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Souris JS, Leoni L, Zhang HJ, Pan A, Tanios E, Tsai HM, Balyasnikova IV, Bissonnette M, Chen CT. X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 36839041 PMCID: PMC9962876 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tissues and those readily accessed either endoscopically or laparoscopically, due to the intrinsic scattering and absorption of photons by intervening tissues. Recent advances in the design of nanoparticle-based X-ray scintillators and photosensitizers have enabled hybridization of these moieties into single nanocomposite particles. These nanoplatforms, when irradiated with diagnostic doses and energies of X-rays, produce large quantities of ROS and permit, for the first time, non-invasive deep tissue PDT of tumors with few of the therapeutic limitations or side effects of conventional PDT. In this review we examine the underlying principles and evolution of PDT: from its initial and still dominant use of light-activated, small molecule photosensitizers that passively accumulate in tumors, to its latest development of X-ray-activated, scintillator-photosensitizer hybrid nanoplatforms that actively target cancer biomarkers. Challenges and potential remedies for the clinical translation of these hybrid nanoplatforms and X-ray PDT are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariel Pan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eve Tanios
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Souris JS, Zhang HJ, Dougherty U, Chen NT, Waller JV, Lo LW, Hart J, Chen CT, Bissonnette M. A novel mouse model of sporadic colon cancer induced by combination of conditional Apc genes and chemical carcinogen in the absence of Cre recombinase. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1376-1386. [PMID: 30859181 PMCID: PMC6875902 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although valuable insights into colon cancer biology have been garnered from human colon cancer cell lines and primary colonic tissues, and animal studies using human colon cancer xenografts, immunocompetent mouse models of spontaneous or chemically induced colon cancer better phenocopy human disease. As most sporadic human colon tumors present adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutations, considerable effort has gone into developing mice that express mutant Apc alleles that mimic human colon cancer pathogenesis. A serious limitation of many of these Apc-mutant murine models, however, is that these mice develop numerous tumors in the small intestine but few, if any, in the colon. In this work, we examined three spontaneous mouse models of colon tumorigenesis based upon the widely used multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mouse: mice with either constitutive or conditional Apc mutations alone or in combination with caudal-related homeobox transcription factor CDX2P-Cre transgene - either with or without exposure to the potent colon carcinogen azoxymethane. Using the CDX2 promoter to drive Cre recombinase transgene expression effectively inactivated Apc in colonocytes, creating a model with earlier tumor onset and increased tumor incidence/burden, but without the Min mouse model's small intestine tumorigenesis and susceptibility to intestinal perforation/ulceration/hemorrhage. Most significantly, azoxymethane-treated mice with conditional Apc expression, but absent the Cre recombinase gene, demonstrated nearly 50% tumor incidence with two or more large colon tumors per mouse of human-like histology, but no small intestine tumors - unlike the azoxymethane-resistant C57BL/6J-background Min mouse model. As such this model provides a robust platform for chemoprevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hannah J Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Joseph V Waller
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Haider HI, Khalil A, Souris JS, Joseph L, Hart J, Konda VJ, Zhang W, Pekow J, Li YC, Bissonnette M. Losartan and Vitamin D Inhibit Colonic Tumor Development in a Conditional Apc-Deleted Mouse Model of Sporadic Colon Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:433-448. [PMID: 31088824 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is upregulated in colorectal cancer, and epidemiologic studies suggest RAS inhibitors reduce cancer risk. Because vitamin D (VD) receptor negatively regulates renin, we examined anticancer efficacy of VD and losartan (L), an angiotensin receptor blocker. Control Apc+/LoxP mice and tumor-forming Apc+/LoxP Cdx2P-Cre mice were randomized to unsupplemented Western diet (UN), or diets supplemented with VD, L, or VD+L, the latter to assess additive or synergistic effects. At 6 months, mice were killed. Plasma Ca2+, 25(OH)D3, 1α, 25(OH)2D3, renin, and angiotensin II (Ang II) were quantified. Colonic transcripts were assessed by qPCR and proteins by immunostaining and blotting. Cancer incidence and tumor burden were significantly lower in Cre+ VD and Cre+ L, but not in the Cre+ VD+L group. In Apc+/LoxP mice, VD increased plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and colonic VDR. In Apc+/LoxP-Cdx2P-Cre mice, plasma renin and Ang II, and colonic tumor AT1, AT2, and Cyp27B1 were increased and VDR downregulated. L increased, whereas VD decreased plasma renin and Ang II in Cre+ mice. VD or L inhibited tumor development, while exerting differential effects on plasma VD metabolites and RAS components. We speculate that AT1 is critical for tumor development, whereas RAS suppression plays a key role in VD chemoprevention. When combined with L, VD no longer increases active VD and colonic VDR in Cre- mice nor suppresses renin and Ang II in Cre+ mice, likely contributing to lack of chemopreventive efficacy of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haider I Haider
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Loren Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vani J Konda
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Quigley BP, Smith CD, Cheng SH, Souris JS, Pelizzari CA, Chen CT, Lo LW, Reft CS, Wiersma RD, La Riviere PJ. Sensitivity evaluation and selective plane imaging geometry for x-ray-induced luminescence imaging. Med Phys 2017; 44:5367-5377. [PMID: 28703922 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE X-ray-induced luminescence (XIL) is a hybrid x-ray/optical imaging modality that employs nanophosphors that luminescence in response to x-ray irradiation. X-ray-activated phosphorescent nanoparticles have potential applications in radiation therapy as theranostics, nanodosimeters, or radiosensitizers. Extracting clinically relevant information from the luminescent signal requires the development of a robust imaging model that can determine nanophosphor distributions at depth in an optically scattering environment from surface radiance measurements. The applications of XIL in radiotherapy will be limited by the dose-dependent sensitivity at depth in tissue. We propose a novel geometry called selective plane XIL (SPXIL), and apply it to experimental measurements in optical gel phantoms and sensitivity simulations. METHODS An imaging model is presented based on the selective plane geometry which can determine the detected diffuse optical signal for a given x-ray dose and nanophosphor distribution at depth in a semi-infinite, optically homogenous material. The surface radiance in the model is calculated using an analytical solution to the extrapolated boundary condition. Y2 O3 :Eu3+ nanoparticles are synthesized and inserted into various optical phantom in order to measure the luminescent output per unit dose for a given concentration of nanophosphors and calibrate an imaging model for XIL sensitivity simulations. SPXIL imaging with a dual-source optical gel phantom is performed, and an iterative Richardson-Lucy deconvolution using a shifted Poisson noise model is applied to the measurements in order to reconstruct the nanophosphor distribution. RESULTS Nanophosphor characterizations showed a peak emission at 611 nm, a linear luminescent response to tube current and nanoparticle concentration, and a quadratic luminescent response to tube voltage. The luminescent efficiency calculation accomplished with calibrated bioluminescence mouse phantoms determines 1.06 photons were emitted per keV of x-ray radiation absorbed per g/mL of nanophosphor concentration. Sensitivity simulations determined that XIL could detect a concentration of 1 mg/mL of nanophosphors with a dose of 1 cGy at a depth ranging from 2 to 4 cm, depending on the optical parameters of the homogeneous diffuse optical environment. The deconvolution applied to the SPXIL measurements could resolve two sources 1 cm apart up to a depth of 1.75 cm in the diffuse phantom. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel imaging geometry for XIL in a homogenous, diffuse optical environment. Basic characterization of Y2 O3 :Eu3+ nanophosphors are presented along with XIL/SPXIL measurements in optical gel phantoms. The diffuse optical imaging model is validated using these measurements and then calibrated in order to execute initial sensitivity simulations for the dose-depth limitations of XIL imaging. The SPXIL imaging model is used to perform a deconvolution on a dual-source phantom, which successfully reconstructs the nanophosphor distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Quigley
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Corey D Smith
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Charles A Pelizzari
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chester S Reft
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rodney D Wiersma
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Tsai HM, Souris JS, Kim HJ, Cheng SH, Chen L, Lo LW, Chen CT, Kao CM. Note: Rapid measurement of fluorescence lifetimes using SiPM detection and waveform sampling. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:096107. [PMID: 28964223 PMCID: PMC5612797 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, fluorescence lifetime measurement-assessing the average time fluorophores spend in their excited state before returning to their ground state-offers a number of advantages over quantifying fluorescence intensities that include resistance to photo-bleaching and independence from fluorophore concentration, excitation intensity, and measurement methodology. Despite growing interest, fluorescence lifetime techniques frequently mandate relatively complex instrumentation, slow data acquisition rates, and significant data analyses. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of measuring fluorescence lifetimes using off-the-shelf analog silicon photomultipliers and switched-capacitor array waveform sampling techniques, with precision matching that of much larger and more elaborate commercial instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-M Tsai
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - H-J Kim
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - S-H Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - L-W Lo
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - C-T Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - C-M Kao
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Chen NT, Souris JS, Cheng SH, Chu CH, Wang YC, Konda V, Dougherty U, Bissonnette M, Mou CY, Chen CT, Lo LW. Lectin-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for endoscopic detection of premalignant colonic lesions. Nanomedicine 2017; 13:1941-1952. [PMID: 28363770 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-deaths worldwide. Methods for the early in situ detection of colorectal adenomatous polyps and their precursors - prior to their malignancy transformation into CRC - are urgently needed. Unfortunately at present, the primary diagnostic method, colonoscopy, can only detect polyps and carcinomas by shape/morphology; with sessile polyps more likely to go unnoticed than polypoid lesions. Here we describe our development of polyp-targeting, fluorescently-labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) that serve as targeted endoscopic contrast agents for the early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer. In vitro cell studies, ex vivo histopathological analysis, and in vivo colonoscopy and endoscopy of murine colorectal cancer models, demonstrate significant binding specificity of our nanoconstructs to pathological lesions via targeting aberrant α-L-fucose expression. Our findings strongly suggest that lectin-functionalized fluorescent MSNs could serve as a promising endoscopic contrast agent for in situ diagnostic imaging of premalignant colonic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chia-Hui Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Vani Konda
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Souris JS, Cheng SH, Pelizzari C, Chen NT, La Riviere P, Chen CT, Lo LW. Radioluminescence characterization of in situ x-ray nanodosimeters: Potential real-time monitors and modulators of external beam radiation therapy. Appl Phys Lett 2014; 105:203110. [PMID: 25425747 PMCID: PMC4240777 DOI: 10.1063/1.4900962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Europium-doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3:Eu) has garnered considerable interest recently for its use as a highly efficient, red phosphor in a variety of lighting applications that include fluorescent lamps, plasma, and field emission display panels, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and lasers. In the present work, we describe the development of Y2O3:Eu nanoparticles for a very different application: in situ, in vivo x-ray dosimetry. Spectroscopic analyses of these nanoparticles during x-ray irradiation reveal surprisingly bright and stable radioluminescence at near-infrared wavelengths, with markedly linear response to changes in x-ray flux and energy. Monte Carlo modeling of incident flux and broadband, wide-field imaging of mouse phantoms bearing both Y2O3:Eu nanoparticles and calibrated LEDs of similar spectral emission demonstrated significant transmission of radioluminescence, in agreement with spectroscopic studies; with approximately 15 visible photons being generated for every x-ray photon incident. Unlike the dosimeters currently employed in clinical practice, these nanodosimeters can sample both dose and dose rate rapidly enough as to provide real-time feedback for x-ray based external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The technique's use of remote sensing and absence of supporting structures enable perturbation-free dosing of the targeted region and complete sampling from any direction. With the conjugation of pathology-targeting ligands onto their surfaces, these nanodosimeters offer a potential paradigm shift in the real-time monitoring and modulation of delivered dose in the EBRT of cancer in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - Charles Pelizzari
- Deaprtment of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - Patrick La Riviere
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Chen NT, Tang KC, Chung MF, Cheng SH, Huang CM, Chu CH, Chou PT, Souris JS, Chen CT, Mou CY, Lo LW. Enhanced plasmonic resonance energy transfer in mesoporous silica-encased gold nanorod for two-photon-activated photodynamic therapy. Theranostics 2014; 4:798-807. [PMID: 24955141 PMCID: PMC4063978 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique optical properties of gold nanorods (GNRs) have recently drawn considerable interest from those working in in vivo biomolecular sensing and bioimaging. Especially appealing in these applications is the plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence of GNRs induced by two-photon excitation at infrared wavelengths, owing to the significant penetration depth of infrared light in tissue. Unfortunately, many studies have also shown that often the intensity of pulsed coherent irradiation of GNRs needed results in irreversible deformation of GNRs, greatly reducing their two-photon luminescence (TPL) emission intensity. In this work we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of mesoporous silica-encased gold nanorods (MS-GNRs) that incorporate photosensitizers (PSs) for two-photon-activated photodynamic therapy (TPA-PDT). The PSs, doped into the nano-channels of the mesoporous silica shell, can be efficiently excited via intra-particle plasmonic resonance energy transfer from the encased two-photon excited gold nanorod and further generates cytotoxic singlet oxygen for cancer eradication. In addition, due to the mechanical support provided by encapsulating mesoporous silica matrix against thermal deformation, the two-photon luminescence stability of GNRs was significantly improved; after 100 seconds of 800 nm repetitive laser pulse with the 30 times higher than average power for imaging acquisition, MS-GNR luminescence intensity exhibited ~260% better resistance to deformation than that of the uncoated gold nanorods. These results strongly suggest that MS-GNRs with embedded PSs might provide a promising photodynamic therapy for the treatment of deeply situated cancers via plasmonic resonance energy transfer.
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Souris JS, Hickson JA, Msezane L, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Chen CT. Flexible peritoneal windows for quantitative fluorescence and bioluminescence preclinical imaging. Mol Imaging 2013; 12:28-38. [PMID: 23348789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there is considerable interest in the use of in vivo fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging to track the onset and progression of pathologic processes in preclinical models of human disease. Optical quantitation of such phenomena, however, is often problematic, frequently complicated by the overlying tissue's scattering and absorption of light, as well as the presence of endogenous cutaneous and subcutaneous fluorophores. To partially circumvent this information loss, we report here the development of flexible, surgically implanted, transparent windows that enhance quantitative in vivo fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging of optical reporters. These windows are metal and glass free and thus compatible with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography; they also permit visualization of much larger areas with fewer impediments to animal locomotion and grooming than those previously described. To evaluate their utility in preclinical imaging, we surgically implanted these windows in the abdominal walls of female athymic nude mice and subsequently inoculated each animal with 1 × 10(4) to 1 × 10(6) bioluminescent human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3ip.1-luc). Longitudinal imaging studies of fenestrated animals revealed up to 48-fold gains in imaging sensitivity relative to nonfenestrated animals, with relatively few complications, allowing wide-field in vivo visualization of nascent metastatic ovarian cancer colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chen NT, Cheng SH, Souris JS, Chen CT, Mou CY, Lo LW. Theranostic applications of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their organic/inorganic hybrids. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3128-3135. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen NT, Cheng SH, Liu CP, Souris JS, Chen CT, Mou CY, Lo LW. Recent advances in nanoparticle-based Förster resonance energy transfer for biosensing, molecular imaging and drug release profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16598-623. [PMID: 23443121 PMCID: PMC3546710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) may be regarded as a "smart" technology in the design of fluorescence probes for biological sensing and imaging. Recently, a variety of nanoparticles that include quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, polymer, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and upconversion nanoparticles have been employed to modulate FRET. Researchers have developed a number of "visible" and "activatable" FRET probes sensitive to specific changes in the biological environment that are especially attractive from the biomedical point of view. This article reviews recent progress in bringing these nanoparticle-modulated energy transfer schemes to fruition for applications in biosensing, molecular imaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Tzu Chen
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (N.-T.C.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-P.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (N.-T.C.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-P.L.)
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; E-Mails: (J.S.S.); (C.-T.C.)
| | - Ching-Ping Liu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (N.-T.C.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-P.L.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; E-Mails: (J.S.S.); (C.-T.C.)
| | - Chen-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; E-Mails: (J.S.S.); (C.-T.C.)
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Leu-Wei Lo
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan; E-Mails: (N.-T.C.); (S.-H.C.); (C.-P.L.)
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Cheng SH, Li FC, Souris JS, Yang CS, Tseng FG, Lee HS, Chen CT, Dong CY, Lo LW. Visualizing dynamics of sub-hepatic distribution of nanoparticles using intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. ACS Nano 2012; 6:4122-31. [PMID: 22486639 DOI: 10.1021/nn300558p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles that do not undergo renal excretion or in vivo degradation into biocompatible debris often accumulate in the reticuloendothelial system, also know as the mononuclear phagocyte system, with undesired consequences that limit their clinical utility. In this work, we report the first application of intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy to dynamically track the hepatic metabolism of nanoparticles with subcellular resolution in real time. Using fluorescently labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in mice as a prototypical model, we observed significant hepatocyte uptake of positively charged, but not negatively charged, moieties. Conversely, in vivo imaging of negatively charged, but not positively charged, MSNs reveals an overwhelming propensity for the former's rapid uptake by Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids. Since the only prerequisite for these studies was that nanoparticles are fluorescently labeled and not of a specific composition or structure, the techniques we present can readily be extended to a wide variety of nanoparticle structures and surface modifications (e.g., shape, charge, hydrophobicity, PEGylation) in the preclinical assessment and tailoring of their hepatotoxicities and clearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
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Lee CH, Cheng SH, Huang IP, Souris JS, Yang CS, Mou CY, Lo LW. Intracellular pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the controlled release of anticancer chemotherapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8214-9. [PMID: 20865709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lee
- Center for Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
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Lee CH, Cheng SH, Huang IP, Souris JS, Yang CS, Mou CY, Lo LW. Intracellular pH-Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of Anticancer Chemotherapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Souris JS, Lee CH, Cheng SH, Chen CT, Yang CS, Ho JAA, Mou CY, Lo LW. Surface charge-mediated rapid hepatobiliary excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5564-74. [PMID: 20417962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery has been emerging as an active research area in recent years. The in vivo biodistribution of nanoparticle and its following mechanisms of biodegradation and/or excretion determine the feasibility and applicability of such a nano-delivery platform in the practical clinical translation. In this work we report the synthesis of the highly positive charge, near-infrared fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) that demonstrate rapid hepatobiliary excretion, for use as traceable drug delivery platforms of high capacity. MSNs were incorporated with near-infrared fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) via covalent or ionic bonding, to derive comparable constructs of significantly different net surface charge. In vivo fluorescence imaging and subsequent inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy of harvested tissues, urine, and feces revealed markedly different uptake and elimination behaviors between the two conjugations; with more highly charged moieties (+34.4 mV at pH 7.4) being quickly excreted from the liver into the gastrointestinal tract, while less charged moieties (-17.6 mV at pH 7.4) remained sequestered within the liver. Taken together, these findings suggest that charge-dependent adsorption of serum proteins greatly facilitates the hepatobiliary excretion of silica nanoparticles, and that nanoparticle residence time in vivo can be regulated by manipulation of surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chen LC, Wei CW, Souris JS, Cheng SH, Chen CT, Yang CS, Li PC, Lo LW. Enhanced photoacoustic stability of gold nanorods by silica matrix confinement. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15:016010. [PMID: 20210456 DOI: 10.1117/1.3292574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has garnered much attention for its high contrast and excellent spatial resolution of perfused tissues. Gold nanorods (GNRs) have been employed to further enhance the imaging contrast of PAT. However, the photon fluences typically needed for PA wave induction often also result in GNR shape changes that significantly reduce the efficiency of acoustic wave generation. In this work, we propose, synthesize, and evaluate amorphous silica-coated gold nanorods (GNR-Si) in an effort to improve contrast agent stability and ameliorate efficiency loss during photoacoustic (PA) wave induction. TEM and optical absorption spectra measurements of GNR and GNR-Si show that encasing GNRs within amorphous silica provides substantial protection of nanorod conformation from thermal deformation. PA signals generated by GNR-Si demonstrate considerably greater resistance to degradation of signal intensity with repetitive pulsing than do uncoated GNRs, thereby enabling much longer, high-contrast imaging sessions than previously possible. The prolongation of high-contrast imaging, and biocompatibility and easy surface functionalization for targeting ligands afforded by amorphous silica, suggest GNR-Si to be potentially significant for the clinical translation of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leng-Chun Chen
- National Health Research Institutes, Division of Medical Engineering Research, Zhunan, Miaoli Country, Taiwan
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Cheng SH, Lee CH, Chen MC, Souris JS, Tseng FG, Yang CS, Mou CY, Chen CT, Lo LW. Tri-functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for comprehensive cancer theranostics—the trio of imaging, targeting and therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Luo X, Chen J, Song WX, Tang N, Luo J, Deng ZL, Sharff KA, He G, Bi Y, He BC, Bennett E, Huang J, Kang Q, Jiang W, Su Y, Zhu GH, Yin H, He Y, Wang Y, Souris JS, Chen L, Zuo GW, Montag AG, Reid RR, Haydon RC, Luu HH, He TC. Osteogenic BMPs promote tumor growth of human osteosarcomas that harbor differentiation defects. J Transl Med 2008; 88:1264-77. [PMID: 18838962 PMCID: PMC9901484 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone. Here, we investigated a possible role of defective osteoblast differentiation in OS tumorigenesis. We found that basal levels of the early osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were low in OS lines. Osteogenic regulators Runx2 and OSX, and the late marker osteopontin (OPN) expressed at low levels in most OS lines, indicating that most OS cells fail to undergo terminal differentiation. Furthermore, OS cells were refractory to osteogenic BMP-induced increases in ALP activity. Osteogenic BMPs were shown to upregulate early target genes, but not late osteogenic markers OPN and osteocalcin (OC). Furthermore, osteogenic BMPs failed to induce bone formation from human OS cells, rather effectively promoted OS tumor growth in an orthotopic OS model. Exogenous expression of early target genes enhanced BMP-stimulated OS tumor growth, whereas osteogenic BMP-promoted OS tumor growth was inhibited by exogenous Runx2 expression. These results suggest that alterations in osteoprogenitors may disrupt osteogenic differentiation pathway. Thus, identifying potential differentiation defects in OS tumors would allow us to reconstruct the tumorigenic events in osteoprogenitors and to develop rational differentiation therapies for clinical OS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wen-Xin Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhong-Liang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katie A Sharff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erwin Bennett
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiayi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuxi Su
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gao-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hong Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yun He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Optical Imaging Core Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guo-Wei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony G Montag
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Russell R Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Souris JS, Cho S, Penney BC, Chen CT, Kao CM. WE-D-I-609-02: Characterization of a Novel Dual-Panel PET Scanner for Use in Small Animal Imaging. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
Conventional in vivo imaging of bone metabolism is dominated by gamma-ray bone scintigraphy: a technique in which gamma-ray emissions from radioactively labeled regions of metabolically active bone are mapped. More recently, however, near-infrared fluorescent probes have been developed that optically emulate these radionuclides. Although still in their infancy, techniques based on the use of such functionally targeted fluorophores might one-day offer improved resolution, sensitivity and speed in bone metabolism imaging -- without any of the health risks posed by the internalization of radioactive sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Souris
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, B-1 Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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