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Han H, Oberacker E, Kuehne A, Wang S, Eigentler TW, Grass E, Niendorf T. Multi-Channel RF Supervision Module for Thermal Magnetic Resonance Based Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1001. [PMID: 33670862 PMCID: PMC7957800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal and common brain tumor. Combining hyperthermia with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy improves the survival of GBM patients. Thermal magnetic resonance (ThermalMR) is a hyperthermia variant that exploits radio frequency (RF)-induced heating to examine the role of temperature in biological systems and disease. The RF signals' power and phase need to be supervised to manage the formation of the energy focal point, accurate thermal dose control, and safety. Patient position during treatment also needs to be monitored to ensure the efficacy of the treatment and avoid damages to healthy tissue. This work reports on a multi-channel RF signal supervision module that is capable of monitoring and regulating RF signals and detecting patient motion. System characterization was performed for a broad range of frequencies. Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to examine the impact of power and phase errors on hyperthermia performance. The supervision module's utility was demonstrated in characterizing RF power amplifiers and being a key part of a feedback control loop regulating RF signals in heating experiments. Electromagnetic field simulations were conducted to calculate the impact of patient displacement during treatment. The supervision module was experimentally tested for detecting patient motion to a submillimeter level. To conclude, this work presents a cost-effective RF supervision module that is a key component for a hyperthermia hardware system and forms a technological basis for future ThermalMR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Han
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.H.); (E.O.); (T.W.E.)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Computer Science, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Eva Oberacker
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.H.); (E.O.); (T.W.E.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Shuailin Wang
- Beijing Deepvision Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China;
| | - Thomas Wilhelm Eigentler
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.H.); (E.O.); (T.W.E.)
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Medical Engineering, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckhard Grass
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Computer Science, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
- IHP–Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.H.); (E.O.); (T.W.E.)
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Joint Cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Eigentler TW, Winter L, Han H, Oberacker E, Kuehne A, Waiczies H, Schmitter S, Boehmert L, Prinz C, Trefna HD, Niendorf T. Wideband Self-Grounded Bow-Tie Antenna for Thermal MR. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4274. [PMID: 32078208 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the design, implementation, evaluation and application of a compact wideband self-grounded bow-tie (SGBT) radiofrequency (RF) antenna building block that supports anatomical proton (1 H) MRI, fluorine (19 F) MRI, MR thermometry and broadband thermal intervention integrated in a whole-body 7.0 T system. Design considerations and optimizations were conducted with numerical electromagnetic field (EMF) simulations to facilitate a broadband thermal intervention frequency of the RF antenna building block. RF transmission (B1+ ) field efficiency and specific absorption rate (SAR) were obtained in a phantom, and the thigh of human voxel models (Ella, Duke) for 1 H and 19 F MRI at 7.0 T. B1+ efficiency simulations were validated with actual flip-angle imaging measurements. The feasibility of thermal intervention was examined by temperature simulations (f = 300, 400 and 500 MHz) in a phantom. The RF heating intervention (Pin = 100 W, t = 120 seconds) was validated experimentally using the proton resonance shift method and fiberoptic probes for temperature monitoring. The applicability of the SGBT RF antenna building block for in vivo 1 H and 19 F MRI was demonstrated for the thigh and forearm of a healthy volunteer. The SGBT RF antenna building block facilitated 19 F and 1 H MRI at 7.0 T as well as broadband thermal intervention (234-561 MHz). For the thigh of the human voxel models, a B1+ efficiency ≥11.8 μT/√kW was achieved at a depth of 50 mm. Temperature simulations and heating experiments in a phantom demonstrated a temperature increase ΔT >7 K at a depth of 10 mm. The compact SGBT antenna building block provides technology for the design of integrated high-density RF applicators and for the study of the role of temperature in (patho-) physiological processes by adding a thermal intervention dimension to an MRI device (Thermal MR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilhelm Eigentler
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Medical Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Winter
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haopeng Han
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Oberacker
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Boehmert
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Prinz
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hana Dobsicek Trefna
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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Kok HP, Kotte ANTJ, Crezee J. Planning, optimisation and evaluation of hyperthermia treatments. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 33:593-607. [PMID: 28540779 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1295323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia treatment planning using dedicated simulations of power and temperature distributions is very useful to assist in hyperthermia applications. This paper describes an advanced treatment planning software package for a wide variety of applications. METHODS The in-house developed C++ software package Plan2Heat runs on a Linux operating system. Modules are available to perform electric field and temperature calculations for many heating techniques. The package also contains optimisation routines, post-treatment evaluation tools and a sophisticated thermal model enabling to account for 3D vasculature based on an angiogram or generated artificially using a vessel generation algorithm. The use of the software is illustrated by a simulation of a locoregional hyperthermia treatment for a pancreatic cancer patient and a spherical tumour model heated by interstitial hyperthermia, with detailed 3D vasculature included. RESULTS The module-based set-up makes the software flexible and easy to use. The first example demonstrates that treatment planning can help to focus the heating to the tumour. After optimisation, the simulated absorbed power in the tumour increased with 50%. The second example demonstrates the impact of accurately modelling discrete vasculature. Blood at body core temperature entering the heated volume causes relatively cold tracks in the heated volume, where the temperature remains below 40 °C. CONCLUSIONS A flexible software package for hyperthermia treatment planning has been developed, which can be very useful in many hyperthermia applications. The object-oriented structure of the source code allows relatively easy extension of the software package with additional tools when necessary for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Kok
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - A N T J Kotte
- b Department of Radiotherapy , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - J Crezee
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Winter L, Oezerdem C, Hoffmann W, van de Lindt T, Periquito J, Ji Y, Ghadjar P, Budach V, Wust P, Niendorf T. Thermal magnetic resonance: physics considerations and electromagnetic field simulations up to 23.5 Tesla (1GHz). Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:201. [PMID: 26391138 PMCID: PMC4578265 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and most aggressive malign brain tumor. The 5-year survival rate after tumor resection and adjuvant chemoradiation is only 10 %, with almost all recurrences occurring in the initially treated site. Attempts to improve local control using a higher radiation dose were not successful so that alternative additive treatments are urgently needed. Given the strong rationale for hyperthermia as part of a multimodal treatment for patients with glioblastoma, non-invasive radio frequency (RF) hyperthermia might significantly improve treatment results. Methods A non-invasive applicator was constructed utilizing the magnetic resonance (MR) spin excitation frequency for controlled RF hyperthermia and MR imaging in an integrated system, which we refer to as thermal MR. Applicator designs at RF frequencies 300 MHz, 500 MHz and 1GHz were investigated and examined for absolute applicable thermal dose and temperature hotspot size. Electromagnetic field (EMF) and temperature simulations were performed in human voxel models. RF heating experiments were conducted at 300 MHz and 500 MHz to characterize the applicator performance and validate the simulations. Results The feasibility of thermal MR was demonstrated at 7.0 T. The temperature could be increased by ~11 °C in 3 min in the center of a head sized phantom. Modification of the RF phases allowed steering of a temperature hotspot to a deliberately selected location. RF heating was monitored using the integrated system for MR thermometry and high spatial resolution MRI. EMF and thermal simulations demonstrated that local RF hyperthermia using the integrated system is feasible to reach a maximum temperature in the center of the human brain of 46.8 °C after 3 min of RF heating while surface temperatures stayed below 41 °C. Using higher RF frequencies reduces the size of the temperature hotspot significantly. Conclusion The opportunities and capabilities of thermal magnetic resonance for RF hyperthermia interventions of intracranial lesions are intriguing. Employing such systems as an alternative additive treatment for glioblastoma multiforme might be able to improve local control by “fighting fire with fire”. Interventions are not limited to the human brain and might include temperature driven targeted drug and MR contrast agent delivery and help to understand temperature dependent bio- and physiological processes in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Winter
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Celal Oezerdem
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tessa van de Lindt
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joao Periquito
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yiyi Ji
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pirus Ghadjar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Budach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Wust
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,MRI.TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Kok HP, Wust P, Stauffer PR, Bardati F, van Rhoon GC, Crezee J. Current state of the art of regional hyperthermia treatment planning: a review. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:196. [PMID: 26383087 PMCID: PMC4574087 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Locoregional hyperthermia, i.e. increasing the tumor temperature to 40–45 °C using an external heating device, is a very effective radio and chemosensitizer, which significantly improves clinical outcome. There is a clear thermal dose-effect relation, but the pursued optimal thermal dose of 43 °C for 1 h can often not be realized due to treatment limiting hot spots in normal tissue. Modern heating devices have a large number of independent antennas, which provides flexible power steering to optimize tumor heating and minimize hot spots, but manual selection of optimal settings is difficult. Treatment planning is a very valuable tool to improve locoregional heating. This paper reviews the developments in treatment planning software for tissue segmentation, electromagnetic field calculations, thermal modeling and optimization techniques. Over the last decade, simulation tools have become more advanced. On-line use has become possible by implementing algorithms on the graphical processing unit, which allows real-time computations. The number of applications using treatment planning is increasing rapidly and moving on from retrospective analyses towards assisting prospective clinical treatment strategies. Some clinically relevant applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Kok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P Wust
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - P R Stauffer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - F Bardati
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - G C van Rhoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Crezee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Datta NR, Ordóñez SG, Gaipl US, Paulides MM, Crezee H, Gellermann J, Marder D, Puric E, Bodis S. Local hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy and-/or chemotherapy: recent advances and promises for the future. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:742-53. [PMID: 26051911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermia, one of the oldest forms of cancer treatment involves selective heating of tumor tissues to temperatures ranging between 39 and 45°C. Recent developments based on the thermoradiobiological rationale of hyperthermia indicate it to be a potent radio- and chemosensitizer. This has been further corroborated through positive clinical outcomes in various tumor sites using thermoradiotherapy or thermoradiochemotherapy approaches. Moreover, being devoid of any additional significant toxicity, hyperthermia has been safely used with low or moderate doses of reirradiation for retreatment of previously treated and recurrent tumors, resulting in significant tumor regression. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies also indicate a unique immunomodulating prospect of hyperthermia, especially when combined with radiotherapy. In addition, the technological advances over the last decade both in hardware and software have led to potent and even safer loco-regional hyperthermia treatment delivery, thermal treatment planning, thermal dose monitoring through noninvasive thermometry and online adaptive temperature modulation. The review summarizes the outcomes from various clinical studies (both randomized and nonrandomized) where hyperthermia is used as a thermal sensitizer of radiotherapy and-/or chemotherapy in various solid tumors and presents an overview of the progresses in loco-regional hyperthermia. These recent developments, supported by positive clinical outcomes should merit hyperthermia to be incorporated in the therapeutic armamentarium as a safe and an effective addendum to the existing oncological treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Datta
- Centre of Radiation Oncology, KSA-KSB, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.
| | - S Gómez Ordóñez
- Centre of Radiation Oncology, KSA-KSB, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.
| | - U S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - M M Paulides
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hyperthermia Unit, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Crezee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Gellermann
- Praxis/Zentrum für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, Janusz-Korczak-Str. 12, 12627 Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Marder
- Centre of Radiation Oncology, KSA-KSB, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.
| | - E Puric
- Centre of Radiation Oncology, KSA-KSB, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.
| | - S Bodis
- Centre of Radiation Oncology, KSA-KSB, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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Winter L, Özerdem C, Hoffmann W, Santoro D, Müller A, Waiczies H, Seemann R, Graessl A, Wust P, Niendorf T. Design and evaluation of a hybrid radiofrequency applicator for magnetic resonance imaging and RF induced hyperthermia: electromagnetic field simulations up to 14.0 Tesla and proof-of-concept at 7.0 Tesla. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61661. [PMID: 23613896 PMCID: PMC3632575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the feasibility of a hybrid radiofrequency (RF) applicator that supports magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR controlled targeted RF heating at ultrahigh magnetic fields (B0≥7.0T). For this purpose a virtual and an experimental configuration of an 8-channel transmit/receive (TX/RX) hybrid RF applicator was designed. For TX/RX bow tie antenna electric dipoles were employed. Electromagnetic field simulations (EMF) were performed to study RF heating versus RF wavelength (frequency range: 64 MHz (1.5T) to 600 MHz (14.0T)). The experimental version of the applicator was implemented at B0 = 7.0T. The applicators feasibility for targeted RF heating was evaluated in EMF simulations and in phantom studies. Temperature co-simulations were conducted in phantoms and in a human voxel model. Our results demonstrate that higher frequencies afford a reduction in the size of specific absorption rate (SAR) hotspots. At 7T (298 MHz) the hybrid applicator yielded a 50% iso-contour SAR (iso-SAR-50%) hotspot with a diameter of 43 mm. At 600 MHz an iso-SAR-50% hotspot of 26 mm in diameter was observed. RF power deposition per RF input power was found to increase with B0 which makes targeted RF heating more efficient at higher frequencies. The applicator was capable of generating deep-seated temperature hotspots in phantoms. The feasibility of 2D steering of a SAR/temperature hotspot to a target location was demonstrated by the induction of a focal temperature increase (ΔT = 8.1 K) in an off-center region of the phantom. Temperature simulations in the human brain performed at 298 MHz showed a maximum temperature increase to 48.6C for a deep-seated hotspot in the brain with a size of (19×23×32)mm3 iso-temperature-90%. The hybrid applicator provided imaging capabilities that facilitate high spatial resolution brain MRI. To conclude, this study outlines the technical underpinnings and demonstrates the basic feasibility of an 8-channel hybrid TX/RX applicator that supports MR imaging, MR thermometry and targeted RF heating in one device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Winter
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Celal Özerdem
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Metrology in Medicine, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide Santoro
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Müller
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmar Waiczies
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reiner Seemann
- Metrology in Medicine, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Graessl
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Wust
- Clinic for Radiation Oncology, CVK, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Canters RAM, Paulides MM, Franckena MF, van der Zee J, van Rhoon GC. Implementation of treatment planning in the routine clinical procedure of regional hyperthermia treatment of cervical cancer: An overview and the Rotterdam experience. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:570-81. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2012.675630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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