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Jeon H, Kim DW, Joo JH, Park D, Kim W, Nam J, Kim DH, Ki Y. Use of a pressure sensor array for multifunctional patient monitoring in radiotherapy: A feasibility study. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 38852192 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern radiotherapeutic techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy or stereotactic body radiotherapy, require high-dose delivery precision. However, the precise localization of tumors during patient respiration remains a challenge. Therefore, it is essential to investigate effective methods for monitoring respiration to minimize potential complications. Despite several systems currently in clinical use, there are drawbacks, including the complexity of the setup, the discomfort to the patient, and the high cost. PURPOSE This study investigated the feasibility of using a novel pressure sensor array (PSA) as a tool to monitor respiration during radiotherapy treatments. The PSA was positioned between the treatment couch and the back of the patient lying on it and was intended to overcome some limitations of current methods. The main objectives included assessing the PSA's capability in monitoring respiratory behavior and to investigate prospective applications that extend beyond respiratory monitoring. METHODS A PSA with 31 pressure-sensing elements was used in 12 volunteers. The participants were instructed to breathe naturally while lying on a couch without any audio or visual guidance. The performance of the PSA was compared to that of a camera-based respiratory monitoring system (RPM, Varian, USA), which served as a reference. Several metrics, including pressure distribution, weight sensitivity, and correlations between PSA and RPM signals, were analyzed. The PSA's capacity to provide information on potential applications related to patient stability was also investigated. RESULTS The linear relationship between the weight applied to the PSA and its output was demonstrated in this study, confirming its sensitivity to pressure changes. A comparison of PSA and RPM curves revealed a high correlation coefficient of 0.9391 on average, indicating consistent respiratory cycles. The PSA also effectively measured the weight distribution at the volunteer's back in real-time, which allows for monitoring the patient's movements during the radiotherapy. CONCLUSION PSA is a promising candidate for effective respiratory monitoring during radiotherapy treatments. Its performance is comparable to the established RPM system, and its additional capabilities suggest its multifaceted utility. This paper shows the potential use of PSA for patient monitoring in radiotherapy and suggests possibilities for further research, including performance comparisons with other existing systems and real-patient applications with respiratory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosang Jeon
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Joo
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Dahl Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Wontaek Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jiho Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yongkan Ki
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
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Moser R, Mayr NA, Nano J, Behzadi ST, Kiesl S, Combs SE, Borm KJ. A survey of cancer patients' interest in undertaking exercise to promote relaxation during radiotherapy for breast cancer and metastatic cancer. Radiat Oncol 2024; 19:68. [PMID: 38822369 PMCID: PMC11143565 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-024-02459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 25-50% of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) experience psychological distress and anxiety, which can detrimentally affect both their quality of life and treatment outcomes. While previous research has demonstrated that relaxation exercises can enhance the tolerability of RT and alleviate associated stress and anxiety, the specific needs for such therapies in radiation oncology remain under-explored. This study aims to investigate the demand for and preferences toward relaxation exercises among radiotherapy patients, addressing a critical gap in patient-centered care. METHODS A prospective pseudonymized survey study using a one-time paper-based questionnaire was conducted from 2022 to 2023 among patients undergoing curative-intent RT for breast cancer or patients undergoing palliative RT for bone metastases. Patients were asked in a 11-item questionnaire about their anxiety, pre-existing practice of relaxation exercises/interventions, their interest in relaxation exercises, and preferences on the type and format of instruction. Data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS 100 patients (74 female and 26 male) responded, of whom 68 received curative-intent adjuvant RT and 32 palliative RT. Median age was 62 years. 78% of patients indicated a desire to be actively involved in their radiotherapy, but only 27% had used relaxation exercises prior to RT. 44.8% of both curatively and palliatively treated patients who wanted to be actively involved in their therapy desired to learn how to best relax. 56.4% of respondents were willing to spend extra time learning offered exercises. CONCLUSION The survey indicates that patients undergoing RT, both for curative or palliative intent, desire relaxation exercises to relieve stress and anxiety from RT. It is therefore important to assess the need for relaxation interventions in individual patients and to develop suitable programs or collaborate with other healthcare professionals to meet these needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Moser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina A Mayr
- School of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie T Behzadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Kiesl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (dktk), Partner Site Munich, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai J Borm
- Department of Radiation Oncology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Ball HJ, Santanam L, Senan S, Tanyi JA, van Herk M, Keall PJ. Results from the AAPM Task Group 324 respiratory motion management in radiation oncology survey. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 23:e13810. [PMID: 36316761 PMCID: PMC9680579 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the clinical practice of respiratory motion management in radiation oncology. METHODS A respiratory motion management survey was designed and conducted based on clinician survey guidelines. The survey was administered to American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) members on 17 August 2020 and closed on 13 September 2020. RESULTS A total of 527 respondents completed the entire survey and 651 respondents completed part of the survey, with the partially completed surveys included in the analysis. Overall, 84% of survey respondents used deep inspiration breath hold for left-sided breast cancer. Overall, 83% of respondents perceived respiratory motion management for thoracic and abdominal cancer radiotherapy patients to be either very important or required. Overall, 95% of respondents used respiratory motion management for thoracic and abdominal sites, with 36% of respondents using respiratory motion management for at least 90% of thoracic and abdominal patients. The majority (60%) of respondents used the internal target volume method to treat thoracic and abdominal cancer patients, with 25% using breath hold or abdominal compression and 13% using gating or tracking. CONCLUSIONS A respiratory motion management survey has been completed by AAPM members. Respiratory motion management is generally considered very important or required and is widely used for breast, thoracic, and abdominal cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Ball
- ACRF Image X InstituteFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lakshmi Santanam
- Medical Physics DepartmentMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Suresh Senan
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers – VUmc LocationAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - James A. Tanyi
- Department of Radiation OncologyGeisinger Cancer InstituteDanvillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marcel van Herk
- Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of MedicineBiology and HealthSchool of Medical SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Paul J. Keall
- ACRF Image X InstituteFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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4
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van Kesteren Z, Veldman JK, Parkes MJ, Stevens MF, Balasupramaniam P, van den Aardweg JG, van Tienhoven G, Bel A, van Dijk IWEM. Quantifying the reduction of respiratory motion by mechanical ventilation with MRI for radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2022; 17:99. [PMID: 35597956 PMCID: PMC9123684 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-022-02068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to respiratory motion, accurate radiotherapy delivery to thoracic and abdominal tumors is challenging. We aimed to quantify the ability of mechanical ventilation to reduce respiratory motion, by measuring diaphragm motion magnitudes in the same volunteers during free breathing (FB), mechanically regularized breathing (RB) at 22 breaths per minute (brpm), variation in mean diaphragm position across multiple deep inspiration breath-holds (DIBH) and diaphragm drift during single prolonged breath-holds (PBH) in two MRI sessions. Methods In two sessions, MRIs were acquired from fifteen healthy volunteers who were trained to be mechanically ventilated non-invasively We measured diaphragm motion amplitudes during FB and RB, the inter-quartile range (IQR) of the variation in average diaphragm position from one measurement over five consecutive DIBHs, and diaphragm cranial drift velocities during single PBHs from inhalation (PIBH) and exhalation (PEBH) breath-holds. Results RB significantly reduced the respiratory motion amplitude by 39%, from median (range) 20.9 (10.6–41.9) mm during FB to 12.8 (6.2–23.8) mm. The median IQR for variation in average diaphragm position over multiple DIBHs was 4.2 (1.0–23.6) mm. During single PIBHs with a median duration of 7.1 (2.0–11.1) minutes, the median diaphragm cranial drift velocity was 3.0 (0.4–6.5) mm/minute. For PEBH, the median duration was 5.8 (1.8–10.2) minutes with 4.4 (1.8–15.1) mm/minute diaphragm drift velocity. Conclusions Regularized breathing at a frequency of 22 brpm resulted in significantly smaller diaphragm motion amplitudes compared to free breathing. This would enable smaller treatment volumes in radiotherapy. Furthermore, prolonged breath-holding from inhalation and exhalation with median durations of six to seven minutes are feasible. Trial registration Medical Ethics Committee protocol NL.64693.018.18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z van Kesteren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J K Veldman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J Parkes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M F Stevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Balasupramaniam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G van den Aardweg
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G van Tienhoven
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Bel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I W E M van Dijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Spautz S, Jakobi A, Meijers A, Peters N, Löck S, Knopf AC, Troost EGC, Richter C, Stützer K. Experimental validation of 4D log file-based proton dose reconstruction for interplay assessment considering amplitude-sorted 4DCTs. Med Phys 2022; 49:3538-3549. [PMID: 35342943 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The unpredictable interplay between dynamic proton therapy delivery and target motion in the thorax can lead to severe dose distortions. A fraction-wise four-dimensional (4D) dose reconstruction workflow allows for the assessment of the applied dose after patient treatment while considering the actual beam delivery sequence extracted from machine log files, the recorded breathing pattern and the geometric information from a 4D computed tomography scan (4DCT). Such an algorithm capable of accounting for amplitude-sorted 4DCTs was implemented and its accuracy as well as its sensitivity to input parameter variations was experimentally evaluated. METHODS An anthropomorphic thorax phantom with a movable insert containing a target surrogate and a radiochromic film was irradiated with a monoenergetic field for various 1D target motion forms (sin, sin4) and peak-to-peak amplitudes (5/10/15/20/30 mm). The measured characteristic film dose distributions were compared to the respective sections in the 4D reconstructed doses using a 2D γ-analysis (3mm, 3%); γ-pass rates were derived for different dose grid resolutions (1mm/3mm) and deformable image registrations (DIR, automatic/manual) applied during the 4D dose reconstruction process. In an additional analysis, the sensitivity of reconstructed dose distributions against potential asynchronous timing of the motion and machine log files was investigated for both a monoenergetic field and more realistic 4D robustly optimized fields by artificially introduced offsets of ± 1/5/25/50/250 ms. The resulting dose distributions with asynchronized log files were compared to those with synchronized log files by means of a 3D γ-analysis (1mm, 1%) and the evaluation of absolute dose differences. RESULTS The induced characteristic interplay patterns on the films were well reproduced by the 4D dose reconstruction with 2D γ-pass rates ≥95% for almost all cases with motion magnitudes ≤15 mm. In general, the 2D γ-pass rates showed a significant decrease for larger motion amplitudes and increase when using a finer dose grid resolution but were not affected by the choice of motion form (sin, sin4). There was also a trend, though not statistically significant, towards the manually defined DIR for better quality of the reconstructed dose distributions in the area imaged by the film. The 4D dose reconstruction results for the monoenergetic as well as the 4D robustly optimized fields were robust against small asynchronies between motion and machine log files of up to 5 ms, which is in the order of potential network latencies. CONCLUSIONS We have implemented a 4D log file-based proton dose reconstruction that accounts for amplitude-sorted 4DCTs. Its accuracy was proven to be clinically acceptable for target motion magnitudes of up to 15 mm. Particular attention should be paid to the synchronization of the log file generating systems as the reconstructed dose distribution may vary with log file asynchronies larger than those caused by realistic network delays. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spautz
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Jakobi
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arturs Meijers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Peters
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje-Christin Knopf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department 1 of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther G C Troost
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and; Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Stützer
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
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Sprowls CJ, Chu C, Wall PDH, Fontenot JD. Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation for Improving Respiratory Reproducibility in Radiation Oncology: A Pilot Study. Adv Radiat Oncol 2021; 7:100780. [PMID: 34825112 PMCID: PMC8603026 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strategies for managing respiratory motion, specifically motion-encompassing methods, in radiation therapy typically assume reproducible breathing. In reality, respiratory motion variations occur and ultimately cause tumor motion variations, which can result in differences between the planned and delivered dose distributions. Therefore, breathing guidance techniques have been investigated to improve respiratory reproducibility. To our knowledge, bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) ventilation assistance has not been previously investigated as a technique for improving respiratory reproducibility and is the focus of this work. Methods and Materials Ten patients undergoing radiation therapy treatment for cancers affected by respiratory motion (eg, lung and esophagus) participated in sessions in which their breathing was recorded during their course of treatment; these sessions occurred either before or after radiation treatments. Both unassisted free-breathing (FB) and BIPAP ventilation-assisted respiratory volume data were collected from each patient using spirometry. Patients used 2 different BIPAP ventilators (fixed BIPAP and flexible BIPAP), each configured to deliver the same volume of air per breath (ie, tidal volume). The flexible BIPAP ventilator permitted patient triggering (ie, it permitted patients to initiate each breath), and the fixed BIPAP did not. Intrasession and intersession metrics quantifying tidal volume variations were calculated and compared between the specific breathing platforms (FB or BIPAP). In addition, patient tolerance of both BIPAP ventilators was qualitatively assessed through verbal feedback. Results Both BIPAP ventilators were tolerated by patients, although the fixed BIPAP was not as well tolerated as the flexible BIPAP. Both BIPAP ventilators showed significant reductions (P < .05) in intrasession tidal volume variation compared with FB. However, only the fixed BIPAP significantly reduced the intersession tidal volume variation compared with FB. Conclusions Based on the established correlation between tidal volume and tumor motion, any reduction of the tidal volume variation could result in reduced tumor motion variation. Fixed BIPAP ventilation was found to be tolerated by patients and was shown to significantly reduce intrasession and intersession tidal volume variations compared with FB. Therefore, future investigation into the potential of fixed BIPAP ventilation is warranted to define the possible clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Sprowls
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Connel Chu
- Department of Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Phillip D H Wall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jonas D Fontenot
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Department of Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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7
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Kang HK, Kim H, Hong CS, Kim J, Kim JS, Kim DW. Development and Performance Evaluation of Wearable Respiratory Self-Training System Using Patch Type Magnetic Sensor. Front Oncol 2021; 11:680147. [PMID: 34414107 PMCID: PMC8370089 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.680147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Respiratory training system that can be used by patients themselves was developed with a micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS)-based patch-type magnetic sensor. We conducted a basic function test and clinical usability evaluation to determine the system’s clinical applicability. Methods The system is designed with a sensor attached to the patient’s chest and a magnet on the back to monitor the patient’s respiration by measuring changes in magnetic intensity related to respiratory movements of the thoracic surface. The system comprises a MEMS-based patch-type magnetic sensor capable of wireless communication and being applied to measurement magnets and mobile applications. System performance was evaluated by the level of systemic noise, the precision of the sensor in various breathing patterns, how measurement signals change for varying distances, or the presence or absence of material between the sensor and the magnet. Various breathing patterns were created using the QUASAR respiratory motion phantom; the data obtained were analyzed using the fitting and peak value analysis methods. Results The sensor had a noise ratio of <0.54% of the signal; the average errors in signal amplitude and period for breathing patterns were 78.87 um and 72 ms, respectively. The signal could be measured consistently when the sensor–magnet distance was 10–25 cm. The signal difference was 1.89% for the presence or absence of a material, indicating that its influence on the measurement signal is relatively small. Conclusion The potential of our MEMS-based patch-type wearable respiratory self-training system was confirmed via basic function tests and clinical usability evaluations. We believe that the training system could provide thorough respiratory training for patients after a clinical trial with actual patients confirming its clinical efficacy and usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyeong Kang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hojin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Seon Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Sung Kim
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Wikström KA, Isacsson UM, Nilsson KM, Ahnesjö A. Evaluation of four surface surrogates for modeling lung tumor positions over several fractions in radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:103-112. [PMID: 34258853 PMCID: PMC8425865 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient breathing during lung cancer radiotherapy reduces the ability to keep a sharp dose gradient between tumor and normal tissues. To mitigate detrimental effects, accurate information about the tumor position is required. In this work, we evaluate the errors in modeled tumor positions over several fractions of a simple tumor motion model driven by a surface surrogate measure and its time derivative. The model is tested with respect to four different surface surrogates and a varying number of surrogate and image acquisitions used for model training. Fourteen patients were imaged 100 times with cine CT, at three sessions mimicking a planning session followed by two treatment fractions. Patient body contours were concurrently detected by a body surface laser scanning system BSLS from which four surface surrogates were extracted; thoracic point TP, abdominal point AP, the radial distance mean RDM, and a surface derived volume SDV. The motion model was trained on session 1 and evaluated on sessions 2 and 3 by comparing modeled tumor positions with measured positions from the cine images. The number of concurrent surrogate and image acquisitions used in the training set was varied, and its impact on the final result was evaluated. The use of AP as a surface surrogate yielded the smallest error in modeled tumor positions. The mean deviation between modeled and measured tumor positions was 1.9 mm. The corresponding deviations for using the other surrogates were 2.0 mm (RDM), 2.8 mm (SDV), and 3.0 mm (TP). To produce a motion model that accurately models the tumor position over several fractions requires at least 10 simultaneous surrogate and image acquisitions over 1–2 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Wikström
- Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf M Isacsson
- Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Ahnesjö
- Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Wikström KA, Isacsson UM, Pinto MC, Nilsson KM, Ahnesjö A. Evaluation of irregular breathing effects on internal target volume definition for lung cancer radiotherapy. Med Phys 2021; 48:2136-2144. [PMID: 33668075 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Irregular breathing may compromise the treated volume for free-breathing lung cancer patients during radiotherapy. We try to find a measure based on a breathing amplitude surrogate that can be used to select the patients who need further investigation of tumor motion to ensure that the internal target volume (ITV) provides reliant coverage of the tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen patients were scanned with four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) during free-breathing. The breathing motion was detected by a pneumatic bellows device used as a breathing amplitude surrogate. In addition to the 4DCT, a breath-hold (BH) scan and three cine CT imaging sessions were acquired. The cine images were taken at randomized intervals at a rate of 12 per minute for 8 minutes to allow tumor motion determination during a typical hypo-fractionated treatment scenario. A clinical target volume (CTV) was segmented in the BH CT and propagated over all cine images and 4DCT bins. The center-of-volume of the translated CTV (CTVCOV ) in the ten 4DCT bins were interconnected to define the 4DCT determined tumor trajectory (4DCT-TT). The volume of CTV inside ITV for all cine CTs was calculated and reported at the 10th percentile (VCTV10% ). The deviations between CTVCOV in the cine CTs and the 4DCT-TT were calculated and reported at its 90th percentile (d90% ). The standard deviation of the bellows amplitude peaks (SDP) and the ratio between large and normal inspirations, κrel , were tested as surrogates for VCTV10% and d90% . RESULTS The values of d90% ranged from 0.6 to 5.2 mm with a mean of 2.2 mm. The values of VCTV10% ranged from 59-93% with a mean of 78 %. The SDP had a moderate correlation (r = 0.87) to d90% . Less correlation was seen between SDP and VCTV10% (r = 0.77), κrel and d90% (r = 0.75) and finally κrel and VCTV10% (r = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS The ITV coverage had a large variation for some patients. SDP seems to be a feasible surrogate measure to select patients that needs further tumor motion determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Wikström
- Medical Radiation Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf M Isacsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta C Pinto
- Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anders Ahnesjö
- Medical Radiation Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Sadeghi P, Moran K, Robar JL. Capacitive monitoring system for real-time respiratory motion monitoring during radiation therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:16-24. [PMID: 32643322 PMCID: PMC7497937 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary This work introduces a novel capacitive‐sensing technology capable of detecting respiratory motion with high temporal frequency (200 Hz). The system does not require contact with the patient and has the capacity to sense motion through clothing or plastic immobilization devices. Abstract Purpose This work presents and evaluates a novel capacitive monitoring system (CMS) technology for continuous detection of respiratory motion during radiation therapy. This modular system provides real‐time motion monitoring without any contact with the patient, ionizing radiation, or surrogates such as reflective markers on the skin. Materials and methods The novel prototype features an array of capacitive detectors that are sensitive to the position of the body and capable of high temporal frequency readout. Performance of this system was investigated in comparison to the RPM infrared (IR) monitoring system (Varian Medical Systems). The prototype included three (5 cm × 10 cm) capacitive copper sensors in one plane, located at a distance of 8–10 cm from the volunteer. Capacitive measurements were acquired for central and lateral‐to‐central locations during chest free‐breathing and abdominal breathing. The RPM IR data were acquired with the reflector block at corresponding positions simultaneously. The system was also tested during deep inspiration and expiration breath‐hold maneuvers. Results Capacitive monitoring system data demonstrate close agreement with the RPM status quo at all locations examined. Cross‐correlation analysis on RPM and CMS data showed an average absolute lag of 0.07 s (range: 0.03–0.23 s) for DIBH and DEBH data and 0.15 s (range: 0–0.43 s) for free‐breathing. Amplitude difference between the normalized CMS and RPM signal during chest and abdominal breathing was within 0.15 for 94.3% of the data points after synchronization. CMS performance was not affected when the subject was clothed. Conclusion This novel technology permits sensing of both free‐breathing and breath‐hold respiratory motion. It provides data comparable to the RPM system but without the need for an IR tracking camera in the treatment room or use of reflective markers on the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sadeghi
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kathryn Moran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Radiation Therapy Services, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James L Robar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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11
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Schreuder AN, Shamblin J. Proton therapy delivery: what is needed in the next ten years? Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20190359. [PMID: 31692372 PMCID: PMC7066946 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton radiation therapy has been used clinically since 1952, and major advancements in the last 10 years have helped establish protons as a major clinical modality in the cancer-fighting arsenal. Technologies will always evolve, but enough major breakthroughs have been accomplished over the past 10 years to allow for a major revolution in proton therapy. This paper summarizes the major technology advancements with respect to beam delivery that are now ready for mass implementation in the proton therapy space and encourages vendors to bring these to market to benefit the cancer population worldwide. We state why these technologies are essential and ready for implementation, and we discuss how future systems should be designed to accommodate their required features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries N. Schreuder
- Provision Center for Proton therapy – Knoxville, 6450 Provision Cares way, Knoxville, TN 37909, USA
| | - Jacob Shamblin
- ProNova Solutions, LLC, 330 Pellissippi Place, Maryville, TN 37804, USA
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12
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Lewis B, Cadrain R, Fields E, Kim S, Kim T. A pressure based respiratory motion management system with biofeedback for MR-based radiotherapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Kalet AM, Cao N, Smith WP, Young L, Wootton L, Stewart RD, Fang LC, Kim J, Horton T, Meyer J. Accuracy and stability of deep inspiration breath hold in gated breast radiotherapy – A comparison of two tracking and guidance systems. Phys Med 2019; 60:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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14
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Kim DS, Lee S, Kim TH, Kang SH, Kim KH, Shin DS, Kim S, Suh TS. A respiratory-guided 4D digital tomosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:245007. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaeddb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Dieterich S, Green O, Booth J. SBRT targets that move with respiration. Phys Med 2018; 56:19-24. [PMID: 30527085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology of treating SBRT targets that move with respiration has undergone profound changes over the last 20 years. This review article summarizes modern image guidance to localize the target in real-time to account for intra-fraction motion. The state-of-the art respiratory motion compensation techniques will be discussed, including the determination and application of appropriate margins. This includes compression, gating and breath-hold, including the use of audiovisual feedback to manage motion. Approaches to real-time tracking include the use of hybrid external-internal imaging to build a skin-to-tumor correlation, which can then be tracked with a mobile robot (CyberKnife Synchrony, clinical since 2003) as well as the use of non-ionizing electromagnetic tumor surrogate localization followed by real-time tracking with a moving MLC (in clinical trials in Europe and Australia). Lastly, the clinical application of real-time MRI soft-tissue imaging to deliver adaptive, iso-toxic treatments will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Green
- Washington University St. Louis, United States
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16
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Spetz J, Moslehi J, Sarosiek K. Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity: Mechanisms, Prevention, and Treatment. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2018; 20:31. [PMID: 29556748 PMCID: PMC7325164 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-018-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ionizing radiation is a highly effective treatment for a wide range of malignancies, yet the cardiovascular (CV) toxicity that can result from chest radiotherapy impairs the long-term health of cancer survivors and can be a limiting factor for its use. Despite over 100 years of successful clinical use, the mechanisms by which high-energy photons damage critical components within cells of the heart's myocardium, pericardium, vasculature, and valves remain unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies exploring the acute and chronic effects of radiation therapy on cardiac and vascular tissue have provided new insights into the development and progression of heart disease, including the identification and understanding of age- and complication-associated risk factors. However, key questions relating to the connection from upstream signaling to fibrotic changes remain. In addition, advances in the delivery of chest radiotherapy have helped to limit heart exposure and damage, but additional refinements to delivery techniques and cardioprotective therapeutics are absolutely necessary to reduce patient mortality and morbidity. Radiation therapy (RT)-driven CV toxicity remains a major issue for cancer survivors and more research is needed to define the precise mechanisms of toxicity. However, recent findings provide meaningful insights that may help improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Spetz
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 220 Longwood Avenue, Goldenson 553, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javid Moslehi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristopher Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 220 Longwood Avenue, Goldenson 553, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Lee D, Greer PB, Paganelli C, Ludbrook JJ, Kim T, Keall P. Audiovisual biofeedback improves the correlation between internal/external surrogate motion and lung tumor motion. Med Phys 2018; 45:1009-1017. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lee
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Peter B. Greer
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Calvary Mater Newcastle; Waratah NSW Australia
| | - Chiara Paganelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Joanna Jane Ludbrook
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Calvary Mater Newcastle; Waratah NSW Australia
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Paul Keall
- ACRF Image X Institute; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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18
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Pollock S, Tse R, Martin D, McLean L, Pham M, Tait D, Estoesta R, Whittington G, Turley J, Kearney C, Cho G, Hill R, Pickard S, Aston P, Makhija K, O'Brien R, Keall P. Impact of audiovisual biofeedback on interfraction respiratory motion reproducibility in liver cancer stereotactic body radiotherapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018; 62:133-139. [PMID: 29405637 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irregular breathing motion exacerbates uncertainties throughout a course of radiation therapy. Breathing guidance has demonstrated to improve breathing motion consistency. This was the first clinical implementation of audiovisual biofeedback (AVB) breathing guidance over a course of liver stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) investigating interfraction reproducibility. METHODS Five liver cancer patients underwent a screening procedure prior to CT sim during which patients underwent breathing conditions (i) AVB, or (ii) free breathing (FB). Whichever breathing condition was more regular was utilised for the patient's subsequent course of SBRT. Respiratory motion was obtained from the Varian respiratory position monitoring (RPM) system (Varian Medical Systems). Breathing motion reproducibility was assessed by the variance of displacement across 10 phase-based respiratory bins over each patient's course of SBRT. RESULTS The screening procedure yielded the decision to utilise AVB for three patients and FB for two patients. Over the course of SBRT, AVB significantly improved the relative interfraction motion by 32%, from 22% displacement difference for FB patients to 15% difference for AVB patients. Further to this, AVB facilitated sub-millimetre interfraction reproducibility for two AVB patients. CONCLUSION There was significantly less interfraction motion with AVB than FB. These findings demonstrate that AVB is potentially a valuable tool in ensuring reproducible interfraction motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Pollock
- Sydney Medical School - Central, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Regina Tse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren Martin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa McLean
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Pham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Tait
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reuben Estoesta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grant Whittington
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica Turley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Kearney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gwi Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin Hill
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sheila Pickard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Aston
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Makhija
- Sydney Medical School - Central, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ricky O'Brien
- Sydney Medical School - Central, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Keall
- Sydney Medical School - Central, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Price GJ, Faivre-Finn C, Stratford J, Chauhan S, Bewley M, Clarke L, Johnson CN, Moore CJ. Results from a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of real-time body surface visual feedback in reducing patient motion during lung cancer radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 2018; 57:211-218. [PMID: 28780900 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2017.1360511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optical surface measurement devices are a maturing technology in radiotherapy. The challenge for such devices is to demonstrate how they can improve clinical care. We present results from a phase 1 clinical trial designed to test the hypothesis that if presented with live data from a novel optical measurement device, showing their deviation from an ideal radiotherapy treatment position, patients will be able to better control their motion and increase their geometrical conformance. METHOD AND MATERIALS Fourteen lung cancer patients were enrolled in a prospective clinical study and asked to use a variety of visual feedback schema from a novel in-house developed optical surface measurement device. The magnitude and regularity of their body surface motion using the different schema was compared to that when free-breathing at three time-points throughout their radiotherapy treatment schedule. Additionally, 4D Cone Beam CT data, acquired simultaneously with the optical measurements, was used to test if improvements in external motion are reflected in changes in internal tumor motion. RESULTS The primary endpoint of the trial, device tolerability assessed by the fraction of participants completing all study sessions, was 86%. Secondary endpoints showed that use of the visual feedback device was found to statistically significantly decrease body surface motion magnitude by an average of 17% over the study cohort, although not universally. Similarly body surface motion variability was decreased by 18% on average. Internal tumor motion magnitude was also found to be statistically significantly decreased by an average of 14% when using the feedback device. Reduction in external motion was predictive of reduced internal motion but no evidence of a simple correlation between changes in internal and external motion magnitude was found. CONCLUSIONS Visual feedback of live motion is well tolerated by lung cancer patients and can reduce both body surface and tumor motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Price
- a Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- a Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Julia Stratford
- a Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | | | | | - Laura Clarke
- b The Christie NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , UK
| | - Corinne N Johnson
- a Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Christopher J Moore
- a Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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20
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Abstract
Patient motion can cause misalignment of the tumour and toxicities to the healthy lung tissue during lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Any deviations from the reference setup can miss the target and have acute toxic effects on the patient with consequences onto its quality of life and survival outcomes. Correction for motion, either immediately prior to treatment or intra-treatment, can be realized with image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) and motion management devices. The use of these techniques has demonstrated the feasibility of integrating complex technology with clinical linear accelerator to provide a higher standard of care for the patients and increase their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Caillet
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jeremy T Booth
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Keall
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Liang X, Yin FF, Liu Y, Cai J. A probability-based multi-cycle sorting method for 4D-MRI: A simulation study. Med Phys 2017; 43:6375. [PMID: 27908178 DOI: 10.1118/1.4966705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel probability-based sorting method capable of generating multiple breathing cycles of 4D-MRI images and to evaluate performance of this new method by comparing with conventional phase-based methods in terms of image quality and tumor motion measurement. METHODS Based on previous findings that breathing motion probability density function (PDF) of a single breathing cycle is dramatically different from true stabilized PDF that resulted from many breathing cycles, it is expected that a probability-based sorting method capable of generating multiple breathing cycles of 4D images may capture breathing variation information missing from conventional single-cycle sorting methods. The overall idea is to identify a few main breathing cycles (and their corresponding weightings) that can best represent the main breathing patterns of the patient and then reconstruct a set of 4D images for each of the identified main breathing cycles. This method is implemented in three steps: (1) The breathing signal is decomposed into individual breathing cycles, characterized by amplitude, and period; (2) individual breathing cycles are grouped based on amplitude and period to determine the main breathing cycles. If a group contains more than 10% of all breathing cycles in a breathing signal, it is determined as a main breathing pattern group and is represented by the average of individual breathing cycles in the group; (3) for each main breathing cycle, a set of 4D images is reconstructed using a result-driven sorting method adapted from our previous study. The probability-based sorting method was first tested on 26 patients' breathing signals to evaluate its feasibility of improving target motion PDF. The new method was subsequently tested for a sequential image acquisition scheme on the 4D digital extended cardiac torso (XCAT) phantom. Performance of the probability-based and conventional sorting methods was evaluated in terms of target volume precision and accuracy as measured by the 4D images, and also the accuracy of average intensity projection (AIP) of 4D images. RESULTS Probability-based sorting showed improved similarity of breathing motion PDF from 4D images to reference PDF compared to single cycle sorting, indicated by the significant increase in Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) (probability-based sorting, DSC = 0.89 ± 0.03, and single cycle sorting, DSC = 0.83 ± 0.05, p-value <0.001). Based on the simulation study on XCAT, the probability-based method outperforms the conventional phase-based methods in qualitative evaluation on motion artifacts and quantitative evaluation on tumor volume precision and accuracy and accuracy of AIP of the 4D images. CONCLUSIONS In this paper the authors demonstrated the feasibility of a novel probability-based multicycle 4D image sorting method. The authors' preliminary results showed that the new method can improve the accuracy of tumor motion PDF and the AIP of 4D images, presenting potential advantages over the conventional phase-based sorting method for radiation therapy motion management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Fang-Fang Yin
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Yilin Liu
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jing Cai
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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22
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Parkes MJ, Green S, Stevens AM, Parveen S, Stephens R, Clutton-Brock TH. Safely prolonging single breath-holds to >5 min in patients with cancer; feasibility and applications for radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2017; 89:20160194. [PMID: 27168468 PMCID: PMC5257330 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20160194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple, short and deep inspiratory breath-holds with air of approximately 20 s are now used in radiotherapy to reduce the influence of ventilatory motion and damage to healthy tissue. There may be further clinical advantages in delivering each treatment session in only one single, prolonged breath-hold. We have previously developed techniques enabling healthy subjects to breath-hold for 7 min. Here, we demonstrate their successful application in patients with cancer. METHODS 15 patients aged 37-74 years undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer were trained to breath-hold safely with pre-oxygenation and mechanically induced hypocapnia under simulated radiotherapy treatment conditions. RESULTS The mean breath-hold duration was 5.3 ± 0.2 min. At breakpoint, all patients were normocapnic and normoxic [mean end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 36 ± 1 standard error millimetre of mercury, (mmHg) and mean oxygen saturation was 100 ± 0 standard error %]. None were distressed, nor had gasping, dizziness or disturbed breathing in the post-breath-hold period. Mean blood pressure had risen significantly from 125 ± 3 to 166 ± 4 mmHg at breakpoint (without heart rate falling), but normalized within approximately 20 s of the breakpoint. During breath-holding, the mean linear anteroposterior displacement slope of the L breast marker was <2 mm min(-1). CONCLUSION Patients with cancer can be trained to breath-hold safely and under simulated radiotherapy treatment conditions for longer than the typical beam-on time of a single fraction. We discuss the important applications of this technique for radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE We demonstrate for the first time a technique enabling patients with cancer to deliver safely a single prolonged breath-hold of >5 min (10 times longer than currently used in radiotherapy practice), under simulated radiotherapy treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Parkes
- 1 School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,2 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/Wellcome Trust Birmingham Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stuart Green
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Group, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea M Stevens
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Group, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophia Parveen
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Group, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Stephens
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Group, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas H Clutton-Brock
- 2 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/Wellcome Trust Birmingham Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,4 Department Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Zhang Y, Tehrani JN, Wang J. A Biomechanical Modeling Guided CBCT Estimation Technique. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:641-652. [PMID: 27831866 PMCID: PMC5381525 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2623745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional-to-three-dimensional (2D-3D) deformation has emerged as a new technique to estimate cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The technique is based on deforming a prior high-quality 3D CT/CBCT image to form a new CBCT image, guided by limited-view 2D projections. The accuracy of this intensity-based technique, however, is often limited in low-contrast image regions with subtle intensity differences. The solved deformation vector fields (DVFs) can also be biomechanically unrealistic. To address these problems, we have developed a biomechanical modeling guided CBCT estimation technique (Bio-CBCT-est) by combining 2D-3D deformation with finite element analysis (FEA)-based biomechanical modeling of anatomical structures. Specifically, Bio-CBCT-est first extracts the 2D-3D deformation-generated displacement vectors at the high-contrast anatomical structure boundaries. The extracted surface deformation fields are subsequently used as the boundary conditions to drive structure-based FEA to correct and fine-tune the overall deformation fields, especially those at low-contrast regions within the structure. The resulting FEA-corrected deformation fields are then fed back into 2D-3D deformation to form an iterative loop, combining the benefits of intensity-based deformation and biomechanical modeling for CBCT estimation. Using eleven lung cancer patient cases, the accuracy of the Bio-CBCT-est technique has been compared to that of the 2D-3D deformation technique and the traditional CBCT reconstruction techniques. The accuracy was evaluated in the image domain, and also in the DVF domain through clinician-tracked lung landmarks.
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Sung K, Choi YE, Lee KC. Cardiac risk index as a simple geometric indicator to select patients for the heart-sparing radiotherapy of left-sided breast cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2016; 61:410-417. [PMID: 28004515 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is a dosimetric study to identify a simple geometric indicator to discriminate patients who meet the selection criterion for heart-sparing radiotherapy (RT). The authors proposed a cardiac risk index (CRI), directly measurable from the CT images at the time of scanning. METHODS Treatment plans were regenerated using the CT data of 312 consecutive patients with left-sided breast cancer. Dosimetric analysis was performed to estimate the risk of cardiac mortality using cardiac dosimetric parameters, such as the relative heart volumes receiving ≥25 Gy (heart V25 ). For each CT data set, in-field heart depth (HD) and in-field heart width (HW) were measured to generate the geometric parameters, including maximum HW (HWmax ) and maximum HD (HDmax ). Seven geometric parameters were evaluated as candidates for CRI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to examine the overall discriminatory power of the geometric parameters to select high-risk patients (heart V25 ≥ 10%). RESULTS Seventy-one high-risk (22.8%) and 241 low-risk patients (77.2%) were identified by dosimetric analysis. The geometric and dosimetric parameters were significantly higher in the high-risk group. Heart V25 showed the strong positive correlations with all geometric parameters examined (r > 0.8, p < 0.001). The product of HDmax and HWmax (CRI) revealed the largest area under the curve (AUC) value (0.969) and maintained 100% sensitivity and 88% specificity at the optimal cut-off value of 14.58 cm2 . CONCLUSIONS Cardiac risk index proposed as a simple geometric indicator to select high-risk patients provides useful guidance for clinicians considering optimal implementation of heart-sparing RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- KiHoon Sung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Eun Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyu Chan Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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[Respiratory synchronization and breast radiotherapy]. Cancer Radiother 2016; 20:576-82. [PMID: 27592267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant radiation therapy following breast cancer surgery continues to improve locoregional control and overall survival. But the success of highly targeted-conformal radiotherapy such as intensity-modulated techniques, can be compromised by respiratory motion. The intrafraction motion can potentially result in significant under- or overdose, and also expose organs at risk. This article summarizes the respiratory motion and its effects on imaging, dose calculation and dose delivery by radiotherapy for breast cancer. We will review the methods of respiratory synchronization available for breast radiotherapy to minimize the respiratory impact and to spare organs such as heart and lung.
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Pollock S, Kipritidis J, Lee D, Bernatowicz K, Keall P. The impact of breathing guidance and prospective gating during thoracic 4DCT imaging: an XCAT study utilizing lung cancer patient motion. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:6485-501. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/17/6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nakajima Y, Kadoya N, Kanai T, Ito K, Sato K, Dobashi S, Yamamoto T, Ishikawa Y, Matsushita H, Takeda K, Jingu K. Comparison of visual biofeedback system with a guiding waveform and abdomen-chest motion self-control system for respiratory motion management. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:387-392. [PMID: 26922090 PMCID: PMC4973639 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Irregular breathing can influence the outcome of 4D computed tomography imaging and cause artifacts. Visual biofeedback systems associated with a patient-specific guiding waveform are known to reduce respiratory irregularities. In Japan, abdomen and chest motion self-control devices (Abches) (representing simpler visual coaching techniques without a guiding waveform) are used instead; however, no studies have compared these two systems to date. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of respiratory coaching in reducing respiratory irregularities by comparing two respiratory management systems. We collected data from 11 healthy volunteers. Bar and wave models were used as visual biofeedback systems. Abches consisted of a respiratory indicator indicating the end of each expiration and inspiration motion. Respiratory variations were quantified as root mean squared error (RMSE) of displacement and period of breathing cycles. All coaching techniques improved respiratory variation, compared with free-breathing. Displacement RMSEs were 1.43 ± 0.84, 1.22 ± 1.13, 1.21 ± 0.86 and 0.98 ± 0.47 mm for free-breathing, Abches, bar model and wave model, respectively. Period RMSEs were 0.48 ± 0.42, 0.33 ± 0.31, 0.23 ± 0.18 and 0.17 ± 0.05 s for free-breathing, Abches, bar model and wave model, respectively. The average reduction in displacement and period RMSE compared with the wave model were 27% and 47%, respectively. For variation in both displacement and period, wave model was superior to the other techniques. Our results showed that visual biofeedback combined with a wave model could potentially provide clinical benefits in respiratory management, although all techniques were able to reduce respiratory irregularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kadoya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Sato
- Department of Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Suguru Dobashi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takaya Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yojiro Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Haruo Matsushita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Department of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Keiichi Jingu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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Parkes MJ, Green S, Stevens AM, Parveen S, Stephens R, Clutton-Brock TH. Reducing the within-patient variability of breathing for radiotherapy delivery in conscious, unsedated cancer patients using a mechanical ventilator. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20150741. [PMID: 26959610 PMCID: PMC5258146 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Variability in the breathing pattern of patients with cancer during radiotherapy requires mitigation, including enlargement of the planned treatment field, treatment gating and breathing guidance interventions. Here, we provide the first demonstration of how easy it is to mechanically ventilate patients with breast cancer while fully conscious and without sedation, and we quantify the resulting reduction in the variability of breathing. Methods: 15 patients were trained for mechanical ventilation. Breathing was measured and the left breast anteroposterior displacement was measured using an Osiris surface-image mapping system (Qados Ltd, Sandhurst, UK). Results: Mechanical ventilation significantly reduced the within-breath variability of breathing frequency by 85% (p < 0.0001) and that of inflation volume by 29% (p < 0.006) when compared with their spontaneous breathing pattern. During mechanical ventilation, the mean amplitude of the left breast marker displacement was 5 ± 1 mm, the mean variability in its peak inflation position was 0.5 ± 0.1 mm and that in its trough inflation position was 0.4 ± 0.0 mm. Their mean drifts were not significantly different from 0 mm min−1 (peak drift was −0.1 ± 0.2 mm min−1 and trough drift was −0.3 ± 0.2 mm min−1). Patients had a normal resting mean systolic blood pressure (131 ± 5 mmHg) and mean heart rate [75 ± 2 beats per minute (bpm)] before mechanical ventilation. During mechanical ventilation, the mean blood pressure did not change significantly, mean heart rate fell by 2 bpm (p < 0.05) with pre-oxygenation and rose by only 4 bpm (p < 0.05) during pre-oxygenation with hypocapnia. No patients reported discomfort and all 15 patients were always willing to return to the laboratory on multiple occasions to continue the study. Conclusion: This simple technique for regularizing breathing may have important applications in radiotherapy. Advances in knowledge: Variations in the breathing pattern introduce major problems in imaging and radiotherapy planning and delivery and are currently addressed to only a limited extent by asking patients to breathe to auditory or visual guidelines. We provide the first demonstration that a completely different technique, of using a mechanical ventilator to take over the patients' breathing for them, is easy for patients who are conscious and unsedated and reduces the within-patient variability of breathing. This technique has potential advantages in radiotherapy over currently used breathing guidance interventions because it does not require any active participation from or feedback to the patient and is therefore worthy of further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Parkes
- 1 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/Wellcome Trust Birmingham Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,2 School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stuart Green
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group, Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea M Stevens
- 4 Department of Oncology , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophia Parveen
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group, Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Stephens
- 3 Hall Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group, Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas H Clutton-Brock
- 1 National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/Wellcome Trust Birmingham Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,5 Department Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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