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Zhong X, Liang Y, Wang X, Lan H, Bai X, Jin L, Guan BO. Free-moving-state microscopic imaging of cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics with a photoacoustic fiberscope. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:5. [PMID: 38163847 PMCID: PMC10758391 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We report the development of a head-mounted photoacoustic fiberscope for cerebral imaging in a freely behaving mouse. The 4.5-gram imaging probe has a 9-µm lateral resolution and 0.2-Hz frame rate over a 1.2-mm wide area. The probe can continuously monitor cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamic responses at single-vessel resolution, showing significantly different cerebrovascular responses to external stimuli under anesthesia and in the freely moving state. For example, when subjected to high-concentration CO2 respiration, enhanced oxygenation to compensate for hypercapnia can be visualized due to cerebral regulation in the freely moving state. Comparative studies exhibit significantly weakened compensation capabilities in obese rodents. This new imaging modality can be used for investigating both normal and pathological cerebrovascular functions and shows great promise for studying cerebral activity, disorders and their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yizhi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haoying Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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2
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Cho SW, Nguyen VT, DiSpirito A, Yang J, Kim CS, Yao J. Sounding out the dynamics: a concise review of high-speed photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:S11521. [PMID: 38323297 PMCID: PMC10846286 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.s1.s11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Significance Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) offers advantages in high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of biomedical chromophores. The speed of imaging is critical for leveraging these benefits in both preclinical and clinical settings. Ongoing technological innovations have substantially boosted PAM's imaging speed, enabling real-time monitoring of dynamic biological processes. Aim This concise review synthesizes historical context and current advancements in high-speed PAM, with an emphasis on developments enabled by ultrafast lasers, scanning mechanisms, and advanced imaging processing methods. Approach We examine cutting-edge innovations across multiple facets of PAM, including light sources, scanning and detection systems, and computational techniques and explore their representative applications in biomedical research. Results This work delineates the challenges that persist in achieving optimal high-speed PAM performance and forecasts its prospective impact on biomedical imaging. Conclusions Recognizing the current limitations, breaking through the drawbacks, and adopting the optimal combination of each technology will lead to the realization of ultimate high-speed PAM for both fundamental research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Woo Cho
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Pusan National University, Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tu Nguyen
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Anthony DiSpirito
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph Yang
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Pusan National University, Engineering Research Center for Color-Modulated Extra-Sensory Perception Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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3
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John S, Hester S, Basij M, Paul A, Xavierselvan M, Mehrmohammadi M, Mallidi S. Niche preclinical and clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging with endogenous contrast. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100533. [PMID: 37636547 PMCID: PMC10448345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, photoacoustic (PA) imaging has attracted a great deal of popularity as an emergent diagnostic technology owing to its successful demonstration in both preclinical and clinical arenas by various academic and industrial research groups. Such steady growth of PA imaging can mainly be attributed to its salient features, including being non-ionizing, cost-effective, easily deployable, and having sufficient axial, lateral, and temporal resolutions for resolving various tissue characteristics and assessing the therapeutic efficacy. In addition, PA imaging can easily be integrated with the ultrasound imaging systems, the combination of which confers the ability to co-register and cross-reference various features in the structural, functional, and molecular imaging regimes. PA imaging relies on either an endogenous source of contrast (e.g., hemoglobin) or those of an exogenous nature such as nano-sized tunable optical absorbers or dyes that may boost imaging contrast beyond that provided by the endogenous sources. In this review, we discuss the applications of PA imaging with endogenous contrast as they pertain to clinically relevant niches, including tissue characterization, cancer diagnostics/therapies (termed as theranostics), cardiovascular applications, and surgical applications. We believe that PA imaging's role as a facile indicator of several disease-relevant states will continue to expand and evolve as it is adopted by an increasing number of research laboratories and clinics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel John
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott Hester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Maryam Basij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Avijit Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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4
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Ma J, Zhao J, Chen H, Sun LP, Li J, Guan BO. Transparent microfiber Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor with needle-shaped focus for multiscale photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100482. [PMID: 37025114 PMCID: PMC10070891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography emerged as a promising tool for noninvasive biomedical imaging and diseases diagnosis. However, most of the current piezoelectric ultrasound transducers suffer optical opacity and tissue-mismatched acoustic impedance, hindering the miniaturization and integration of the system for multiscale and multimodal imaging. Here, a transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulated optical microfiber ultrasound sensor was demonstrated for photoacoustic imaging with scalable spatial resolution and penetration depth. The sensor comprised a microfiber loop sandwiched by a pair of in-line Bragg gratings, which formed an ultrasound-sensitive Fabry-Perot cavity allowing free delivery of ultrasound/light beams and unique needle-shaped ultrasound focusing along the penetration depth. The sensor with a detection limit of ∼ 700 Pa and a bandwidth of ∼ 10 MHz was applied for multiscale photoacoustic imaging of mouse ear and brain vasculatures. With advantages of flexibility, optical transparence and focusing capability, the sensor offers new opportunities for developing photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging devices for biomedical and clinic applications.
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Zhu J, Chen J, Amjadian M, Liang S, Qu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L. Simultaneous dual-modal photoacoustic and harmonic ultrasound microscopy with an optimized acoustic combiner. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1626-1635. [PMID: 37078044 PMCID: PMC10110316 DOI: 10.1364/boe.484038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging provides rich optical and acoustic contrasts with high sensitivity, specificity, and resolution, making it a promising tool for diagnosing and assessing various diseases. However, the resolution and penetration depth tend to be contradictory due to the increased attenuation of high-frequency ultrasound. To address this issue, we present simultaneous dual-modal PA/US microscopy with an optimized acoustic combiner that can maintain high resolution while improving the penetration of ultrasound imaging. A low-frequency ultrasound transducer is used for acoustic transmission, and a high-frequency transducer is used for PA and US detection. An acoustic beam combiner is utilized to merge the transmitting and receiving acoustic beams with a predetermined ratio. By combining the two different transducers, harmonic US imaging and high-frequency photoacoustic microscopy are implemented. In vivo experiments on the mouse brain demonstrate the simultaneous PA and US imaging ability. The harmonic US imaging of the mouse eye reveals finer iris and lens boundary structures than conventional US imaging, providing a high-resolution anatomical reference for co-registered PA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiangbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mohammadreza Amjadian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siyi Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, China
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6
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Liu S, Xin J, Wu J, Deng Y, Su R, Niessen WJ, Zheng N, van Walsum T. Multi-view Contour-constrained Transformer Network for Thin-cap Fibroatheroma Identification. Neurocomputing 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2022.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Zhang R, Li LS, Rao B, Rong H, Sun MY, Yao J, Chen R, Zhou Q, Mennerick S, Raman B, Wang LV. Multiscale photoacoustic tomography of neural activities with GCaMP calcium indicators. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220087GR. [PMID: 36088528 PMCID: PMC9463545 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical imaging of responses in fluorescently labeled neurons has progressed significantly in recent years. However, there is still a need to monitor neural activities at divergent spatial scales and at depths beyond the optical diffusion limit. AIM To meet these needs, we aim to develop multiscale photoacoustic tomography (PAT) to image neural activities across spatial scales with a genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP. APPROACH First, using photoacoustic microscopy, we show that depth-resolved GCaMP signals can be monitored in vivo from a fly brain in response to odor stimulation without depth scanning and even with the cuticle intact. In vivo monitoring of GCaMP signals was also demonstrated in mouse brains. Next, using photoacoustic computed tomography, we imaged neural responses of a mouse brain slice at depths beyond the optical diffusion limit. RESULTS We provide the first unambiguous demonstration that multiscale PAT can be used to record neural activities in transgenic flies and mice with select neurons expressing GCaMP. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the combination of multiscale PAT and fluorescent neural activity indicators provides a methodology for imaging targeted neurons at various scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Zhang
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lei S. Li
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Bin Rao
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Haoyang Rong
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Min-Yu Sun
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ruimin Chen
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Baranidharan Raman
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
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8
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Na S, Zhang Y, Wang LV. Cross-Ray Ultrasound Tomography and Photoacoustic Tomography of Cerebral Hemodynamics in Rodents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201104. [PMID: 35818697 PMCID: PMC9443457 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT) offer powerful tools for studying brain function. Complementing each other, fUS and PAT, respectively, measure the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hemoglobin concentrations, allowing synergistic characterization of cerebral hemodynamics. Here, cross-ray ultrasound tomography (CRUST) and its combination with PAT are presented. CRUST employs a virtual point source from a spherically focused ultrasonic transducer (SFUST) to provide widefield excitation at a 4-kHz pulse repetition frequency. A full-ring-shaped ultrasonic transducer array whose imaging plane is orthogonal to the SFUST's acoustic axis receives scattered ultrasonic waves. Superior to conventional fUS, whose sensitivity to blood flow is angle-dependent and low for perpendicular flow, the crossed transmission and panoramic detection fields of CRUST provide omnidirectional sensitivity to CBF. Using CRUST-PAT, the CBF, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentration changes of the mouse brain during sensory stimulation are measured, with a field of view of ≈7 mm in diameter, spatial resolution of ≈170 µm, and temporal resolution of 200 Hz. The results demonstrate CRUST-PAT as a unique tool for studying cerebral hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Na
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
- Present address:
National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
- Department of Electrical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
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9
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Hirasawa T, Tachi K, Miyashita M, Okawa S, Kushibiki T, Ishihara M. Spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopic imaging during single spatial scan using broadband excitation light pulses with wavelength-dependent time delay. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100364. [PMID: 35574189 PMCID: PMC9096666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In most multispectral optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), spatial scanning is repeated for each excitation wavelength, which decreases throughput and causes motion artifacts during spectral processing. This study proposes a new spectroscopic OR-PAM technique to acquire information on the photoacoustic signal intensity and excitation wavelength from single spatial scans. The technique involves irradiating an imaging target with two broadband optical pulses with and without wavelength-dependent time delays. The excitation wavelength of the sample is then calculated by measuring the time delay between the photoacoustic signals generated by the two optical pulses. This technique is validated by measuring the excitation wavelengths of dyes in tubes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the three-dimensional spectroscopic OR-PAM of cells stained with suitable dyes. Although the tradeoff between excitation efficiency and excitation bandwidth must be adjusted based on the application, combining the proposed technique with fast spatial scanning methods can significantly contribute to recent OR-PAM applications, such as monitoring quick biological events and microscale tracking of moving materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirasawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tachi
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Manami Miyashita
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Shinpei Okawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
| | - Miya Ishihara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3–2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359–8513, Japan
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10
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Functional photoacoustic microscopy of hemodynamics: a review. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:97-124. [PMID: 35529339 PMCID: PMC9046529 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional blood imaging can reflect tissue metabolism and organ viability, which is important for life science and biomedical studies. However, conventional imaging modalities either cannot provide sufficient contrast or cannot support simultaneous multi-functional imaging for hemodynamics. Photoacoustic imaging, as a hybrid imaging modality, can provide sufficient optical contrast and high spatial resolution, making it a powerful tool for in vivo vascular imaging. By using the optical-acoustic confocal alignment, photoacoustic imaging can even provide subcellular insight, referred as optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). Based on a multi-wavelength laser source and developed the calculation methods, OR-PAM can provide multi-functional hemodynamic microscopic imaging of the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb), oxygen saturation (sO2), blood flow (BF), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). This concise review aims to systematically introduce the principles and methods to acquire various functional parameters for hemodynamics by photoacoustic microscopy in recent studies, with characteristics and advantages comparison, typical biomedical applications introduction, and future outlook discussion.
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Chen M, Duan X, Lan B, Vu T, Zhu X, Rong Q, Yang W, Hoffmann U, Zou J, Yao J. High-speed functional photoacoustic microscopy using a water-immersible two-axis torsion-bending scanner. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100309. [PMID: 34956833 PMCID: PMC8674646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) can provide functional, anatomical, and molecular images at micrometer level resolution with an imaging depth of less than 1 mm in tissue. However, the imaging speed of traditional OR-PAM is often low due to the point-by-point mechanical scanning and cannot capture time-sensitive dynamic information. In this work, we demonstrate a recent effort in improving the imaging speed of OR-PAM, using a newly developed water-immersible two-axis scanner. Driven by water-compatible electromagnetic actuation force, the new scanning mirror employs a novel torsion-bending mechanism to achieve fast 2D scanning. The torsion scanning along the fast-axis works in the resonant model, and the bending scanning along the slow-axis operate at the quasi-static mode. The scanning speed and scanning range along the two axes can be independently adjusted. Steered by the two-axis torsion-bending scanning mirror immersed in water, the focused excitation light and the generated acoustic wave can be confocally aligned over the entire imaging area. Thus, a high imaging speed can be achieved without sacrificing the detection sensitivity. Equipped with the torsion-bending scanner, the high-speed OR-PAM system has achieved a cross-sectional frame rate of 400 Hz, and a volumetric imaging speed of 1 Hz over a field of view of 1.5 × 2.5 mm2. We have also demonstrated high-speed OR-PAM of the hemodynamic changes in response to pharmaceutical and physiological challenges in small animal models in vivo. We expect the torsion-bending scanner based OR-PAM will find matched biomedical studies of tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bangxin Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Wang K, Li C, Chen R, Shi J. Recent advances in high-speed photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100294. [PMID: 34458095 PMCID: PMC8379700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (PAM) has achieved remarkable progress in biomedicine in the past decade. It is a fast-rising imaging modality with diverse applications, such as hemodynamics, oncology, metabolism, and neuroimaging. Combining optical excitation and acoustic detection, the hybrid nature of PAM provides advantages of rich contrast and deep penetration. In recent years, high-speed PAM has flourished and enabled high-speed wide-field imaging of functional activity. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in high-speed PAM technologies, including high-repetition-rate multi-wavelength laser development, fast scanning techniques, and novel PA signal acquisition strategies.
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13
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Recent Technical Progression in Photoacoustic Imaging—Towards Using Contrast Agents and Multimodal Techniques. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11219804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For combining optical and ultrasonic imaging methodologies, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is the most important and successful hybrid technique, which has greatly contributed to biomedical research and applications. Its theoretical background is based on the photoacoustic effect, whereby a modulated or pulsed light is emitted into tissue, which selectively absorbs the optical energy of the light at optical wavelengths. This energy produces a fast thermal expansion in the illuminated tissue, generating pressure waves (or photoacoustic waves) that can be detected by ultrasonic transducers. Research has shown that optical absorption spectroscopy offers high optical sensitivity and contrast for ingredient determination, for example, while ultrasound has demonstrated good spatial resolution in biomedical imaging. Photoacoustic imaging combines these advantages, i.e., high contrast through optical absorption and high spatial resolution due to the low scattering of ultrasound in tissue. In this review, we focus on advances made in PAI in the last five years and present categories and key devices used in PAI techniques. In particular, we highlight the continuously increasing imaging depth achieved by PAI, particularly when using exogenous reagents. Finally, we discuss the potential of combining PAI with other imaging techniques.
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14
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Hosseinaee Z, Ecclestone B, Pellegrino N, Khalili L, Mukhangaliyeva L, Fieguth P, Reza PH. Functional photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy using a stabilized temperature-regulated stimulated Raman scattering light source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29745-29754. [PMID: 34614713 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has been widely used in functional photoacoustic microscopy to generate multiwavelength light and target multiple chromophores inside tissues. Despite offering a simple, cost-effective technique with a high pulse repetition rate; it suffers from pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations and power drift that can affect image quality. Here, we propose a new technique to improve the temporal stability of the pulsed SRS multiwavelength source. We achieve this by lowering the temperature of the SRS medium. The results suggest that a decrease in temperature causes an improvement of temporal stability of the output, considerable rise in the intensity of the SRS peaks, and significant increase of SRS cross section. The application of the method is shown for in vivo functional imaging of capillary networks in a chicken embryo chorioallantois membrane using photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy.
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15
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Pakdaman Zangabad R, Iskander-Rizk S, van der Meulen P, Meijlink B, Kooiman K, Wang T, van der Steen AFW, van Soest G. Photoacoustic flow velocity imaging based on complex field decorrelation. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100256. [PMID: 33868919 PMCID: PMC8040274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can be used to monitor flowing blood inside the microvascular and capillary bed. Ultrasound speckle decorrelation based velocimetry imaging was previously shown to accurately estimate blood flow velocity in mouse brain (micro-)vasculature. Translating this method to photoacoustic imaging will allow simultaneous imaging of flow velocity and extracting functional parameters like blood oxygenation. In this study, we use a pulsed laser diode and a quantitative method based on normalized first order field autocorrelation function of PA field fluctuations to estimate flow velocities in an ink tube phantom and in the microvasculature of the chorioallantoic membrane of a chicken embryo. We demonstrate how the decorrelation time of signals acquired over frames are related to the flow speed and show that the PA flow analysis based on this approach is an angle independent flow velocity imaging method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pakdaman Zangabad
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophinese Iskander-Rizk
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Meulen
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Meijlink
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tianshi Wang
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius F W van der Steen
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Science and Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gijs van Soest
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hemodynamic response to sensory stimulation in mice: Comparison between functional ultrasound and optoacoustic imaging. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118111. [PMID: 33940140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense efforts are underway to develop functional imaging modalities for capturing brain activity at the whole organ scale with high spatial and temporal resolution. Functional optoacoustic (fOA) imaging is emerging as a new tool to monitor multiple hemodynamic parameters across the mouse brain, but its sound validation against other neuroimaging modalities is often lacking. Here we investigate mouse brain responses to peripheral sensory stimulation using both fOA and functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging. The two modalities operate under similar spatio-temporal resolution regime, with a potential to provide synergistic and complementary hemodynamic readouts. Specific contralateral activation was observed with sub-millimeter spatial resolution with both methods. Sensitivity to hemodynamic activity was found to be on comparable levels, with the strongest responses obtained in the oxygenated hemoglobin channel of fOA. While the techniques attained highly correlated hemodynamic responses, the differential fOA readings of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin provided complementary information to the blood flow contrast of fUS. The multi-modal approach may thus emerge as a powerful tool providing new insights into brain function, complementing our current knowledge generated with well-established neuroimaging methods.
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