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Kumar K, Fachet M, Hoeschen C. High-Spatial-Resolution Benchtop X-ray Fluorescence Imaging through Bragg-Diffraction-Based Focusing with Bent Mosaic Graphite Crystals: A Simulation Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4733. [PMID: 38731956 PMCID: PMC11083219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) can localize diagnostic or theranostic entities utilizing nanoparticle (NP)-based probes at high resolution in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo. However, small-animal benchtop XFI systems demonstrating high spatial resolution (variable from sub-millimeter to millimeter range) in vivo are still limited to lighter elements (i.e., atomic number Z≤45). This study investigates the feasibility of focusing hard X-rays from solid-target tubes using ellipsoidal lens systems composed of mosaic graphite crystals with the aim of enabling high-resolution in vivo XFI applications with mid-Z (42≤Z≤64) elements. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to characterize the proposed focusing-optics concept and provide quantitative predictions of the XFI sensitivity, in silico tumor-bearing mice models loaded with palladium (Pd) and barium (Ba) NPs. Based on simulation results, the minimum detectable total mass of PdNPs per scan position is expected to be on the order of a few hundred nanograms under in vivo conform conditions. PdNP masses as low as 150 ng to 50 ng could be detectable with a resolution of 600 μm when imaging abdominal tumor lesions across a range of low-dose (0.8 μGy) to high-dose (8 μGy) exposure scenarios. The proposed focusing-optics concept presents a potential step toward realizing XFI with conventional X-ray tubes for high-resolution applications involving interesting NP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Fachet
- Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (K.K.)
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Jiang Z, Wang S, Xu Y, Sun L, Gonzalez G, Chen Y, Wu QJ, Xiang L, Ren L. Radiation-induced acoustic signal denoising using a supervised deep learning framework for imaging and therapy monitoring. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/ad0283. [PMID: 37820684 PMCID: PMC11000456 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced acoustic (RA) imaging is a promising technique for visualizing the invisible radiation energy deposition in tissues, enabling new imaging modalities and real-time therapy monitoring. However, RA imaging signal often suffers from poor signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), thus requiring measuring hundreds or even thousands of frames for averaging to achieve satisfactory quality. This repetitive measurement increases ionizing radiation dose and degrades the temporal resolution of RA imaging, limiting its clinical utility. In this study, we developed a general deep inception convolutional neural network (GDI-CNN) to denoise RA signals to substantially reduce the number of frames needed for averaging. The network employs convolutions with multiple dilations in each inception block, allowing it to encode and decode signal features with varying temporal characteristics. This design generalizes GDI-CNN to denoise acoustic signals resulting from different radiation sources. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using experimental data of x-ray-induced acoustic, protoacoustic, and electroacoustic signals both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of GDI-CNN: it achieved x-ray-induced acoustic image quality comparable to 750-frame-averaged results using only 10-frame-averaged measurements, reducing the imaging dose of x-ray-acoustic computed tomography (XACT) by 98.7%; it realized proton range accuracy parallel to 1500-frame-averaged results using only 20-frame-averaged measurements, improving the range verification frequency in proton therapy from 0.5 to 37.5 Hz; it reached electroacoustic image quality comparable to 750-frame-averaged results using only a single frame signal, increasing the electric field monitoring frequency from 1 fps to 1k fps. Compared to lowpass filter-based denoising, the proposed method demonstrated considerably lower mean-squared-errors, higher peak-SNR, and higher structural similarities with respect to the corresponding high-frame-averaged measurements. The proposed deep learning-based denoising framework is a generalized method for few-frame-averaged acoustic signal denoising, which significantly improves the RA imaging's clinical utilities for low-dose imaging and real-time therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Jiang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
- Contributed equally
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Contributed equally
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Leshan Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Q Jackie Wu
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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Souris JS, Leoni L, Zhang HJ, Pan A, Tanios E, Tsai HM, Balyasnikova IV, Bissonnette M, Chen CT. X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 36839041 PMCID: PMC9962876 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tissues and those readily accessed either endoscopically or laparoscopically, due to the intrinsic scattering and absorption of photons by intervening tissues. Recent advances in the design of nanoparticle-based X-ray scintillators and photosensitizers have enabled hybridization of these moieties into single nanocomposite particles. These nanoplatforms, when irradiated with diagnostic doses and energies of X-rays, produce large quantities of ROS and permit, for the first time, non-invasive deep tissue PDT of tumors with few of the therapeutic limitations or side effects of conventional PDT. In this review we examine the underlying principles and evolution of PDT: from its initial and still dominant use of light-activated, small molecule photosensitizers that passively accumulate in tumors, to its latest development of X-ray-activated, scintillator-photosensitizer hybrid nanoplatforms that actively target cancer biomarkers. Challenges and potential remedies for the clinical translation of these hybrid nanoplatforms and X-ray PDT are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariel Pan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eve Tanios
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Qian L, Li Q, Ding Z, Luo K, Su J, Chen J, Zhu G, Gan Z, Yu Q. Prodrug Nanosensitizer Overcomes the Radiation Resistance of Hypoxic Tumor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56454-56470. [PMID: 36525559 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinical radiation therapy (RT) is often hindered by the low radiation energy absorption coefficient and the hypoxic features of tumor tissues. Among the tremendous efforts devoted to overcoming the barriers to efficient RT, the application of hypoxic radiosensitizers and cell-cycle-specific chemotherapeutics has shown great potential. However, their effectiveness is often compromised by their limited bioavailability, especially in the hypoxic region, which plays a major role in radioresistance. Herein, to simultaneously improve the delivery efficacy of both hypoxic radiosensitizer and cell-cycle-specific drug, a gambogic acid (GA) metronidazole (MN) prodrug (GM) was designed and synthesized based on GA, a naturally occurring chemotherapeutic and multiple pathway inhibitor, and MN, a typical hypoxic radiosensitizer. In combination with MN-containing block copolymers, the prodrug nanosensitizer (NS) of GM was obtained. Owing to the bioreduction of MN, the as-designed prodrug could be efficiently delivered to hypoxic cells and act on mitochondria to cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The strong G2/M phase arrest caused by the prodrug NS could further sensitize treated cells to external radiation under hypoxic conditions by increasing DNA damage and delaying DNA repair. After coadministration of the NS with a well-established tissue-penetrating peptide, efficient tumor accumulation, deep tumor penetration, and highly potent chemoradiotherapy could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Zhenshan Ding
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing100029, China
| | - Kejun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jiamin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Guangying Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing100029, China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Qingsong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Ministry of Education), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
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Masanam HB, Perumal G, Krishnan S, Singh SK, Jha NK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Gupta PK, Narasimhan AK. Advances and opportunities in nanoimaging agents for the diagnosis of inflammatory lung diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1981-2005. [PMID: 36695290 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of rapid, noninvasive diagnostics to detect lung diseases is a great need after the COVID-2019 outbreak. The nanotechnology-based approach has improved imaging and facilitates the early diagnosis of inflammatory lung diseases. The multifunctional properties of nanoprobes enable better spatial-temporal resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio in imaging. Targeted nanoimaging agents have been used to bind specific tissues in inflammatory lungs for early-stage diagnosis. However, nanobased imaging approaches for inflammatory lung diseases are still in their infancy. This review provides a solution-focused approach to exploring medical imaging technologies and nanoprobes for the detection of inflammatory lung diseases. Prospects for the development of contrast agents for lung disease detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Brindha Masanam
- Advanced Nano-Theranostics (ANTs), Biomaterials Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Govindaraj Perumal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600 077, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, India
| | | | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ashwin Kumar Narasimhan
- Advanced Nano-Theranostics (ANTs), Biomaterials Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
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64Cu-labeling of small extracellular vesicle surfaces via a cross-bridged macrocyclic chelator for pharmacokinetic study by positron emission tomography imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121968. [PMID: 35772573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method of labeling the surfaces of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with 64Cu using a cross-bridged, macrocyclic chelator (CB-TE1A1P) and applied to pharmacokinetics study with positron emission tomography (PET). After incubation in 20% plasma for 10 min, approximately a half of the 64Cu was desorbed from 64Cu-labeled sEVs purified by phosphate-buffered saline wash, suggesting partly weak interaction without coordinating to CB-TE1A1P. After subsequent purification with albumin, 64Cu desorption was greatly reduced, resulting in a radiochemical stability of 95.7%. Notably, labeling did not alter the physicochemical and biological properties of sEVs. After intravenous injection, 64Cu-labeled sEVs rapidly disappeared from the systemic blood circulation and accumulated mainly in the liver and spleen of macrophage-competent mice. In macrophage-depleted mice, 64Cu-labeled sEVs remained in the blood circulation for a longer period and gradually accumulated in the liver and spleen, suggesting mechanisms of hepatic and splenic accumulation other than macrophage-dependent phagocytosis. The comparison of tissue uptake clearance between macrophage-competent and macrophage-depleted mice suggests that macrophages contributed to 67% and 76% of sEV uptake in the liver and spleen, respectively. The application of this method in pharmacokinetics PET studies can be useful in preclinical and clinical research and the development of sEV treatment modalities.
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Abstract
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as tumor detection in vivo, surgical navigation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the advances in CL for tumor diagnosis and treatment. We first describe the physical principles of CL and discuss the imaging techniques used in tumor diagnosis, including CL imaging, CL endoscope, and CL tomography. Then we present a broad overview of the current status of surgical resection, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and tumor microenvironment monitoring using CL. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and possible solutions for tumor diagnosis and therapy using CL.
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Lun MC, Ranasinghe M, Arifuzzaman M, Fang Y, Guo Y, Anker JN, Li C. Contrast agents for x-ray luminescence computed tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:6769-6775. [PMID: 34613157 PMCID: PMC10775909 DOI: 10.1364/ao.431080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Imaging probes are an important consideration for any type of contrast agent-based imaging method. X-ray luminescence imaging (XLI) and x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) are both contrast agent-based imaging methods that employ x-ray excitable scintillating imaging probes that emit light to be measured for optical imaging. In this work, we compared the performance of several select imaging probes, both commercial and self-synthesized, for application in XLI/XLCT imaging. Commercially available cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and europium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS:Eu) microphosphor as well as synthesized NaGdF4 nanophosphors doped with either europium or terbium were compared through their x-ray luminescence emission spectra, luminescence intensity, and also by performing XLCT scans using phantoms embedded with each of the imaging probes. Each imaging probe displayed a unique emission spectrum that was ideal for deep-tissue optical imaging. In terms of luminescence intensity, due to the large particle size, GOS:Eu had the brightest emission, followed by NaGdF4:Tb, NaGdF4:Eu, and finally the CdTe QDs. Lastly, XLCT scans showed that each imaging probe could be reconstructed with good shape and location accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Lun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | | | | | - Yile Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Yiping Guo
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Anker
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
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