babak Sanii
- Keck Science Department, Scripps College, Claremont, CA, United States of America
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States of America
- Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Ekgasit S, Kaewmanee N, Jangtawee P, Thammacharoen C, Donphoongpri M. Elastomeric PDMS Planoconvex Lenses Fabricated by a Confined Sessile Drop Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20474-82. [PMID: 27419266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of high quality smartphones at affordable prices not only accelerated the social penetration in the global population but also promoted nontraditional usage of smartphones as point-of-care medical diagnostic devices, sensors, and portable digital microscopes. This paper reveals a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and template-free technique for mass-scale production of an elastomeric PDMS (ePDMS) planoconvex lens capable of converting a smartphone into a portable digital microscope. By taking advantage of the resistance to spreading of liquid by a sharp edge, highly stable spherical cap of viscous liquid PDMS (lPDMS) on a smooth PMMA circular disk was fabricated. The axisymmetric spreading of lPDMS under the gravitational force and interfacial tension force enable the formation of spherical cap with a certain radius of curvature. A thermal treatment at 80 °C for 30 min cured the spherical cap lPDMS into a bubble-free ePDMS planoconvex lens. Lenses with focal lengths of 55.2-3.4 mm could be reproducibly fabricated by adjusting the volume of dispensed lPDMSs and diameter of PMMA disks. High-resolution panoramic microscope images without a distortion of small cylindrical object could be constructed on-the-fly using the imbedded smartphone app. Applications of the smartphone digital microscope equipped with an ePDMS planoconvex lens for imaging of micro printings, gun shot residues, cylindrical objects, and bullet toolmarks were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ekgasit
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - N Kaewmanee
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - P Jangtawee
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - C Thammacharoen
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - M Donphoongpri
- Central Institute of Forensic Science (CIFS) , 8th Floor, B Building, The Government Complex, Chaengwatthana Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210 Thailand
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Abstract
Recently, several technological advances have been introduced to mobile phones leading some people to refer to them as "smartphones." These changes have led to widespread consumer adoption. A similar adoption has occurred within the medical field and this revolution is changing the practice of medicine, including pathology. Several mobile applications have been published for dermatology, orthopedics, ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and clinical pathology. The applications are wide ranging, including mobile technology to increase patient engagement, self-monitoring by patients, clinical algorithm calculation, facilitation between experts to resource-poor environments. These advances have been received with mixed reviews. For anatomic pathology, mobile technology applications can be broken into 4 broad categories: (a) educational uses, (b) microscope with mobile phone, (c) mobile phone as microscope/acquisition device, and (d) miscellaneous. Using a mobile phone as an acquisition device paired with a microscope seems to be the most interesting current application because of the need for expert consultation with resource-poor environments. However, several emerging uses for mobile technology may become more prominent as the technology matures including image analysis, alternative light sources, and increased opportunities for clinician and patient engagement. The flexibility represented by mobile technology represents a burgeoning field in pathology informatics.
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Sharkey JP, Foo DCW, Kabla A, Baumberg JJ, Bowman RW. A one-piece 3D printed flexure translation stage for open-source microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:025104. [PMID: 26931888 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Open source hardware has the potential to revolutionise the way we build scientific instruments; with the advent of readily available 3D printers, mechanical designs can now be shared, improved, and replicated faster and more easily than ever before. However, printed parts are typically plastic and often perform poorly compared to traditionally machined mechanisms. We have overcome many of the limitations of 3D printed mechanisms by exploiting the compliance of the plastic to produce a monolithic 3D printed flexure translation stage, capable of sub-micron-scale motion over a range of 8 × 8 × 4 mm. This requires minimal post-print clean-up and can be automated with readily available stepper motors. The resulting plastic composite structure is very stiff and exhibits remarkably low drift, moving less than 20 μm over the course of a week, without temperature stabilisation. This enables us to construct a miniature microscope with excellent mechanical stability, perfect for time-lapse measurements in situ in an incubator or fume hood. The ease of manufacture lends itself to use in containment facilities where disposability is advantageous and to experiments requiring many microscopes in parallel. High performance mechanisms based on printed flexures need not be limited to microscopy, and we anticipate their use in other devices both within the laboratory and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Sharkey
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl C W Foo
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Kabla
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Bowman
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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High-Quality Large-Magnification Polymer Lens from Needle Moving Technique and Thermal Assisted Moldless Fabrication Process. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146414. [PMID: 26765524 PMCID: PMC4713145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The need of mobile microscope is escalating as well as the demand of high quality optical components in low price. We report here a novel needle moving technique to fabricate milli-size lens together with thermal assist moldless method. Our proposed protocol is able to create a high tensile strength structure of the lens and its base which is beneficial for exploiting in convertinga smart phone to be a digital microscope. We observe that no bubble trapped in a lens when this technique is performed which can overcome a challenge problem found in a typical dropping technique. We demonstrate the symmetry, smoothness and micron-scale resolution of the fabricated structure. This proposed technique is promising to serve as high quality control mass production without any expensive equipment required.
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