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Damulira E, Yusoff MNS, Omar AF, Mohd Taib NH, Ahmed NM. Application of Bpw34 photodiode and cold white LED as diagnostic X-ray detectors: A comparative analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 170:109622. [PMID: 33592486 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the real-time dosimetric performance of a bpw34 photodiode (PD) and cold white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on diagnostic X-ray-induced signals. Signals were extracted when both the transducers were under identical exposure settings, including source-to-detector distance (SDD), tube voltage (kVp), and current-time product (mAs). The transducers were in a photovoltaic configuration, and black vinyl tape was applied on transducer active areas as a form of optical shielding. X-ray beam spectra and energies were simulated using Matlab-based Spektr functions. Transducer performance analysis was based on signal linearity to mAs and air kerma, and sensitivity dependence on absorbed dose, energy, and dose rate. Bpw34 PD and cold white LED output signals were 84.8% and 85.5% precise, respectively. PD signals were 94.7% linear to mAs, whereas LED signals were 91.9%. PD and LED signal linearity to dose coefficients were 0.9397 and 0.9128, respectively. Both transducers exhibited similar dose and energy dependence. However, cold white LEDs were 0.73% less dose rate dependent than the bpw34 PD. Cold white LEDs demonstrated potential in detecting diagnostic X-rays because their performance was similar to that of the bpw34 PD. Moreover, the cold white LED array's dosimetric response was independent of the heel effect. Although cold white LED signals were lower than bpw34 PD signals, they were quantifiable and electronically amplifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edrine Damulira
- Medical Radiation Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Nur Salihin Yusoff
- Medical Radiation Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Fairuz Omar
- Engineering Physics Laboratory, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hartini Mohd Taib
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Naser M Ahmed
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
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Colombo PE, Rottoli F, Felisi M, De Mattia C, Riga S, Sutto M, Dillion C, Massey S, Torresin A. Validation of a dose tracking software for skin dose map calculation in interventional radiology. Phys Med 2020; 72:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Jarvinen H, Farah J, Siiskonen T, Ciraj-Bjelac O, Dabin J, Carinou E, Domienik-Andrzejewska J, Kluszczynski D, Knežević Ž, Kopec R, Majer M, Malchair F, Negri A, Pankowski P, Sarmento S, Trianni A. Feasibility of setting up generic alert levels for maximum skin dose in fluoroscopically guided procedures. Phys Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Farah J, Trianni A, Ciraj-Bjelac O, Clairand I, De Angelis C, Delle Canne S, Hadid L, Huet C, Jarvinen H, Negri A, Novák L, Pinto M, Siiskonen T, Waryn MJ, Knežević Ž. Characterization of XR-RV3 GafChromic®
films in standard laboratory and in clinical conditions and means to evaluate uncertainties and reduce errors. Med Phys 2015; 42:4211-26. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4922132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Farah J, Trianni A, Carinou E, Ciraj-Bjelac O, Clairand I, Dabin J, De Angelis C, Domienik J, Jarvinen H, Kopec R, Majer M, Malchair F, Negri A, Novák L, Siiskonen T, Vanhavere F, Knežević Ž. Measurement of maximum skin dose in interventional radiology and cardiology and challenges in the set-up of European alert thresholds. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 164:138-142. [PMID: 25316909 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To help operators acknowledge patient dose during interventional procedures, EURADOS WG-12 focused on measuring patient skin dose using XR-RV3 gafchromic films, thermoluminescent detector (TLD) pellets or 2D TL foils and on investigating possible correlation to the on-line dose indicators such as fluoroscopy time, Kerma-area product (KAP) and cumulative air Kerma at reference point (CK). The study aims at defining non-centre-specific European alert thresholds for skin dose in three interventional procedures: chemoembolization of the liver (CE), neuroembolization (NE) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Skin dose values of >3 Gy (ICRP threshold for skin injuries) were indeed measured in these procedures confirming the need for dose indicators that correlate with maximum skin dose (MSD). However, although MSD showed fairly good correlation with KAP and CK, several limitations were identified challenging the set-up of non-centre-specific European alert thresholds. This paper presents preliminary results of this wide European measurement campaign and focuses on the main challenges in the definition of European alert thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farah
- Laboratoire de Dosimétrie des Rayonnements Ionisants, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), BP17, PRP-HOM/SDE/LDRI BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex 92262, France
| | - A Trianni
- Udine University Hospital (AOUD), Ple S. Maria della Misericordia, 15, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - E Carinou
- Greek Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), PO Box 60092, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - O Ciraj-Bjelac
- VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences (VINCA), PO Box 522, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
| | - I Clairand
- Laboratoire de Dosimétrie des Rayonnements Ionisants, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), BP17, PRP-HOM/SDE/LDRI BP 17, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex 92262, France
| | - J Dabin
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK-CEN), Boeretang 200, Mol BE-2400, Belgium
| | - C De Angelis
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - J Domienik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), 8 Sw. Teresy, Str., Łódź 91-348, Poland
| | - H Jarvinen
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), PO Box 14, Helsinki 00881, Finland
| | - R Kopec
- Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN), ul Radzikowskiego 152, Kraków PL-31-342, Poland
| | - M Majer
- Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - F Malchair
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (CHUL), Avenue de l'Hôpital, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - A Negri
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV), Via Gattamelata 64, Padova 35124, Italy
| | - L Novák
- National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI), Bartoškova 28, Prague 4 140 00, Czech Republic
| | - T Siiskonen
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), PO Box 14, Helsinki 00881, Finland
| | - F Vanhavere
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK-CEN), Boeretang 200, Mol BE-2400, Belgium
| | - Ž Knežević
- Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Chaikh A, Gaudu A, Balosso J. Monitoring methods for skin dose in interventional radiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0301.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wong JHD, Fuduli I, Carolan M, Petasecca M, Lerch MLF, Perevertaylo VL, Metcalfe P, Rosenfeld AB. Characterization of a novel two dimensional diode array the “magic plate” as a radiation detector for radiation therapy treatment. Med Phys 2012; 39:2544-58. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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McCabe BP, Speidel MA, Pike TL, Van Lysel MS. Calibration of GafChromic XR-RV3 radiochromic film for skin dose measurement using standardized x-ray spectra and a commercial flatbed scanner. Med Phys 2011; 38:1919-30. [PMID: 21626925 PMCID: PMC3078021 DOI: 10.1118/1.3560422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, newly formulated XR-RV3 GafChromic film was calibrated with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceability for measurement of patient skin dose during fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures. METHODS The film was calibrated free-in-air to air kerma levels between 15 and 1100 cGy using four moderately filtered x-ray beam qualities (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp). The calibration films were scanned with a commercial flatbed document scanner. Film reflective density-to-air kerma calibration curves were constructed for each beam quality, with both the orange and white sides facing the x-ray source. A method to correct for nonuniformity in scanner response (up to 25% depending on position) was developed to enable dose measurement with large films. The response of XR-RV3 film under patient backscattering conditions was examined using on-phantom film exposures and Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS The response of XR-RV3 film to a given air kerma depended on kVp and film orientation. For a 200 cGy air kerma exposure with the orange side of the film facing the source, the film response increased by 20% from 60 to 120 kVp. At 500 cGy, the increase was 12%. When 500 cGy exposures were performed with the white side facing the x-ray source, the film response increased by 4.0% (60 kVp) to 9.9% (120 kVp) compared to the orange-facing orientation. On-phantom film measurements and Monte Carlo simulations show that using a NIST-traceable free-in-air calibration curve to determine air kerma in the presence of backscatter results in an error from 2% up to 8% depending on beam quality. The combined uncertainty in the air kerma measurement from the calibration curves and scanner nonuniformity correction was +/- 7.1% (95% C.I.). The film showed notable stability. Calibrations of film and scanner separated by 1 yr differed by 1.0%. CONCLUSIONS XR-RV3 radiochromic film response to a given air kerma shows dependence on beam quality and film orientation. The presence of backscatter slightly modifies the x-ray energy spectrum; however, the increase in film response can be attributed primarily to the increase in total photon fluence at the sensitive layer. Film calibration curves created under free-in-air conditions may be used to measure dose from fluoroscopic quality x-ray beams, including patient backscatter with an error less than the uncertainty of the calibration in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P McCabe
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Wong JHD, Carolan M, Lerch MLF, Petasecca M, Khanna S, Perevertaylo VL, Metcalfe P, Rosenfeld AB. A silicon strip detector dose magnifying glass for IMRT dosimetry. Med Phys 2010; 37:427-39. [PMID: 20229851 DOI: 10.1118/1.3264176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) allows the delivery of escalated radiation dose to tumor while sparing adjacent critical organs. In doing so, IMRT plans tend to incorporate steep dose gradients at interfaces between the target and the organs at risk. Current quality assurance (QA) verification tools such as 2D diode arrays, are limited by their spatial resolution and conventional films are nonreal time. In this article, the authors describe a novel silicon strip detector (CMRP DMG) of high spatial resolution (200 microm) suitable for measuring the high dose gradients in an IMRT delivery. METHODS A full characterization of the detector was performed, including dose per pulse effect, percent depth dose comparison with Farmer ion chamber measurements, stem effect, dose linearity, uniformity, energy response, angular response, and penumbra measurements. They also present the application of the CMRP DMG in the dosimetric verification of a clinical IMRT plan. RESULTS The detector response changed by 23% for a 390-fold change in the dose per pulse. A correction function is derived to correct for this effect. The strip detector depth dose curve agrees with the Farmer ion chamber within 0.8%. The stem effect was negligible (0.2%). The dose linearity was excellent for the dose range of 3-300 cGy. A uniformity correction method is described to correct for variations in the individual detector pixel responses. The detector showed an over-response relative to tissue dose at lower photon energies with the maximum dose response at 75 kVp nominal photon energy. Penumbra studies using a Varian Clinac 21EX at 1.5 and 10.0 cm depths were measured to be 2.77 and 3.94 mm for the secondary collimators, 3.52 and 5.60 mm for the multileaf collimator rounded leaf ends, respectively. Point doses measured with the strip detector were compared to doses measured with EBT film and doses predicted by the Philips Pinnacle treatment planning system. The differences were 1.1% +/- 1.8% and 1.0% +/- 1.6%, respectively. They demonstrated the high temporal resolution capability of the detector readout system, which will allow one to investigate the temporal dose pattern of IMRT and volumetric modulated are therapy (VMAT) deliveries. CONCLUSIONS The CMRP silicon strip detector dose magnifying glass interfaced to a TERA ASIC DAQ system has high spatial and temporal resolution. It is a novel and valuable tool for QA in IMRT dose delivery and for VMAT dose delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H D Wong
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Antoniou PE, Bousbouras P, Sandaltzopoulos R, Kaldoudi E. Investigating the potential of polymer gel dosimetry for interventional radiology: first results. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:N127-36. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/8/n02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Karambatsakidou A, Tornvall P, Saleh N, Chouliaras T, Löfberg PO, Fransson A. Skin dose alarm levels in cardiac angiography procedures: is a single DAP value sufficient? Br J Radiol 2005; 78:803-9. [PMID: 16110101 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/14000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum estimated skin doses to patients undergoing coronary angiography procedures were obtained using radiographic slow film and diode dosemeters. Conversion factors of maximum entrance skin dose versus dose-area product (MESD/DAP) for diagnostic (coronary angiography (CA); 20 patients; 2 operators) and interventional procedures (percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA); 10 patients; 1 operator) were 4.3 (mean value of 10 CA; operator A), 3.5 (mean value of 10 CA; operator B) and 9.7 (mean value of 10 PTCA; operator B) mGy(Gycm2)(-1), respectively. The results emphasise a need for both operator- and procedure-specific conversion factors. Compared with a single, global factor for all cardiac procedures and/or operators that is commonly applied today, such a refinement is expected to improve the accuracy in skin dose estimations from these procedures. Consequently, reference DAP values used in the clinic to define patients who could suffer from a radiation induced skin injury following a cardiac procedure, should be defined for each operator/procedure. The film technique was found to be superior to the diode in defining conversion factors in this study, and allowed for a rapid and accurate estimation of MESD for each patient. With appropriate positioning of the diode, a combined film/diode technique has a potential use in the training of new angiography operators. The patient body mass index (BMI) value was a good indicator of the variation in average lung dose (critical organ) between patients. The highest lung dose/DAP value was obtained for normal sized patients (BMI: 19-26), and was close to 1.5 mGy(Gycm2)(-1) with both CA and PTCA procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karambatsakidou
- Department of Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
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Van Dam J, Bosmans H, Marchal G, Wambersie A. Characteristics of dosemeter types for skin dose measurements in practice. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2005; 117:185-9. [PMID: 16464834 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nci713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of papers report deterministic effects in the skin of patients who have undergone interventional radiological procedures. Dose measurements, and especially skin dose measurements, are therefore increasingly important. Methods and acceptable dosemeters are, however, not clearly defined. This paper is the result of a literature overview with regard to assessing the entrance skin dose during radiological examinations by putting a dosemeter on the patient's skin. The relevant intrinsic characteristics, as well as some examples of clinical use of the different detector types, are presented. In this respect, thermoluminescence, scintillation, semiconductor and film dosemeters are discussed and compared with respect to their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Dam
- Emeritus, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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