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Yin J, Xin B, Zhang M, Hui X, Chai N, Hu H, Xu B, Wang J, Nie Y, Zhou G, Wang G, Lu H, Yao L, Chen L, Wu K. 68Ga-Labeled GX1 Dimer: A Novel Probe for PET/Cerenkov Imaging Targeting Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:750376. [PMID: 34660313 PMCID: PMC8514943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.750376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To synthesize the dimer of GX1 and identify whether its affinity and targeting are better than those of GX1. To prepare 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 and to apply it to PET and Cerenkov imaging of gastric cancer. Methods 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 was prepared, and the labeling yield and stability were determined. Its specificity and affinity were verified using an in vitro cell binding assay and competitive inhibition test, cell immunofluorescence, and cell uptake and efflux study. Its tumor-targeting ability was determined by nano PET/CT and Cerenkov imaging, standardized uptake value (SUV), signal-to-background ratio (SBR) quantification, and a biodistribution study in tumor-bearing nude mice. Results 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 was successfully prepared, and the labeling yield was more than 97%. It existed stably for 90 min in serum. The binding of 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 to cocultured HUVECs (Co-HUVECs) was higher than that to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), BGC823 cells, and GES cells. It was also higher than that of 68Ga-DOTA-GX1, indicating that the dimer did improve the specificity and affinity of GX1. The binding of KEK-(GX1)2 to Co-HUVECs was significantly higher than that of GX1. Additionally, the uptake of 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 by Co-HUVECs was higher than that of 68Ga-DOTA-GX1 and reached a maximum at 60 min. Nano PET/CT and Cerenkov imaging showed that the tumor imaging of the nude mice injected with 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 was clear, and the SUV and SBR value of the tumor sites were significantly higher than those of the nude mice injected with 68Ga-DOTA-GX1, indicating that the probe had better targeting in vivo. Finally, the biodistribution showed quantitatively that when organs such as the kidney and liver metabolized rapidly, the radioactivity of the tumor site of the nude mice injected with 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2 decreased relatively slowly. At the same time, the percentage of injected dose per gram (%ID/g) of the tumor site was higher than that of other normal organs except the liver and kidney at 60 min, which indicated that the tumor had good absorption of the probe. Conclusion GX1 was modified successfully, and the in vivo and in vitro properties of the GX1 dimer were significantly better than those of GX1. The imaging probe, 68Ga-DOTA-KEK-(GX1)2, was successfully prepared, which provides a candidate probe for PET and Cerenkov diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Yin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Dali, China
| | - Bo Xin
- Department of Oncology, No. 960 Hospital of PLA, Taian, China
| | - Mingru Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Hui
- First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Dali, China
| | - Guanliang Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Dali, China
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liusheng Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Dali, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Yin J, Xin B, Hui X, Chai N, Yao L, Hu H, Xu B, Ma W, Zhang M, Wang J, Nie Y, Zhou G, Wang G, Chen L, Lu H, Wu K. 188Re-labeled GX1 dimer as a novel dual-functional probe targeting TGM2 for imaging and antiangiogenic therapy of gastric cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:144-152. [PMID: 32682942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The GX1 peptide (CGNSNPKSC) can specifically bind to TGM2 and possesses the ability to target the blood vessels of gastric cancer. This study intends to develop an integrated dual-functional probe with higher affinity, specificity and targeting and to characterize it in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The dimer and tetramer of GX1 were prepared using cross-linked PEG and labeled with 99mTc. The best targeting probe [PEG-(GX1)2] was selected by gamma camera imaging in nude mouse models of gastric cancer. 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 was prepared and characterized through cell binding analysis and competitive inhibition experiments, gamma camera imaging, MTT analysis and flow cytometry, BLI, immunohistochemistry, HE staining and biochemical analysis. RESULTS PEG-(GX1)2 bound specifically to Co-HUVEC with higher affinity than GX1. 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 had better ability to target gastric cancer in tumor-bearing nude mice and higher T/H ratios than 188Re-GX1. 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 inhibited the growth of Co-HUVEC and induced apoptosis, and its effects were more robust than those of 188Re-GX1. BLI showed that 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 inhibited tumor proliferation in vivo with a stronger effect than 188Re-GX1. Compared with 188Re-GX1, 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 suppressed tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and induced tumor cell apoptosis in vivo. The 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 group did not cause visible changes in liver and kidney morphology and function in vivo. CONCLUSION The dimer of GX1 was synthesized by using cross-linked PEG, and then 188Re-PEG-(GX1)2 was prepared. This radiopharmaceutical played both diagnostic and therapeutic functions, and gamma camera imaging could be utilized to detect the distribution of drugs in vivo during treatment. Through a series of experiments in vitro and in vivo, the feasibility of the drug was confirmed, and these results laid the foundation for the subsequent development and application of GX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Yin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of PLA, Dali 671003, China
| | - Bo Xin
- Department of Oncology, No. 960 Hospital of PLA, Taian 271001, China
| | - Xiaoli Hui
- First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Na Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Mingru Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of PLA, Dali 671003, China
| | - Guanliang Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of PLA, Dali 671003, China
| | - Liusheng Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The 75th Group Army Hospital of PLA, Dali 671003, China.
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Dai Y, Chen D, Wang G, Yin J, Zhan Y, Wu K, Liang J, Chen X. Kinetic modeling and analysis of dynamic bioluminescence imaging of substrates administered by intraperitoneal injection. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:389-396. [PMID: 32190565 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2020.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has been found to have diverse applications in the life sciences and medical research due to its ease of use and high sensitivity. From kinetics analysis, dynamic imaging studies have significant advantages for diagnosis when compared to traditional static imaging studies. This work focuses on modeling and quantitatively analyzing the dynamic data produced from the intraperitoneal (IP) injection of D-luciferin in longitudinal BLI, aiming to provide a powerful tool for monitoring the growth of tumors. Methods We constructed a three-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model and employed the standard Michaelis-Menten (M-M) kinetics to investigate the dynamic BLI data produced from the IP injection of D-luciferin. The 3 compartments were the plasma compartment, the non-specific compartment, and the specific compartment. The validity of this PK model was tested by the dynamic BLI data of MKN28M-luc xenograft mice, along with the published longitudinal dynamic BLI data of B16F10-luc xenograft mice. Results The R-squares between the simulated lines and the measurement were 1 and 0.99, respectively, for the mice data and the published data. In addition, the 2 kinetic macroparameters obtained reflected the rate of tumor growth in vivo. In particular, the values of macroparameters A showed a significant dependence on tumor surface area. Conclusions The proposed PK model may be an effective tool for use in drug development programs and for monitoring the response of tumors to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Duofang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jipeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yonghua Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jimin Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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Dobson DE, Mahoney ER, Mach TP, LeTourneau RJ, Schmitthenner HF. Pentamethine sulfobenzoindocyanine dyes with low net charge states and high photostability. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:56-65. [PMID: 31825058 PMCID: PMC6980914 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Cy5.5 dye analogs and targeted probes with net charges varied from -3 to 0 were synthesized by an optimized method, followed by comparing their spectral and photostability properties in saturated solutions of air, oxygen, and argon. The Cy5.5 analogs with reduced charge were relatively stable when irridated at their excitation maxima, with a trend of higher stability with lower net charge states. The photostability of dyes was markedly lower in pure oxygen and higher in inert argon relative to ambient atmospheric conditions. The stability of c(RGDyK) conjugates as models of targeted molecular imaging agents mirrored these results and demonstrated the practical utility of the new family of Cy5.5 fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien E Dobson
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Emily R Mahoney
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Toan P Mach
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Ryan J LeTourneau
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Hans F Schmitthenner
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
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Dai Y, Wang G, Chen D, Yin J, Zhan Y, Nie Y, Wu K, Liang J, Chen X. Intravenous Administration-Oriented Pharmacokinetic Model for Dynamic Bioluminescence Imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:843-847. [PMID: 30047868 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2858774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising tool for monitoring the growth and metastasis of tumors. However, quantitative BLI research based on intravenous (IV) injection is limited, which greatly restricts its further application. To address this problem, we designed a pharmacokinetic (PK) model which is suitable for applying on IV administration of small amounts of D-Luciferin. METHODS After three weeks of postimplantation, mkn28-luc xenografted mice were subjected to 40-min dynamic BLI immediately following D-Luciferin intravenous injection on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Furthermore, the PK model was applied on dynamic BLI data to obtain the sum of kinetic rate constants (SKRC). RESULTS Results showed that the SKRC values decreased rapidly with the growth of the tumor. There was a statistical difference between the SKRC values measured at different time points, while the time point of luminous intensity peak was unaffected by the growth of the tumor. CONCLUSION In short, our results imply that dynamic BLI combined with our PK model can predict tumor growth earlier and with higher sensitivity compared to the conventional method, which is crucial for improving drug evaluation efficacy. In addition, the dynamic BLI may provide a valuable reference for the noninvasive acquiring arterial input function, which may also provide a new application prospect for hybrid PET-optical imaging.
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In vivo near infrared fluorescence imaging and dynamic quantification of pancreatic metastatic tumors using folic acid conjugated biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1867-1877. [PMID: 29733890 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatments since it increases the likelihood that a patient will die from the disease. Therefore, the availability of techniques for the early detection and quantification of tumors is very important. We have prepared cyanine 7.5 NHS ester (Cy7.5) and folic acid (FA) conjugated biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (bMSN@Cy7.5-FA NPs) (~100 nm) for visualizing tumors in vivo. The fluorescence spectra revealed that the emission peak of bMSN@Cy7.5-FA NPs had a red-shift of 1 nm. Confocal immunofluorescent images showed that bMSN@Cy7.5-FA NPs had an excellent targeting ability for visualizing cancer cells. In vivo fluorescence imaging has been conducted using an orthotopic model for pancreatic cancer within 48 h, and the fluorescence intensity reached a maximum at a post injection time-point of 12 h, which demonstrated that the use of bMSN@Cy7.5-FA NPs provides an excellent imaging platform for tumor precision therapy in mice.
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Dai Y, Chen X, Yin J, Wang G, Wang B, Zhan Y, Nie Y, Wu K, Liang J. Investigation of the influence of sampling schemes on quantitative dynamic fluorescence imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1859-1870. [PMID: 29675325 PMCID: PMC5905930 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic optical data from a series of sampling intervals can be used for quantitative analysis to obtain meaningful kinetic parameters of probe in vivo. The sampling schemes may affect the quantification results of dynamic fluorescence imaging. Here, we investigate the influence of different sampling schemes on the quantification of binding potential (BP) with theoretically simulated and experimentally measured data. Three groups of sampling schemes are investigated including the sampling starting point, sampling sparsity, and sampling uniformity. In the investigation of the influence of the sampling starting point, we further summarize two cases by considering the missing timing sequence between the probe injection and sampling starting time. Results show that the mean value of BP exhibits an obvious growth trend with an increase in the delay of the sampling starting point, and has a strong correlation with the sampling sparsity. The growth trend is much more obvious if throwing the missing timing sequence. The standard deviation of BP is inversely related to the sampling sparsity, and independent of the sampling uniformity and the delay of sampling starting time. Moreover, the mean value of BP obtained by uniform sampling is significantly higher than that by using the non-uniform sampling. Our results collectively suggest that a suitable sampling scheme can help compartmental modeling of dynamic fluorescence imaging provide more accurate results and simpler operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xueli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jipeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yonghua Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jimin Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
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