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Liu Y, Zhang P, Hong J, Alam S, Kuo L, Hu YC, Lu W, Cerviño L. Geometric evaluation and quantifying dosimetric impact of diverse deformable image registration algorithms on abdomen images with biomechanically modeled deformations. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2024:e14511. [PMID: 39258711 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Deformable image registration (DIR) has been increasingly used in radiation therapy (RT). The accuracy of DIR algorithms and how it impacts on the RT plan dosimetrically were examined in our study for abdominal sites using biomechanically modeled deformations. METHODS Five pancreatic cancer patients were enrolled in this study. Following the guidelines of AAPM TG-132, a patient-specific quality assurance (QA) workflow was developed to evaluate DIR for the abdomen using the TG-132 recommended virtual simulation software ImSimQA (Shrewsbury, UK). First, the planning CT was deformed to simulate respiratory motion using the embedded biomechanical model in ImSimQA. Additionally, 5 mm translational motion was added to the stomach, duodenum, and small bowel. The original planning CT and the deformed CT were then imported into Eclipse and MIM to perform DIR. The output displacement vector fields (DVFs) were compared with the ground truth from ImSimQA. Furthermore, the original treatment plan was recalculated on the ground-truth deformed CT and the deformed CT (with Eclipse and MIM DVF). The dose errors were calculated on a voxel-to-voxel basis. RESULTS Data analysis comparing DVF from Eclipse versus MIM show the average mean DVF magnitude errors of 2.8 ± 1.0 versus 1.1 ± 0.7 mm for stomach and duodenum, 5.2 ± 4.0 versus 2.5 ± 1.0 mm for small bowel, and 4.8 ± 4.1 versus 2.7 ± 1.1 mm for the gross tumor volume (GTV), respectively, across all patients. The mean dose error on stomach+duodenum and small bowel were 2.3 ± 0.6% for Eclipse, and 1.0 ± 0.3% for MIM. As the DIR magnitude error increases, the dose error range increase, for both Eclipse and MIM. CONCLUSION In our study, an initial assessment was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of DIR and its dosimetric impact on radiotherapy. A patient-specific DIR QA workflow was developed for pancreatic cancer patients. This workflow exhibits promising potential for future implementation as a clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jun Hong
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sadegh Alam
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - LiCheng Kuo
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Hu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Cerviño
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Karger CP, Elter A, Dorsch S, Mann P, Pappas E, Oldham M. Validation of complex radiotherapy techniques using polymer gel dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:06TR01. [PMID: 38330494 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Modern radiotherapy delivers highly conformal dose distributions to irregularly shaped target volumes while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Due to the complex planning and delivery techniques, dose verification and validation of the whole treatment workflow by end-to-end tests became much more important and polymer gel dosimeters are one of the few possibilities to capture the delivered dose distribution in 3D. The basic principles and formulations of gel dosimetry and its evaluation methods are described and the available studies validating device-specific geometrical parameters as well as the dose delivery by advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as 3D-CRT/IMRT and stereotactic radiosurgery treatments, the treatment of moving targets, online-adaptive magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy as well as proton and ion beam treatments, are reviewed. The present status and limitations as well as future challenges of polymer gel dosimetry for the validation of complex radiotherapy techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Karger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina Elter
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dorsch
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Mann
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Radiology & Radiotherapy Sector, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Mark Oldham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Maeyama T, Hayashi K, Watanabe Y, Ohara M, Nakagawa S. Development of a silicone-based radio-fluorogenic dosimeter using dihydrorhodamine 6G. Phys Med 2023; 114:102684. [PMID: 37778206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A silicon-based three-dimensional dosimeter can be formed in a free shape without a container and deformed because of its flexibility. Several studies have focused on enhancing its radiological characteristics and assessing its applicability as a quality assurance tool for image-guided and adaptive radiation therapy, considering motion and deformation. Here, we applied a fluorescence probe (dihydrorhodamine 6G, DHR6G) to a silicon elastomer as a new radiosensitive compound that converts nonfluorescent into fluorescent dyes using irradiation, and its fluorescence intensity increases linearly with the absorbed dose. In this study, we demonstrated a cost-effective synthesis method and optimized the composition conditions. The results showed that the DHR6G-SE prepared from 2.2 × 10-3 wt% DHR6G, 0.024 wt% pyridine, and a silicone elastomer (SE) (SILPOT TM 184, base/curing agent = 10/1) exhibited a linear increase in fluorescence with radiation exposure within a dose range of 0-8 Gy and a highly stable sensitivity for as long as 64 h. To demonstrate its container-less characteristics, the possibility of dosimetry for low-energy X-rays using DHR6G-SE was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Maeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kiichiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Maki Ohara
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-City, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Seiko Nakagawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, 2-4-10 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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Chen J, Bissonnette JP, Craig T, Munoz-Schuffenegger P, Tadic T, Dawson LA, Velec M. Liver SBRT dose accumulation to assess the impact of anatomic variations on normal tissue doses and toxicity in patients treated with concurrent sorafenib. Radiother Oncol 2023; 182:109588. [PMID: 36858203 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Unexpected liver volume reductions occurred during trials of liver SBRT and concurrent sorafenib. The aims were to accumulate liver SBRT doses to assess the impact of these anatomic variations on normal tissue dose parameters and toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or metastases treated on trials of liver SBRT (30-57 Gy, 6 fractions) and concurrent sorafenib were analyzed. SBRT doses were accumulated using biomechanical deformable registration of daily cone-beam CT. Dose deviations (accumulated-planned) for normal tissues were compared for patients with liver volume reductions > 100 cc versus stable volumes, and accumulated doses were reported for three patients with grade 3-5 luminal gastrointestinal toxicities. RESULTS Patients with reduced (N = 12) liver volumes had larger mean deviations of 0.4-1.3 Gy in normal tissues, versus -0.2-0.4 Gy for stable cases (N = 20), P > 0.05. Deviations > 5% of the prescribed dose occurred in both groups. Two HCC patients with toxicities to small and large bowel had liver volume reductions and deviations to the maximum dose of 4% (accumulated 36.9 Gy) and 3% (accumulated 33.4 Gy) to these organs respectively. Another HCC patient with a toxicity of unknown location plus tumor rupture, had stable liver volumes and deviations to luminal organs of -6% to 4.5% (accumulated < 30.5 Gy). CONCLUSION Liver volume reductions during SBRT and concurrent sorafenib were associated with larger increases in accumulated dose to normal tissues versus stable liver volumes. These dosimetric changes may have further contributed to toxicities in HCC patients who have higher baseline risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Chen
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Bissonnette
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Techna Insitute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tim Craig
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Pablo Munoz-Schuffenegger
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony Tadic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura A Dawson
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Velec
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada; Techna Insitute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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McDonald BA, Zachiu C, Christodouleas J, Naser MA, Ruschin M, Sonke JJ, Thorwarth D, Létourneau D, Tyagi N, Tadic T, Yang J, Li XA, Bernchou U, Hyer DE, Snyder JE, Bubula-Rehm E, Fuller CD, Brock KK. Dose accumulation for MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy: From practical considerations to state-of-the-art clinical implementation. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1086258. [PMID: 36776378 PMCID: PMC9909539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1086258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MRI-linear accelerator (MR-linac) devices have been introduced into clinical practice in recent years and have enabled MR-guided adaptive radiation therapy (MRgART). However, by accounting for anatomical changes throughout radiation therapy (RT) and delivering different treatment plans at each fraction, adaptive radiation therapy (ART) highlights several challenges in terms of calculating the total delivered dose. Dose accumulation strategies-which typically involve deformable image registration between planning images, deformable dose mapping, and voxel-wise dose summation-can be employed for ART to estimate the delivered dose. In MRgART, plan adaptation on MRI instead of CT necessitates additional considerations in the dose accumulation process because MRI pixel values do not contain the quantitative information used for dose calculation. In this review, we discuss considerations for dose accumulation specific to MRgART and in relation to current MR-linac clinical workflows. We present a general dose accumulation framework for MRgART and discuss relevant quality assurance criteria. Finally, we highlight the clinical importance of dose accumulation in the ART era as well as the possible ways in which dose accumulation can transform clinical practice and improve our ability to deliver personalized RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid A. McDonald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cornel Zachiu
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Mohamed A. Naser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark Ruschin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan-Jakob Sonke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Thorwarth
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Létourneau
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neelam Tyagi
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tony Tadic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - X. Allen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Uffe Bernchou
- Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel E. Hyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Snyder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Clifton D. Fuller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristy K. Brock
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Maraghechi B, Mazur T, Lam D, Price A, Henke L, Kim H, Hugo GD, Cai B. Phantom-based Quality Assurance of a Clinical Dose Accumulation Technique Used in an Online Adaptive Radiation Therapy Platform. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 8:101138. [PMID: 36691450 PMCID: PMC9860416 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to develop a routine quality assurance method for a dose accumulation technique provided by a radiation therapy platform for online treatment adaptation. Methods and Materials Two commonly used phantoms were selected for the dose accumulation QA: Electron density and anthropomorphic pelvis. On a computed tomography (CT) scan of the electron density phantom, 1 target (gross tumor volume [GTV]; insert at 6 o'clock), a subvolume within this target, and 7 organs at risk (OARs; other inserts) were contoured in the treatment planning system (TPS). Two adaptation sessions were performed in which the GTV was recontoured, first at 7 o'clock and then at 5 o'clock. The accumulated dose was exported from the TPS after delivery. Deformable vector fields were also exported to manually accumulate doses for comparison. For the pelvis phantom, synthetic Gaussian deformations were applied to the planning CT image to simulate organ changes. Two single-fraction adaptive plans were created based on the deformed planning CT and cone beam CT images acquired onboard the radiation therapy platform. A manual dose accumulation was performed after delivery using the exported deformable vector fields for comparison with the system-generated result. Results All plans were successfully delivered, and the accumulated dose was both manually calculated and derived from the TPS. For the electron density phantom, the average mean dose differences in the GTV, boost volume, and OARs 1 to 7 were 0.0%, -0.2%, 92.0%, 78.4%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 0.0%, 0.0%, and 2.3%, respectively, between the manually summed and platform-accumulated doses. The gamma passing rates for the 3-dimensional dose comparison between the manually generated and TPS-provided dose accumulations were >99% for both phantoms. Conclusions This study demonstrated agreement between manually obtained and TPS-generated accumulated doses in terms of both mean structure doses and local 3-dimensional dose distributions. Large disagreements were observed for OAR1 and OAR2 defined on the electron density phantom due to OARs having lower deformation priority over the target in addition to artificially large changes in position induced for these structures fraction-by-fraction. The tests applied in this study to a commercial platform provide a straightforward approach toward the development of routine quality assurance of dose accumulation in online adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Maraghechi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Thomas Mazur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Dao Lam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Alex Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lauren Henke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Geoffrey D. Hugo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri,Corresponding author: Geoffrey Hugo, PhD
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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7
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Wheatley M, De Deene Y. A novel anthropomorphic breathing phantom with a pneumatic MR-safe actuator for tissue deformation studies during MRI and radiotherapy. Phys Med 2022; 104:43-55. [PMID: 36368090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel MR-safe anthropomorphic torso phantom with an MR-conditional pneumatic respiration system and inflatable lungs for tissue deformation studies is proposed. The phantom consists of a pair of lungs made from sponges encased in flexible polyurethane. The lung phantom also contains a set of silicone tubes of various diameters to mimic the larger vasculature and airways of the lungs. The lungs are surrounded by a plastic ribcage and immersed in a gelatine hydrogel within a flexible polyurethane skin. A plastic pneumatic pump system was constructed to inflate and deflate the lungs. A fibre optic rotary encoder was constructed to determine the volume of displaced air in the lungs. The pneumatic pump and rotary encoder were constructed of plastic materials to allow placement within the bore of the MR scanner with minimal interaction with the magnetic field. Breath-gated scans and rapid imaging scans (2.5 s per image) were taken of the phantom in the stationary state and during inflation/deflation, and with Cartesian and BLADE k-space sampling. It was found that BLADE shows the least motion artifacts during breathing. This phantom and respiration system shows potential for quality assurance of MRI incorporating breathing corrections and for radiotherapy applications in tracking a moving target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Wheatley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yves De Deene
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Zhao X, Zhang R. Feasibility of 4D VMAT-CT. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8:10.1088/2057-1976/ac9848. [PMID: 36206726 PMCID: PMC9629170 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) tracking of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) based on VMAT-computed tomography (VMAT-CT) has been shown previously by our group. However, 3D VMAT-CT is not suitable for treatments that involve significant target movement due to patient breathing. The goal of this study was to reconstruct four-dimensional (4D) VMAT-CT and evaluate the feasibility of tracking based on 4D VMAT-CT.Approach.Synchronized portal images of phantoms and linac log were both sorted into four phases, and VMAT-CT+ was generated in each phase by fusing reconstructed VMAT-CT and planning CT using rigid or deformable registration. Dose was calculated in each phase and was registered to the mean position planning CT for 4D dose reconstruction. Trackings based on 4D VMAT-CT+ and 4D cone beam CT (CBCT) were compared. Potential uncertainties were also evaluated.Main results.Tracking based on 4D VMAT-CT+ was accurate, could detect phantom deformation and/or change of breathing pattern, and was superior to that based on 4D CBCT. The impact of uncertainties on tracking was minimal.Significance.Our study shows it is feasible to accurately track position and dose based on 4D VMAT-CT for patients whose VMAT treatments are subject to respiratory motion. It will significantly increase the confidence of VMAT and is a clinically viable solution to daily patient positioning,in vivodosimetry and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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9
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De Deene Y. Radiation Dosimetry by Use of Radiosensitive Hydrogels and Polymers: Mechanisms, State-of-the-Art and Perspective from 3D to 4D. Gels 2022; 8:599. [PMID: 36135311 PMCID: PMC9498652 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel dosimetry was developed in the 1990s in response to a growing need for methods to validate the radiation dose distribution delivered to cancer patients receiving high-precision radiotherapy. Three different classes of gel dosimeters were developed and extensively studied. The first class of gel dosimeters is the Fricke gel dosimeters, which consist of a hydrogel with dissolved ferrous ions that oxidize upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The oxidation results in a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, which makes it possible to read out Fricke gel dosimeters by use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The radiation-induced oxidation in Fricke gel dosimeters can also be visualized by adding an indicator such as xylenol orange. The second class of gel dosimeters is the radiochromic gel dosimeters, which also exhibit a color change upon irradiation but do not use a metal ion. These radiochromic gel dosimeters do not demonstrate a significant radiation-induced change in NMR properties. The third class is the polymer gel dosimeters, which contain vinyl monomers that polymerize upon irradiation. Polymer gel dosimeters are predominantly read out by quantitative MRI or X-ray CT. The accuracy of the dosimeters depends on both the physico-chemical properties of the gel dosimeters and on the readout technique. Many different gel formulations have been proposed and discussed in the scientific literature in the last three decades, and scanning methods have been optimized to achieve an acceptable accuracy for clinical dosimetry. More recently, with the introduction of the MR-Linac, which combines an MRI-scanner and a clinical linear accelerator in one, it was shown possible to acquire dose maps during radiation, but new challenges arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves De Deene
- Liverpool & Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool, NSW 1871, Australia; or
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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10
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Lowther N, Louwe R, Yuen J, Hardcastle N, Yeo A, Jameson M. MIRSIG position paper: the use of image registration and fusion algorithms in radiotherapy. Phys Eng Sci Med 2022; 45:421-428. [PMID: 35522369 PMCID: PMC9239966 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The report of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group No. 132 published in 2017 reviewed rigid image registration and deformable image registration (DIR) approaches and solutions to provide recommendations for quality assurance and quality control of clinical image registration and fusion techniques in radiotherapy. However, that report did not include the use of DIR for advanced applications such as dose warping or warping of other matrices of interest. Considering that DIR warping tools are now readily available, discussions were hosted by the Medical Image Registration Special Interest Group (MIRSIG) of the Australasian College of Physical Scientists & Engineers in Medicine in 2018 to form a consensus on best practice guidelines. This position statement authored by MIRSIG endorses the recommendations of the report of AAPM task group 132 and expands on the best practice advice from the 'Deforming to Best Practice' MIRSIG publication to provide guidelines on the use of DIR for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lowther
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rob Louwe
- Holland Proton Therapy Centre, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Johnson Yuen
- St George Hospital Cancer Care Centre, Kogarah, New South Wales, 2217, Australia
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Hardcastle
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Yeo
- Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Jameson
- GenesisCare, Sydney, NSW, 2015, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Cloutier E, Beaulieu L, Archambault L. Deformable scintillation dosimeter: II. Real-time simultaneous measurements of dose and tracking of deformation vector fields. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34380121 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac1ca2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical motion and deformation pose challenges to the understanding of the delivered dose distribution during radiotherapy treatments. Hence, deformable image registration (DIR) algorithms are increasingly used to map contours and dose distributions from one image set to another. However, the lack of validation tools slows their clinical adoption, despite their commercial availability. This work presents a novel water-equivalent deformable dosimeter that simultaneously measures the dose distribution and tracks deformation vector fields (DVF). The dosimeter in made of an array of 19 scintillating fiber detectors embedded in a cylindrical elastomer matrix. It is imaged by two pairs of stereoscopic cameras tracking the position and angulation of the scintillators, while measuring the dose. The resulting system provides a precision of 0.3 mm on DVF measurements. The dosimeter was irradiated with 5 × 3, 4 × 3 and 3 × 3 cm26 MV photon beams in both fixed and deformed conditions. The measured DVF was compared to the one computed with a DIR algorithm (Plastimatch). The deviations between the computed and measured DVFs was below 1.5 mm. As for dose measurements, the dosimeter acquired the dose distribution in fixed and deformed conditions within 1% of the treatment planning system calculation and complementary dose validation using the Hyperscint dosimetry system. Using the demonstrated qualities of scintillating detectors, we developed a real-time, water-equivalent deformable dosimeter. Given it's sensor tracking position precision and dose measurements accuracy, the developed detector is a promising tools for the validation of DIR algorithms as well as dose distribution measurements under fixed and deformed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cloutier
- Service de physique médicale et Axe Oncologie du Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Canada.,Département de physique, de génie physique et d'optique, et Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - L Beaulieu
- Service de physique médicale et Axe Oncologie du Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Canada.,Département de physique, de génie physique et d'optique, et Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - L Archambault
- Service de physique médicale et Axe Oncologie du Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Canada.,Département de physique, de génie physique et d'optique, et Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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12
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Matrosic CK, Culberson W, Shepard A, Jupitz S, Bednarz B. 3D dosimetric validation of ultrasound-guided radiotherapy with a dynamically deformable abdominal phantom. Phys Med 2021; 84:159-167. [PMID: 33901860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to dosimetrically benchmark gel dosimetry measurements in a dynamically deformable abdominal phantom for intrafraction image guidance through a multi-dosimeter comparison. Once benchmarked, the study aimed to perform a proof-of-principle study for validation measurements of an ultrasound image-guided radiotherapy delivery system. METHODS The phantom was dosimetrically benchmarked by delivering a liver VMAT plan and measuring the 3D dose distribution with DEFGEL dosimeters. Measured doses were compared to the treatment planning system and measurements acquired with radiochromic film and an ion chamber. The ultrasound image guidance validation was performed for a hands-free ultrasound transducer for the tracking of liver motion during treatment. RESULTS Gel dosimeters were compared to the TPS and film measurements, showing good qualitative dose distribution matches, low γ values through most of the high dose region, and average 3%/5 mm γ-analysis pass rates of 99.2%(0.8%) and 90.1%(0.8%), respectively. Gel dosimeter measurements matched ion chamber measurements within 3%. The image guidance validation study showed the measurement of the treatment delivery improvements due to the inclusion of the ultrasound image guidance system. Good qualitative matching of dose distributions and improvements of the γ-analysis results were observed for the ultrasound-gated dosimeter compared to the ungated dosimeter. CONCLUSIONS DEFGEL dosimeters in phantom showed good agreement with the planned dose and other dosimeters for dosimetric benchmarking. Ultrasound image guidance validation measurements showed good proof-of-principle of the utility of the phantom system as a method of validating ultrasound-based image guidance systems and potentially other image guidance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Matrosic
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Wesley Culberson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew Shepard
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sydney Jupitz
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Bae JP, Yoon S, Vania M, Lee D. Spatiotemporal Free-Form Registration Method Assisted by a Minimum Spanning Tree During Discontinuous Transformations. J Digit Imaging 2021; 34:190-203. [PMID: 33483863 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-020-00409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sliding motion along the boundaries of discontinuous regions has been actively studied in B-spline free-form deformation framework. This study focusses on the sliding motion for a velocity field-based 3D+t registration. The discontinuity of the tangent direction guides the deformation of the object region, and a separate control of two regions provides a better registration accuracy. The sliding motion under the velocity field-based transformation is conducted under the [Formula: see text]-Rényi entropy estimator using a minimum spanning tree (MST) topology. Moreover, a new topology changing method of the MST is proposed. The topology change is performed as follows: inserting random noise, constructing the MST, and removing random noise while preserving a local connection consistency of the MST. This random noise process (RNP) prevents the [Formula: see text]-Rényi entropy-based registration from degrading in sliding motion, because the RNP creates a small disturbance around special locations. Experiments were performed using two publicly available datasets: the DIR-Lab dataset, which consists of 4D pulmonary computed tomography (CT) images, and a benchmarking framework dataset for cardiac 3D ultrasound. For the 4D pulmonary CT images, RNP produced a significantly improved result for the original MST with sliding motion (p<0.05). For the cardiac 3D ultrasound dataset, only a discontinuity-based registration indicated activity of the RNP. In contrast, the single MST without sliding motion did not show any improvement. These experiments proved the effectiveness of the RNP for sliding motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Pyo Bae
- Center for Healthcare Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Siyeop Yoon
- Center for Healthcare Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.,Division of Bio-medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Korea
| | - Malinda Vania
- Center for Healthcare Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.,Division of Bio-medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deukhee Lee
- Center for Healthcare Robotics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea. .,Division of Bio-medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, 02792, Seoul, Korea.
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14
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A review on 3D deformable image registration and its application in dose warping. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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15
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Gholampourkashi S, Cygler JE, Lavigne B, Heath E. Validation of 4D Monte Carlo dose calculations using a programmable deformable lung phantom. Phys Med 2020; 76:16-27. [PMID: 32569953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the accuracy of 4D Monte Carlo (4DMC) simulations to calculate dose deliveries to a deforming anatomy in the presence of realistic respiratory motion traces. A previously developed deformable lung phantom comprising an elastic tumor was modified to enable programming of arbitrary motion profiles. 4D simulations of the dose delivered to the phantom were compared with the measurements. METHODS The deformable lung phantom moving with irregular breathing patterns was irradiated using static and VMAT beam deliveries. Using the RADPOS 4D dosimetry system, point doses were measured inside and outside the tumor. Dose profiles were acquired using films along the motion path of the tumor (S-I). In addition to dose measurements, RADPOS was used to record the motion of the tumor during dose deliveries. Dose measurements were then compared against 4DMC simulations with EGSnrc/4DdefDOSXYZnrc using the recorded tumor motion. RESULTS The agreements between dose profiles from measurements and simulations were determined to be within 2%/2 mm. Point dose agreements were within 2σ of experimental and/or positional/dose reading uncertainties. 4DMC simulations were shown to accurately predict the sensitivity of delivered dose to the starting phase of breathing motions. We have demonstrated that our 4DMC method, combined with RADPOS, can accurately simulate realistic dose deliveries to a deforming anatomy moving with realistic breathing traces. This 4DMC tool has the potential to be used as a quality assurance tool to verify treatments involving respiratory motion. Adaptive treatment delivery is another area that may benefit from the potential of this 4DMC tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gholampourkashi
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Physics, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Joanna E Cygler
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Physics, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bernie Lavigne
- Department of Medical Physics, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Heath
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Maynard E, Heath E, Hilts M, Jirasek A. Evaluation of an x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry system in the measurement of deformed dose. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:035031. [PMID: 33438676 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study is an evaluation of the use of a N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)-based x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry (PGD) system in the measurement of deformed dose. This work also compares dose that is measured by the gel dosimetry system to dose calculated by a novel deformable dose accumulation algorithm, defDOSXYZnrc, that uses direct voxel tracking. Deformable gels were first irradiated using a single 3.5 × 5 cm2 open field and the static dose was compared to defDOSXYZnrc as a control measurement. Gel measurement was found to be in excellent agreement with defDOSXYZnrc in the static case with gamma passing rates of 94.5% using a 3%/3 mm criterion and 93.3% using a 3%/2 mm criterion. Following the static measurements, a deformable gel was irradiated with the same single field under an external compression of 25 mm and then released from this compression for dosimetric read out. The measured deformed dose was then compared to deformed dose calculated by defDOSXYZnrc based on deformation vectors produced by the Velocity AI deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm. In the deformed dose distribution there were differences in the measured and calculated field position of up to 0.8 mm and differences in the measured in calculated field size of up to 11.9 mm. Gamma pass rates were 60.0% using a 3%/3 mm criterion and 56.8% using a 3%/2 mm criterion for the deforming measurements representing a decrease in agreement compared to the control measurements. Further analysis showed that passing rates increased to 86.5% using a 3%/3 mm criterion and 70.5% using a 3%/2 mm criterion in voxels within 5 mm of fiducial markers used to guide the deformable image registration. This work represents the first measurement of deformed dose using x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry. Overall these results highlight some of the challenges in the calculation and measurement of deforming dose and provide insight into possible strategies for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maynard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Du Y, Wang R, Yue H, Zhang Y, Wu H, Wang W. Dose response and stability of silicone-based deformable radiochromic dosimeters (FlexyDos3D) using spectrophotometer and flatbed scanner. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Bohoudi O, Lagerwaard FJ, Bruynzeel AM, Niebuhr NI, Johnen W, Senan S, Slotman BJ, Pfaffenberger A, Palacios MA. End-to-end empirical validation of dose accumulation in MRI-guided adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer using an anthropomorphic deformable pelvis phantom. Radiother Oncol 2019; 141:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fu Y, Wu X, Thomas AM, Li HH, Yang D. Automatic large quantity landmark pairs detection in 4DCT lung images. Med Phys 2019; 46:4490-4501. [PMID: 31318989 PMCID: PMC8311742 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To automatically and precisely detect a large quantity of landmark pairs between two lung computed tomography (CT) images to support evaluation of deformable image registration (DIR). We expect that the generated landmark pairs will significantly augment the current lung CT benchmark datasets in both quantity and positional accuracy. METHODS A large number of landmark pairs were detected within the lung between the end-exhalation (EE) and end-inhalation (EI) phases of the lung four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) datasets. Thousands of landmarks were detected by applying the Harris-Stephens corner detection algorithm on the probability maps of the lung vasculature tree. A parametric image registration method (pTVreg) was used to establish initial landmark correspondence by registering the images at EE and EI phases. A multi-stream pseudo-siamese (MSPS) network was then developed to further improve the landmark pair positional accuracy by directly predicting three-dimensional (3D) shifts to optimally align the landmarks in EE to their counterparts in EI. Positional accuracies of the detected landmark pairs were evaluated using both digital phantoms and publicly available landmark pairs. RESULTS Dense sets of landmark pairs were detected for 10 4DCT lung datasets, with an average of 1886 landmark pairs per case. The mean and standard deviation of target registration error (TRE) were 0.47 ± 0.45 mm with 98% of landmark pairs having a TRE smaller than 2 mm for 10 digital phantom cases. Tests using 300 manually labeled landmark pairs in 10 lung 4DCT benchmark datasets (DIRLAB) produced TRE results of 0.73 ± 0.53 mm with 97% of landmark pairs having a TRE smaller than 2 mm. CONCLUSION A new method was developed to automatically and precisely detect a large quantity of landmark pairs between lung CT image pairs. The detected landmark pairs could be used as benchmark datasets for more accurate and informative quantitative evaluation of DIR algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Allan M. Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harold H. Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deshan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Matrosic CK, Hull J, Palmer B, Culberson W, Bednarz B. Deformable abdominal phantom for the validation of real-time image guidance and deformable dose accumulation. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:122-133. [PMID: 31355997 PMCID: PMC6698755 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE End-to-end testing with quality assurance (QA) phantoms for deformable dose accumulation and real-time image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) has recently been recommended by American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Groups 132 and 76. The goal of this work was to develop a deformable abdominal phantom containing a deformable three-dimensional dosimeter that could provide robust testing of these systems. METHODS The deformable abdominal phantom was fabricated from polyvinyl chloride plastisol and phantom motion was simulated with a programmable motion stage and plunger. A deformable normoxic polyacrylamide gel (nPAG) dosimeter was incorporated into the phantom apparatus to represent a liver tumor. Dosimeter data were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Static measurements were compared to planned dose distributions. Static and dynamic deformations were used to simulate inter- and intrafractional motion in the phantom and measurements were compared to baseline measurements. RESULTS The statically irradiated dosimeters matched the planned dose distribution with an average γ pass rates of 97.0 ± 0.5% and 97.5 ± 0.2% for 3%/5 mm and 5%/5 mm criteria, respectively. Static deformations caused measured dose distribution shifts toward the phantom plunger. During the dynamic deformation experiment, the dosimeter that utilized beam gating showed an improvement in the γ pass rate compared to the dosimeter that did not. CONCLUSIONS A deformable abdominal phantom apparatus which incorporates a deformable nPAG dosimeter was developed to test real-time IGRT systems and deformable dose accumulation algorithms. This apparatus was used to benchmark simple static irradiations in which it was found that measurements match well to the planned distributions. Deformable dose accumulation could be tested by directly measuring the shifts and blurring of the target dose due to interfractional organ deformation and motion. Dosimetric improvements were achieved from the motion management during intrafractional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K. Matrosic
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer Hull
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Benjamin Palmer
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Wesley Culberson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Hu L, Huang Q, Cui T, Duarte I, Miller GW, Mugler JP, Cates GD, Mata JF, de Lange EE, Altes TA, Yin FF, Cai J. A hybrid proton and hyperpolarized gas tagging MRI technique for lung respiratory motion imaging: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:105019. [PMID: 30947154 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a novel hybrid 3D hyperpolarized (HP) gas tagging MRI (t-MRI) technique and to evaluate it for lung respiratory motion measurement with comparison to deformable image registrations (DIR) methods. Three healthy subjects underwent a hybrid MRI which combines 3D HP gas t-MRI with a low resolution (Low-R, 4.5 mm isotropic voxels) 3D proton MRI (p-MRI), plus a high resolution (High-R, 2.5 mm isotropic voxels) 3D p-MRI, during breath-holds at the end-of-inhalation (EOI) and the end-of-exhalation (EOE). Displacement vector field (DVF) of the lung motion was determined from the t-MRI images by tracking tagging grids and from the High-R p-MRI using three DIR methods (B-spline based method implemented by Velocity, Free Form Deformation by MIM, and B-spline by an open source software Elastix: denoted as A, B, and C, respectively), labeled as tDVF and dDVF, respectively. The tDVF from the HP gas t-MRI was used as ground-truth reference to evaluate performance of the three DIR methods. Differences in both magnitude and angle between the tDVF and dDVFs were analyzed. The mean lung motion of the three subjects was 37.3 mm, 8.9 mm and 12.9 mm, respectively. Relatively large discrepancies were observed between the tDVF and the dDVFs as compared to previously reported DIR errors. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) DVF magnitude difference was 8.3 ± 5.6 mm, 9.2 ± 4.5 mm, and 9.3 ± 6.1 mm, and the mean ± SD DVF angular difference was 29.1 ± 12.1°, 50.1 ± 28.6°, and 39.0 ± 6.3°, for the DIR Methods A, B, and C, respectively. These preliminary results showed that the hybrid HP gas t-MRI technique revealed different lung motion patterns as compared to the DIR methods. It may provide unique perspectives in developing and evaluating DIR of the lungs. Novelty and Significance We designed a MRI protocol that includes a novel hybrid MRI technique (3D HP gas t-MRI with a low resolution 3D p-MRI) plus a high resolution 3D p-MRI. We tested the novel hybrid MRI technique on three healthy subjects for measuring regional lung respiratory motion with comparison to deformable image registrations (DIR) methods, and observed relatively large discrepancies in lung motion between HP gas t-MRI and DIR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
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Abstract
As deformable image registration makes its way into the clinical routine, the summation of doses from fractionated treatment regimens to evaluate cumulative doses to targets and healthy tissues is also becoming a frequently utilized tool in the context of image-guided adaptive radiotherapy. Accounting for daily geometric changes using deformable image registration and dose accumulation potentially enables a better understanding of dose-volume-effect relationships, with the goal of translation of this knowledge to personalization of treatment, to further enhance treatment outcomes. Treatment adaptation involving image deformation requires patient-specific quality assurance of the image registration and dose accumulation processes, to ensure that uncertainties in the 3D dose distributions are identified and appreciated from a clinical relevance perspective. While much research has been devoted to identifying and managing the uncertainties associated with deformable image registration and dose accumulation approaches, there are still many unanswered questions. Here, we provide a review of current deformable image registration and dose accumulation techniques, and related clinical application. We also discuss salient issues that need to be deliberated when applying deformable algorithms for dose mapping and accumulation in the context of adaptive radiotherapy and response assessment.
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Ranjbar M, Sabouri P, Repetto C, Sawant A. A novel deformable lung phantom with programably variable external and internal correlation. Med Phys 2019; 46:1995-2005. [PMID: 30919974 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung motion phantoms used to validate radiotherapy motion management strategies have fairly simplistic designs that do not adequately capture complex phenomena observed in human respiration such as external and internal deformation, variable hysteresis and variable correlation between different parts of the thoracic anatomy. These limitations make reliable evaluation of sophisticated motion management techniques quite challenging. In this work, we present the design and implementation of a programmable, externally and internally deformable lung motion phantom that allows for a reproducible change in external-internal and internal-internal correlation of embedded markers. METHODS An in-house-designed lung module, made from natural latex foam was inserted inside the outer shell of a commercially available lung phantom (RSD, Long Beach, CA, USA). Radiopaque markers were placed on the external surface and embedded into the lung module. Two independently programmable high-precision linear motion actuators were used to generate primarily anterior-posterior (AP) and primarily superior-inferior (SI) motion in a reproducible fashion in order to enable (a) variable correlation between the displacement of interior volume and the exterior surface, (b) independent changes in the amplitude of the AP and SI motions, and (c) variable hysteresis. The ability of the phantom to produce complex and variable motion accurately and reproducibly was evaluated by programming the two actuators with mathematical and patient-recorded lung tumor motion traces, and recording the trajectories of various markers using kV fluoroscopy. As an example application, the phantom was used to evaluate the performance of lung motion models constructed from kV fluoroscopy and 4DCT images. RESULTS The phantom exhibited a high degree of reproducibility and marker motion ranges were reproducible to within 0.5 mm. Variable correlation was observed between the displacements of internal-internal and internal-external markers. The SI and AP components of motion of a specific marker had a correlation parameter that varied from -11 to 17. Monitoring a region of interest on the phantom's surface to estimate internal marker motion led to considerably lower uncertainties than when a single point was monitored. CONCLUSIONS We successfully designed and implemented a programmable, externally and internally deformable lung motion phantom that allows for a reproducible change in external-internal and internal-internal correlation of embedded markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Ranjbar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Pouya Sabouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Carlo Repetto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Amit Sawant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Wheatley MJ, Balatinac AS, Booth JT, De Deene Y. Physico-chemical properties and optimization of the deformable FlexyDos3D radiation dosimeter. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:215028. [PMID: 30403194 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aae7e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deformable 3D radiation dosimetry is receiving growing interest for the validation of image-guided radiotherapy treatments (IGRT) of moving and deformable targets. Previously, a proof-of-concept of a flexible anthropomorphic 3D dosimeter called 'FlexyDos3D' has been demonstrated. One of the concerns with respect to the FlexyDos3D dosimeter is its dose-response instability. The effect of different formulations of the dosimeter on its stability were investigated. A stable formulation for the dosimeter was found by optimising the ratios of curing agent and base of the silicone matrix between 3% and 4.5% [w/w] curing agent. The effects of elevated curing temperatures and times upon the dosimetric properties were also investigated and the dose-response was found to be independent of curing times for curing times over an hour at 120 °C. 1H NMR spectra of the dosimeter chemical constituents and the effect of radiation dose were determined. The evaporation and diffusion rates of chloroform in the dosimeter were determined and are the likely cause of the dosimeters depth-dose profile uncertainties. A composition for a stable silicone dosimeter which can be cured quickly at elevated temperatures was found, demonstrating the potential for 3D printing of patient-specific dosimeters. However, it is suggested that another radical initiator be used in future formulations of the dosimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wheatley
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, Australia. The authors M J Wheatley and Y De Deene contributed equally to the work presented in this paper. Authors to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Development of a deformable phantom for experimental verification of 4D Monte Carlo simulations in a deforming anatomy. Phys Med 2018; 51:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Maynard E, Heath E, Hilts M, Jirasek A. Introduction of a deformable x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry system. Phys Med Biol 2018. [PMID: 29515019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aab501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces the first 3D deformable dosimetry system based on x-ray computed tomography (CT) polymer gel dosimetry and establishes the setup reproducibility, deformation characteristics and dose response of the system. A N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)-based gel formulation optimized for x-ray CT gel dosimetry was used, with a latex balloon serving as the deformable container and low-density polyethylene and polyvinyl alcohol providing additional oxygen barrier. Deformable gels were irradiated with a 6 MV calibration pattern to determine dosimetric response and a dosimetrically uniform plan to determine the spatial uniformity of the response. Wax beads were added to each gel as fiducial markers to track the deformation and setup of the gel dosimeters. From positions of the beads on CT images the setup reproducibility and the limits and reproducibility of gel deformation were determined. Comparison of gel measurements with Monte Carlo dose calculations found excellent dosimetric accuracy, comparable to that of an established non-deformable dosimetry system, with a mean dose discrepancy of 1.5% in the low-dose gradient region and a gamma pass rate of 97.9% using a 3%/3 mm criterion. The deformable dosimeter also showed good overall spatial dose uniformity throughout the dosimeter with some discrepancies within 20 mm of the edge of the container. Tracking of the beads within the dosimeter found that sub-millimetre setup accuracy is achievable with this system. The dosimeter was able to deform and relax when externally compressed by up to 30 mm without sustaining any permanent damage. Internal deformations in 3D produced average marker movements of up to 12 mm along the direction of compression. These deformations were also shown to be reproducible over 100 consecutive deformations. This work has established several important characteristics of a new deformable dosimetry system which shows promise for future clinical applications, including the validation of deformable dose accumulation algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maynard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Qin A, Liang J, Han X, O'Connell N, Yan D. Technical Note: The impact of deformable image registration methods on dose warping. Med Phys 2018; 45:1287-1294. [PMID: 29297939 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical-relevant discrepancy between doses warped by pure image based deformable image registration (IM-DIR) and by biomechanical model based DIR (BM-DIR) on intensity-homogeneous organs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Ten patients (5Head&Neck, 5Prostate) were included. A research DIR tool (ADMRIE_v1.12) was utilized for IM-DIR. After IM-DIR, BM-DIR was carried out for organs (parotids, bladder, and rectum) which often encompass sharp dose gradient. Briefly, high-quality tetrahedron meshes were generated and deformable vector fields (DVF) from IM-DIR were interpolated to the surface nodes of the volume meshes as boundary condition. Then, a FEM solver (ABAQUS_v6.14) was used to simulate the displacement of internal nodes, which were then interpolated to image-voxel grids to get the more physically plausible DVF. Both geometrical and subsequent dose warping discrepancies were quantified between the two DIR methods. Target registration discrepancy(TRD) was evaluated to show the geometry difference. The re-calculated doses on second CT were warped to the pre-treatment CT via two DIR. Clinical-relevant dose parameters and γ passing rate were compared between two types of warped dose. The correlation was evaluated between parotid shrinkage and TRD/dose discrepancy. RESULT The parotid shrunk to 75.7% ± 9% of its pre-treatment volume and the percentage of volume with TRD>1.5 mm) was 6.5% ± 4.7%. The normalized mean-dose difference (NMDD) of IM-DIR and BM-DIR was -0.8% ± 1.5%, with range (-4.7% to 1.5%). 2 mm/2% passing rate was 99.0% ± 1.4%. A moderate correlation was found between parotid shrinkage and TRD and NMDD. The bladder had a NMDD of -9.9% ± 9.7%, with BM-DIR warped dose systematically higher. Only minor deviation was observed for rectum NMDD (0.5% ± 1.1%). CONCLUSION Impact of DIR method on treatment dose warping is patient and organ-specific. Generally, intensity-homogeneous organs, which undergo larger deformation/shrinkage during treatment and encompass sharp dose gradient, will have greater dose warping uncertainty. For these organs, BM-DIR could be beneficial to the evaluation of DIR/dose-warping uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Qin
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Jian Liang
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Elekta Inc., Maryland Heights, MO, 63043, USA
| | | | - Di Yan
- Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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Fu Y, Liu S, Li HH, Li H, Yang D. An adaptive motion regularization technique to support sliding motion in deformable image registration. Med Phys 2018; 45:735-747. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine; Washington University in Saint Louis; 4921 Parkview Place St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine; Washington University in Saint Louis; 4921 Parkview Place St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - H. Harold Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine; Washington University in Saint Louis; 4921 Parkview Place St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine; Washington University in Saint Louis; 4921 Parkview Place St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Deshan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology; School of Medicine; Washington University in Saint Louis; 4921 Parkview Place St. Louis MO 63110 USA
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Evaluation of dose recalculation vs dose deformation in a commercial platform for deformable image registration with a computational phantom. Med Dosim 2018; 43:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Giordanengo S, Manganaro L, Vignati A. Review of technologies and procedures of clinical dosimetry for scanned ion beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2017; 43:79-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Yang D, Zhang M, Chang X, Fu Y, Liu S, Li HH, Mutic S, Duan Y. A method to detect landmark pairs accurately between intra-patient volumetric medical images. Med Phys 2017; 44:5859-5872. [PMID: 28834555 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES An image processing procedure was developed in this study to detect large quantity of landmark pairs accurately in pairs of volumetric medical images. The detected landmark pairs can be used to evaluate of deformable image registration (DIR) methods quantitatively. METHODS Landmark detection and pair matching were implemented in a Gaussian pyramid multi-resolution scheme. A 3D scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature detection method and a 3D Harris-Laplacian corner detection method were employed to detect feature points, i.e., landmarks. A novel feature matching algorithm, Multi-Resolution Inverse-Consistent Guided Matching or MRICGM, was developed to allow accurate feature pairs matching. MRICGM performs feature matching using guidance by the feature pairs detected at the lower resolution stage and the higher confidence feature pairs already detected at the same resolution stage, while enforces inverse consistency. RESULTS The proposed feature detection and feature pair matching algorithms were optimized to process 3D CT and MRI images. They were successfully applied between the inter-phase abdomen 4DCT images of three patients, between the original and the re-scanned radiation therapy simulation CT images of two head-neck patients, and between inter-fractional treatment MRIs of two patients. The proposed procedure was able to successfully detect and match over 6300 feature pairs on average. The automatically detected landmark pairs were manually verified and the mismatched pairs were rejected. The automatic feature matching accuracy before manual error rejection was 99.4%. Performance of MRICGM was also evaluated using seven digital phantom datasets with known ground truth of tissue deformation. On average, 11855 feature pairs were detected per digital phantom dataset with TRE = 0.77 ± 0.72 mm. CONCLUSION A procedure was developed in this study to detect large number of landmark pairs accurately between two volumetric medical images. It allows a semi-automatic way to generate the ground truth landmark datasets that allow quantitatively evaluation of DIR algorithms for radiation therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University in Saint Louis; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Xiao Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University in Saint Louis; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Yabo Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University in Saint Louis; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University in Saint Louis; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Harold H. Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University in Saint Louis; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Sasa Mutic
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University in Saint Louis; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Ye Duan
- Department of Computer Science & IT; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
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Horie M, Saito T, Moseley J, D'Errico L, Salazar P, Nakajima D, Brock K, Yasufuku K, Binnie M, Keshavjee S, Paul N. The role of biomechanical anatomical modeling via computed tomography for identification of restrictive allograft syndrome. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Horie
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Tomohito Saito
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories; Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program; University Health Network; University of Toronto; ON Canada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Kansai Medical University; Hirakara Japan
| | - Joanne Moseley
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Luigia D'Errico
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories; Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program; University Health Network; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Kristy Brock
- Department of Imaging Physics; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories; Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program; University Health Network; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Matthew Binnie
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories; Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program; University Health Network; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories; Toronto General Research Institute; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program; University Health Network; University of Toronto; ON Canada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Kansai Medical University; Hirakara Japan
| | - Narinder Paul
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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Abe Y, Kadoya N, Arai K, Takayama Y, Kato T, Kimura K, Ono T, Nakamura T, Wada H, Kikuchi Y, Jingu K. Effect of DIR uncertainty on prostate passive-scattering proton therapy dose accumulation. Phys Med 2017. [PMID: 28625473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Velec M, Moseley JL, Svensson S, Hårdemark B, Jaffray DA, Brock KK. Validation of biomechanical deformable image registration in the abdomen, thorax, and pelvis in a commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system. Med Phys 2017; 44:3407-3417. [PMID: 28453911 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The accuracy of deformable image registration tools can vary widely between imaging modalities and specific implementations of the same algorithms. A biomechanical model-based algorithm initially developed in-house at an academic institution was translated into a commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system and validated for multiple imaging modalities and anatomic sites. METHODS Biomechanical deformable registration (Morfeus) is a geometry-driven algorithm based on the finite element method. Boundary conditions are derived from the model-based segmentation of controlling structures in each image which establishes a point-to-point surface correspondence. For each controlling structure, material properties and fixed or sliding interfaces are assigned. The displacements of internal volumes for controlling structures and other structures implicitly deformed are solved with finite element analysis. Registration was performed for 74 patients with images (mean vector resolution) of thoracic and abdominal 4DCT (2.8 mm) and MR (5.3 mm), liver CT-MR (4.5 mm), and prostate MR (2.6 mm). Accuracy was quantified between deformed and actual target images using distance-to-agreement (DTA) for structure surfaces and the target registration error (TRE) for internal point landmarks. RESULTS The results of the commercial implementation were as follows. The mean DTA was ≤ 1.0 mm for controlling structures and 1.0-3.5 mm for implicitly deformed structures on average. TRE ranged from 2.0 mm on prostate MR to 5.1 mm on lung MR on average, within 0.1 mm or lower than the image voxel sizes. Accuracy was not overly sensitive to changes in the material properties or variability in structure segmentations, as changing these inputs affected DTA and TRE by ≤ 0.8 mm. Maximum DTA > 5 mm occurred for 88% of the structures evaluated although these were within the inherent segmentation uncertainty for 82% of structures. Differences in accuracy between the commercial and in-house research implementations were ≤ 0.5 mm for mean DTA and ≤ 0.7 mm for mean TRE. CONCLUSIONS Accuracy of biomechanical deformable registration evaluated on a large cohort of images in the thorax, abdomen and prostate was similar to the image voxel resolution on average across multiple modalities. Validation of this treatment planning system implementation supports biomechanical deformable registration as a versatile clinical tool to enable accurate target delineation at planning and treatment adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Velec
- Techna Institute and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Joanne L Moseley
- Techna Institute and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Stina Svensson
- RaySearch Laboratories AB, Sveavägen 44, SE-103 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Hårdemark
- RaySearch Laboratories AB, Sveavägen 44, SE-103 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David A Jaffray
- Techna Institute and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Biophysics, and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Kristy K Brock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Simon A, Nassef M, Rigaud B, Cazoulat G, Castelli J, Lafond C, Acosta O, Haigron P, de Crevoisier R. Roles of Deformable Image Registration in adaptive RT: From contour propagation to dose monitoring. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:5215-8. [PMID: 26737467 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is based on the optimization of the treatment plan during the treatment delivery to compensate for anatomical deformations. Deformable Image Registration (DIR) then constitutes a key step in order to analyze the huge amount of daily or weekly images to provide clinically usefull information. Two main applications of DIR have been developped in ART: delineation propagation and dose accumulation. If delineation propagation is well validated and transfered in the clinic, some challenges remain to address for dose accumulation. In this paper, we review the recent developments of DIR in ART, particularly in prostate and head-and-neck (H&N), with a focus on their evaluation.
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Anatomic structure-based deformable image registration of brachytherapy implants in the treatment of locally advanced cervix cancer. Brachytherapy 2016; 15:584-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2016.04.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Reniers B, Janssens G, Orban de Xivry J, Landry G, Verhaegen F. Dose distribution for gynecological brachytherapy with dose accumulation between insertions: Feasibility study. Brachytherapy 2016; 15:504-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liao Y, Chen H, Zhou L, Zhen X. Construction of an anthropopathic abdominal phantom for accuracy validation of deformable image registration. Technol Health Care 2016; 24 Suppl 2:S717-23. [DOI: 10.3233/thc-161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhong H, Adams J, Glide-Hurst C, Zhang H, Li H, Chetty IJ. Development of a deformable dosimetric phantom to verify dose accumulation algorithms for adaptive radiotherapy. J Med Phys 2016; 41:106-14. [PMID: 27217622 PMCID: PMC4870999 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.181641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiotherapy may improve treatment outcomes for lung cancer patients. Because of the lack of an effective tool for quality assurance, this therapeutic modality is not yet accepted in clinic. The purpose of this study is to develop a deformable physical phantom for validation of dose accumulation algorithms in regions with heterogeneous mass. A three-dimensional (3D) deformable phantom was developed containing a tissue-equivalent tumor and heterogeneous sponge inserts. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were placed at multiple locations in the phantom each time before dose measurement. Doses were measured with the phantom in both the static and deformed cases. The deformation of the phantom was actuated by a motor driven piston. 4D computed tomography images were acquired to calculate 3D doses at each phase using Pinnacle and EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc. These images were registered using two registration software packages: VelocityAI and Elastix. With the resultant displacement vector fields (DVFs), the calculated 3D doses were accumulated using a mass-and energy congruent mapping method and compared to those measured by the TLDs at four typical locations. In the static case, TLD measurements agreed with all the algorithms by 1.8% at the center of the tumor volume and by 4.0% in the penumbra. In the deformable case, the phantom's deformation was reproduced within 1.1 mm. For the 3D dose calculated by Pinnacle, the total dose accumulated with the Elastix DVF agreed well to the TLD measurements with their differences <2.5% at four measured locations. When the VelocityAI DVF was used, their difference increased up to 11.8%. For the 3D dose calculated by EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc, the total doses accumulated with the two DVFs were within 5.7% of the TLD measurements which are slightly over the rate of 5% for clinical acceptance. The detector-embedded deformable phantom allows radiation dose to be measured in a dynamic environment, similar to deforming lung tissues, supporting the validation of dose mapping and accumulation operations in regions with heterogeneous mass, and dose distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey Adams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carri Glide-Hurst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hualin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haisen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Indrin J Chetty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
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Nassef M, Simon A, Cazoulat G, Duménil A, Blay C, Lafond C, Acosta O, Balosso J, Haigron P, de Crevoisier R. Quantification of dose uncertainties in cumulated dose estimation compared to planned dose in prostate IMRT. Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cheung Y, Sawant A. An externally and internally deformable, programmable lung motion phantom. Med Phys 2016; 42:2585-93. [PMID: 25979050 DOI: 10.1118/1.4918581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Most clinically deployed strategies for respiratory motion management in lung radiotherapy (e.g., gating and tracking) use external markers that serve as surrogates for tumor motion. However, typical lung phantoms used to validate these strategies are based on a rigid exterior and a rigid or a deformable-interior. Such designs do not adequately represent respiration because the thoracic anatomy deforms internally as well as externally. In order to create a closer approximation of respiratory motion, the authors describe the construction and experimental testing of an externally as well as internally deformable, programmable lung phantom. METHODS The outer shell of a commercially available lung phantom (RS-1500, RSD, Inc.) was used. The shell consists of a chest cavity with a flexible anterior surface, and embedded vertebrae, rib-cage and sternum. A custom-made insert was designed using a piece of natural latex foam block. A motion platform was programmed with sinusoidal and ten patient-recorded lung tumor trajectories. The platform was used to drive a rigid foam "diaphragm" that compressed/decompressed the phantom interior. Experimental characterization comprised of determining the reproducibility and the external-internal correlation of external and internal marker trajectories extracted from kV x-ray fluoroscopy. Experiments were conducted to illustrate three example applications of the phantom-(i) validating the geometric accuracy of the VisionRT surface photogrammetry system; (ii) validating an image registration tool, NiftyReg; and (iii) quantifying the geometric error due to irregular motion in four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT). RESULTS The phantom correctly reproduced sinusoidal and patient-derived motion, as well as realistic respiratory motion-related effects such as hysteresis. The reproducibility of marker trajectories over multiple runs for sinusoidal as well as patient traces, as characterized by fluoroscopy, was within 0.25 mm RMS error. The motion trajectories of internal and external radio-opaque markers as measured by fluoroscopy were found to be highly correlated (R > 0.95). Using the phantom, it was demonstrated that the motion trajectories of regions-of-interest on the surface as measured by VisionRT are highly consistent with corresponding fluoroscopically acquired surface marker trajectories, with RMS errors within 0.26 mm. Furthermore, it was shown that the trajectories of external and internal marker trajectories derived from NiftyReg deformation vector fields were within 1 mm root mean square errors comparing to trajectories obtained by segmenting markers from individual fluoro frames. Finally, it was shown that while 4DCT can be used to localize internal markers for sinusoidal motion with reasonable accuracy, the localization error increases significantly (by a factor of ∼ 2) in the presence of cycle-to-cycle variations that are observed in patient-derived respiratory motion. CONCLUSIONS The authors have developed a realistic externally and internally deformable, programmable lung phantom that will serve as a valuable tool for clinical and investigational motion management studies in thoracic and abdominal radiation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Cheung
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Amit Sawant
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Velec M, Juang T, Moseley JL, Oldham M, Brock KK. Utility and validation of biomechanical deformable image registration in low-contrast images. Pract Radiat Oncol 2015; 5:e401-8. [PMID: 25823381 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The application of a biomechanical deformable image registration algorithm has been demonstrated to overcome the potential limitations in the use of intensity-based algorithms on low-contrast images that lack prominent features. Because validation of deformable registration is particularly challenging on such images, the dose distribution predicted via a biomechanical algorithm was evaluated using the measured dose from a deformable dosimeter. METHODS AND MATERIALS A biomechanical model-based image registration algorithm registered computed tomographic (CT) images of an elastic radiochromic dosimeter between its undeformed and deformed positions. The algorithm aligns the external boundaries of the dosimeter, created from CT contours, and the internal displacements are solved by modeling the physical material properties of the dosimeter. The dosimeter was planned and irradiated in its deformed position, and subsequently, the delivered dose was measured with optical CT in the undeformed position. The predicted dose distribution, created by applying the deformable registration displacement map to the planned distribution, was then compared with the measured optical CT distribution. RESULTS Compared with the optical CT distribution, biomechanical image registration predicted the position and size of the deformed dose fields with mean errors of ≤1 mm (maximum, 3 mm). The accuracy did not differ between cross sections with a greater or lesser deformation magnitude despite the homogenous CT intensities throughout the dosimeter. The overall 3-dimensional voxel passing rate of the predicted distribution was γ3%/3mm = 91% compared with optical CT. CONCLUSIONS Biomechanical registration accurately predicted the deformed dose distribution measured in a deformable dosimeter, whereas previously, evaluations of a commercial intensity-based algorithm demonstrated substantial errors. The addition of biomechanical algorithms to the collection of adaptive radiation therapy tools would be valuable for dose accumulation, particularly in feature-poor images such as cone beam CT and organs such as the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Velec
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Titania Juang
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joanne L Moseley
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Oldham
- Department of Radiation Oncology Physics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristy K Brock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Roussakis YG, Dehghani H, Green S, Webster GJ. Validation of a dose warping algorithm using clinically realistic scenarios. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20140691. [PMID: 25791569 PMCID: PMC4628476 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Dose warping following deformable image registration (DIR) has been proposed for interfractional dose accumulation. Robust evaluation workflows are vital to clinically implement such procedures. This study demonstrates such a workflow and quantifies the accuracy of a commercial DIR algorithm for this purpose under clinically realistic scenarios. Methods: 12 head and neck (H&N) patient data sets were used for this retrospective study. For each case, four clinically relevant anatomical changes have been manually generated. Dose distributions were then calculated on each artificially deformed image and warped back to the original anatomy following DIR by a commercial algorithm. Spatial registration was evaluated by quantitative comparison of the original and warped structure sets, using conformity index and mean distance to conformity (MDC) metrics. Dosimetric evaluation was performed by quantitative comparison of the dose–volume histograms generated for the calculated and warped dose distributions, which should be identical for the ideal “perfect” registration of mass-conserving deformations. Results: Spatial registration of the artificially deformed image back to the planning CT was accurate (MDC range of 1–2 voxels or 1.2–2.4 mm). Dosimetric discrepancies introduced by the DIR were low (0.02 ± 0.03 Gy per fraction in clinically relevant dose metrics) with no statistically significant difference found (Wilcoxon test, 0.6 ≥ p ≥ 0.2). Conclusion: The reliability of CT-to-CT DIR-based dose warping and image registration was demonstrated for a commercial algorithm with H&N patient data. Advances in knowledge: This study demonstrates a workflow for validation of dose warping following DIR that could assist physicists and physicians in quantifying the uncertainties associated with dose accumulation in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Roussakis
- 1 School of Computer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Weistrand O, Svensson S. The ANACONDA algorithm for deformable image registration in radiotherapy. Med Phys 2014; 42:40-53. [PMID: 25563246 DOI: 10.1118/1.4894702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Weistrand
- RaySearch Laboratories AB, Sveavägen 44, SE-11134 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stina Svensson
- RaySearch Laboratories AB, Sveavägen 44, SE-11134 Stockholm, Sweden
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Velec M, Moseley JL, Dawson LA, Brock KK. Dose escalated liver stereotactic body radiation therapy at the mean respiratory position. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 89:1121-1128. [PMID: 25035217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dosimetric impact of dose probability based planning target volume (PTV) margins for liver cancer patients receiving stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was compared with standard PTV based on the internal target volume (ITV). Plan robustness was evaluated by accumulating the treatment dose to ensure delivery of the intended plan. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty patients planned on exhale CT for 27 to 50 Gy in 6 fractions using an ITV-based PTV and treated free-breathing were retrospectively evaluated. Isotoxic, dose escalated plans were created on midposition computed tomography (CT), representing the mean breathing position, using a dose probability PTV. The delivered doses were accumulated using biomechanical deformable registration of the daily cone beam CT based on liver targeting at the exhale or mean breathing position, for the exhale and midposition CT plans, respectively. RESULTS The dose probability PTVs were on average 38% smaller than the ITV-based PTV, enabling an average ± standard deviation increase in the planned dose to 95% of the PTV of 4.0 ± 2.8 Gy (9 ± 5%) on the midposition CT (P<.01). For both plans, the delivered minimum gross tumor volume (GTV) doses were greater than the planned nominal prescribed dose in all 20 patients and greater than the planned dose to 95% of the PTV in 18 (90%) patients. Nine patients (45%) had 1 or more GTVs with a delivered minimum dose more than 5 Gy higher with the midposition CT plan using dose probability PTV, compared with the delivered dose with the exhale CT plan using ITV-based PTV. CONCLUSIONS For isotoxic liver SBRT planned and delivered at the mean respiratory, reduced dose probability PTV enables a mean escalation of 4 Gy (9%) in 6 fractions over ITV-based PTV. This may potentially improve local control without increasing the risk of tumor underdosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Velec
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joanne L Moseley
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A Dawson
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristy K Brock
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Dose accumulation during vaginal cuff brachytherapy based on rigid/deformable registration vs. single plan addition. Brachytherapy 2014; 13:343-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eyadeh MM, Farrell TJ, Diamond KR. Evaluation of a ferrous benzoic xylenol orange transparent PVA cryogel radiochromic dosimeter. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:1773-87. [PMID: 24619200 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/7/1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A stable cryogel dosimeter was prepared using ferrous benzoic xylenol orange (FBX) in a transparent poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogel matrix. Dose response was evaluated for different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), different concentrations of PVA, and ratios of water/dimethyl sulfoxide. Linear relationships between dose and absorbance were obtained in the range of 0-1000 cGy for all formulations. Increasing the concentration of PVA and number of FTCs resulted in increased absorbance and sensitivity. The effects of energy and dose rate were also evaluated. No significant dose rate dependence was observed over the range 1.05 to 6.33 Gy min(-1). No energy response was observed over photon energies of 6, 10, and 18 MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molham M Eyadeh
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University and Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, L8 V 5C2, Canada
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Williams CL, Mishra P, Seco J, St James S, Mak RH, Berbeco RI, Lewis JH. A mass-conserving 4D XCAT phantom for dose calculation and accumulation. Med Phys 2014; 40:071728. [PMID: 23822432 DOI: 10.1118/1.4811102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The XCAT phantom is a realistic 4D digital torso phantom that is widely used in imaging and therapy research. However, lung mass is not conserved between respiratory phases of the phantom, making detailed dosimetric simulations and dose accumulation unphysical. A framework is developed to correct this issue by enforcing local mass conservation in the XCAT lung. Dose calculations are performed to assess the implications of neglecting mass conservation, and to demonstrate an application of the phantom to calculate the accumulated delivered dose in an irregularly breathing patient. METHODS A displacement vector field (DVF) between each respiratory state and a reference image is generated from the XCAT motion model and its divergence is calculated and used to correct the lung density. A series of phantoms with regular and irregular breathing (based on patient data) are generated and modified to conserve mass. Monte Carlo methods are used to simulate conventional and SBRT treatment delivery. The calculated dose is deformed and accumulated using the DVF. Results from the mass-conserving and original XCAT are compared. A 4DCT is simulated for the irregularly breathing patient, and a 4DCT-based dose estimate is compared with the accumulated delivered dose. RESULTS The presented framework successfully conserves mass in the XCAT lung. The spatial distribution of the lung dose was qualitatively changed by the use of a mass conservation in the XCAT; however, the corresponding DVH did not change significantly. The comparison of the delivered dose with the 4DCT-based prediction shows similar lung metric results, however dose differences of 10% can be seen in some spatial regions. CONCLUSIONS The XCAT phantom has been successfully modified so that it conserves lung mass during respiration, enabling it to be used as a tool to perform dose accumulation studies in the lung without relying on deformable image registration. Neglecting mass conservation can result in erroneous spatial distributions of the dose in the lung. Using this tool to simulate patient treatments reveals differences between the planned dose and the calculated delivered dose for the full treatment. The software is freely available from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Williams
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Lu J, Ma Y, Chen J, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhao M, Yin Y. Assessment of anatomical and dosimetric changes by a deformable registration method during the course of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:97-104. [PMID: 23728319 PMCID: PMC3885110 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the anatomic variations and the dosimetric effects accessed by a deformable registration method throughout the entire course of radiotherapy, and to evaluate the necessity of replanning for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Plan1(CT1) was based on the original CT, and Plan2(CT2) was generated from the midtreatment CT scan acquired after 25 fractions of IMRT of Plan1. Both sets of CTs, RT structures and RT doses for the two group plans were transferred to a workstation, and then a hybrid IMRT plan, Plan1(CT2), was generated by deforming doses of Plan1 to CT2. Subsequently, the accumulated plan, Plan1 + 2(CT2), was generated to quantify the actual dosimetric effects during the course. The transverse diameter of the neck at the center of the odontoid process was (15.4 ± 1.0) cm and (14.4 ± 1.1) cm in CT1 and CT2, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with CT1, the mean volumes of the right and left parotid glands were significantly decreased by (24.6 ± 11.9)% and (35.1 ± 20.1)%, respectively. Comparison of Plan1 (CT1) with Plan1 (CT2) indicated that the doses to targets decreased without replanning. With repeated CT and replanning after 25 fractions, the doses to targets would be improved. The doses to normal tissue were increased without replanning. For eight patients out of 12, the doses to the spinal cord and brainstem exceeded the constraints without replanning, while the corresponding values decreased with replanning. During the entire course of IMRT, the volumes of the targets and the parotid glands would be reduced significantly. Midtreatment CT scanning and replanning are recommended to ensure adaptive doses to the targets and critical normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Yidong Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jinhu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guifang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Mukun Zhao
- Hebei University, 342 Yuhua East Road, 071000, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Scienses, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, China
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Pukala J, Meeks SL, Staton RJ, Bova FJ, Mañon RR, Langen KM. A virtual phantom library for the quantification of deformable image registration uncertainties in patients with cancers of the head and neck. Med Phys 2013; 40:111703. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4823467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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