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Feng H, Holmes JM, Vora SA, Stoker JB, Bues M, Wong WW, Sio TS, Foote RL, Patel SH, Shen J, Liu W. Modelling small block aperture in an in-house developed GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo-based dose engine for pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:10.1088/1361-6560/ad0b64. [PMID: 37944480 PMCID: PMC11009986 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0b64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To enhance an in-house graphic-processing-unit accelerated virtual particle (VP)-based Monte Carlo (MC) proton dose engine (VPMC) to model aperture blocks in both dose calculation and optimization for pencil beam scanning proton therapy (PBSPT)-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).Methods and materials. A module to simulate VPs passing through patient-specific aperture blocks was developed and integrated in VPMC based on simulation results of realistic particles (primary protons and their secondaries). To validate the aperture block module, VPMC was first validated by an opensource MC code, MCsquare, in eight water phantom simulations with 3 cm thick brass apertures: four were with aperture openings of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm without a range shifter, while the other four were with same aperture opening configurations with a range shifter of 45 mm water equivalent thickness. Then, VPMC was benchmarked with MCsquare and RayStation MC for 10 patients with small targets (average volume 8.4 c.c. with range of 0.4-43.3 c.c.). Finally, 3 typical patients were selected for robust optimization with aperture blocks using VPMC.Results. In the water phantoms, 3D gamma passing rate (2%/2 mm/10%) between VPMC and MCsquare was 99.71 ± 0.23%. In the patient geometries, 3D gamma passing rates (3%/2 mm/10%) between VPMC/MCsquare and RayStation MC were 97.79 ± 2.21%/97.78 ± 1.97%, respectively. Meanwhile, the calculation time was drastically decreased from 112.45 ± 114.08 s (MCsquare) to 8.20 ± 6.42 s (VPMC) with the same statistical uncertainties of ~0.5%. The robustly optimized plans met all the dose-volume-constraints (DVCs) for the targets and OARs per our institutional protocols. The mean calculation time for 13 influence matrices in robust optimization by VPMC was 41.6 s and the subsequent on-the-fly 'trial-and-error' optimization procedure took only 71.4 s on average for the selected three patients.Conclusion. VPMC has been successfully enhanced to model aperture blocks in dose calculation and optimization for the PBSPT-based SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Feng
- College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510555, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jason M Holmes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Sujay A Vora
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Joshua B Stoker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Terence S Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Robert L Foote
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States of America
| | - Samir H Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, United States of America
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Tominaga Y, Suga M, Takeda M, Yamamoto Y, Akagi T, Kato T, Tokumaru S, Yamamoto M, Oita M. Dose-volume comparisons of proton therapy for pencil beam scanning with and without multi-leaf collimator and passive scattering in patients with lung cancer. Med Dosim 2023; 49:13-18. [PMID: 37940436 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the dose distributions of proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) with/without a multileaf collimator (MLC) compared to passive scattering (PS) for stage I/II lung cancers. Collimated/uncollimated (PBS+/PBS-) and PS plans were created for 20 patients. Internal-clinical-target-volumes (ICTVs) and planning-target-volumes (PTVs) with a 5 mm margin were defined on the gated CTs. Organs-at-risk (OARs) are defined as the normal lungs, spinal cord, esophagus, and heart. The prescribed dose was 66 Gy relative-biological-effectiveness (RBE) in 10 fractions at the isocenter and 50% volume of the ICTVs for the PS and PBS, respectively. We compared the target and OAR dose statistics from the dose volume histograms. The PBS+ group had a significantly better mean PTV conformity index than the PBS- and PS groups. The mean dose sparing for PBS+ was better than those for PBS- and PS. Only the normal lung doses of PBS- were worse than those of PS. The overall performance of the OAR sparing was in the order of PBS+, PBS-, and PS. The PBS+ plan showed significantly better target homogeneity and OAR sparing than the PBS- and PS plans. PBS requires collimating systems to treat lung cancers with the most OAR sparing while maintaining the target coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tominaga
- Medical Co. Hakuhokai, Osaka Proton Therapy Clinic, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan.
| | - Masaki Suga
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Mikuni Takeda
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Depertment of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima, Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Depertment of Radiation Physics and Technology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8052, Japan
| | - Sunao Tokumaru
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Michinori Yamamoto
- Medical Co. Hakuhokai, Osaka Proton Therapy Clinic, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Masataka Oita
- Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Miyata J, Tominaga Y, Kondo K, Sonoda Y, Hanazawa H, Sakai M, Itasaka S, Oita M, Kuroda M. Dosimetric comparison of pencil beam scanning proton therapy with or without multi-leaf collimator versus volumetric-modulated arc therapy for treatment of malignant glioma. Med Dosim 2023; 48:105-112. [PMID: 36914455 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the dosimetric effect of intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) with a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) in treating malignant glioma. We compared the dose distribution of IMPT with or without MLC (IMPTMLC+ or IMPTMLC-, respectively) using pencil beam scanning and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) plans for 16 patients with malignant gliomas. High- and low-risk target volumes were assessed using D2%, V90%, V95%, homogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI). Organs at risk (OARs) were evaluated using the average dose (Dmean) and D2%. Furthermore, the dose to the normal brain was evaluated using from V5Gy to V40Gy at 5 Gy intervals. There were no significant differences among all techniques regarding V90%, V95%, and CI for the targets. HI and D2% for IMPTMLC+ and IMPTMLC- were significantly superior to those for VMAT (p < 0.01). The Dmean and D2% of all OARs for IMPTMLC+ were equivalent or superior to those of other techniques. Regarding the normal brain, there was no significant difference in V40Gy among all techniques whereas V5Gy to V35Gy in IMPTMLC+ were significantly smaller than those in IMPTMLC- (with differences ranging from 0.45% to 4.80%, p < 0.05) and VMAT (with differences ranging from 6.85% to 57.94%, p < 0.01). IMPTMLC+ could reduce the dose to OARs, while maintaining target coverage compared to IMPTMLC- and VMAT in treating malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Miyata
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan; Department of Radiological Technology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Tominaga
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan; Department of Radiotherapy, Medical Co. Hakuhokai, Osaka Proton Therapy Clinic, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kondo
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sonoda
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideki Hanazawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Sakai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Itasaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masataka Oita
- Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kuroda
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
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Yasui K, Omi Y, Shimomura A, Muramatsu R, Iwata H, Ogino H, Hayashi N. Dosimetric impact of systematic spot position errors in spot scanning proton therapy of head and neck tumor. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S0. [PMID: 37147973 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_389_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The spot position is an important beam parameter in the quality assurance of scanning proton therapy. In this study, we investigated dosimetric impact of systematic 15 spot position errors (SSPE) in spot scanning proton therapy using three types of optimization methods of head and neck tumor. Materials and Methods The planning simulation was performed with ± 2 mm model SSPE in the X and Y directions. Treatment plans were created using intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and single-field uniform dose (SFUD). IMPT plans were created by two optimization methods: with worst-case optimization (WCO-IMPT) and without (IMPT). For clinical target volume (CTV), D95%, D50%, and D2cc were used for analysis. For organs at risk (OAR), Dmean was used to analyze the brain, cochlea, and parotid, and Dmax was used to analyze brainsetem, chiasm, optic nerve, and cord. Results For CTV, the variation (1 standard deviation) of D95% was ± 0.88%, 0.97% and 0.97% to WCO-IMPT, IMPT, and SFUD plan. The variation of D50% and D2cc of CTV showed <0.5% variation in all plans. The dose variation due to SSPE was larger in OAR, and worst-case optimization reduced the dose variation, especially in Dmax. The analysis results showed that SSPE has little impact on SFUD. Conclusions We clarified the impact of SSPE on dose distribution for three optimization methods. SFUD was shown to be a robust treatment plan for OARs, and the WCO can be used to increase robustness to SSPE in IMPT.
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Tominaga Y, Sakurai Y, Miyata J, Harada S, Akagi T, Oita M. Validation of pencil beam scanning proton therapy with multi-leaf collimator calculated by a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 23:e13817. [PMID: 36420959 PMCID: PMC9797166 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical beam commissioning results and lateral penumbra characteristics of our new pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy using a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) calculated by use of a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine. Eighteen collimated uniform dose plans for cubic targets were optimized by the RayStation 9A treatment planning system (TPS), varying scan area, modulation widths, measurement depths, and collimator angles. To test the patient-specific measurements, we also created and verified five clinically realistic PBS plans with the MLC, such as the liver, prostate, base-of-skull, C-shape, and head-and-neck. The verification measurements consist of the depth dose (DD), lateral profile (LP), and absolute dose (AD). We compared the LPs and ADs between the calculation and measurements. For the cubic plans, the gamma index pass rates (γ-passing) were on average 96.5% ± 4.0% at 3%/3 mm for the DD and 95.2% ± 7.6% at 2%/2 mm for the LP. In several LP measurements less than 75 mm depths, the γ-passing deteriorated (increased the measured doses) by less than 90% with the scattering such as the MLC edge and range shifter. The deteriorated γ-passing was satisfied by more than 90% at 2%/2 mm using uncollimated beams instead of collimated beams except for three planes. The AD differences and the lateral penumbra width (80%-20% distance) were within ±1.9% and ± 1.1 mm, respectively. For the clinical plan measurements, the γ-passing of LP at 2%/2 mm and the AD differences were 97.7% ± 4.2% on average and within ±1.8%, respectively. The measurements were in good agreement with the calculations of both the cubic and clinical plans inserted in the MLC except for LPs less than 75 mm regions of some cubic and clinical plans. The calculation errors in collimated beams can be mitigated by substituting uncollimated beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tominaga
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical Co. HakuhokaiOsaka Proton Therapy ClinicOsakaJapan,Division of Radiological TechnologyGraduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health SystemsOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Yusuke Sakurai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical Co. HakuhokaiOsaka Proton Therapy ClinicOsakaJapan
| | - Junya Miyata
- Division of Radiological TechnologyGraduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health SystemsOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan,Department of Radiological technologyKurashiki Central HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | | | | | - Masataka Oita
- Division of Radiological TechnologyGraduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health SystemsOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
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Holmes J, Shen J, Shan J, Patrick CL, Wong WW, Foote RL, Patel SH, Bues M, Liu W. Technical Note: Evaluation and 2nd check of a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine for small-field apertures in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Med Phys 2022; 49:3497-3506. [PMID: 35305269 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy of the RayStation Monte Carlo dose engine (RayStation MC) in modeling small-field block apertures in proton pencil beam scanning. Furthermore, we evaluate the suitability of MCsquare as a 2nd check for RayStation MC. METHODS We have enhanced MCsquare to model block apertures. To test the accuracy of both RayStation MC and the newly enhanced MCsquare, we compare the dose predictions of each to in-water dose measurements obtained using diode detectors and radiochromic film. Nine brass apertures with openings of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm and either 2 cm or 4 cm thickness were used in the irradiation of a water phantom. Two measurement setups were used, one with a range shifter and 119.7 MeV proton beam energy and the other with no range shifter and 147 MeV proton beam energy. To further test the validity of RayStation MC and MCsquare in modeling block apertures and to evaluate MCsquare as a 2nd check tool, ten small-field (average target volume 8.3 cm3 ) patient treatment plans were calculated by each dose engine followed by a statistical comparison. RESULTS Comparing to the absolute dose measurements in water, RayStation MC differed by 1.2% ± 1.0% while MCsquare differed by -1.8% ± 3.7% in the plateau region of a pristine Bragg peak. Compared to the in-water film measurements, RayStation MC and MCsquare both performed well with an average 2D-3D gamma passing rate of 99.4% and 99.7% (3%/3mm) respectively. A t-test comparing the agreement with the film measurements between RayStation MC and MCsquare suggested that the relative spatial dose distributions calculated by MCsquare and RayStation MC were statistically indistinguishable. Directly comparing the dose calculations between MCsquare and RayStation MC over ten patients resulted in an average 3D-3D gamma passing rates of 98.5% (3%/3mm) and 94.1% (2%/2mm) respectively. CONCLUSION The validity of RayStation MC algorithm for use with patient-specific apertures has been expanded to include small apertures. MCsquare has been enhanced to model apertures and was found to be an adequate 2nd check of RayStation MC in this scenario. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Holmes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | | | - William W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Robert L Foote
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Samir H Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
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Nagata J, Yasui K, Omachi C, Toshiyuki T, Shimizu H, Aoyama T, Hayashi N. Evaluation of radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter response for therapeutic spot scanning proton beam: suggestion of linear energy transfer-based correction. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:265-272. [PMID: 34339583 PMCID: PMC8364267 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RGD) is used for a postal audit of a photon beam because of its various excellent characteristics. However, it has not been used for scanning proton beams because its response characteristics have not been verified. In this study, the response of RGD to scanning protons was investigated to develop a dosimetry protocol using the linear energy transfer (LET)‐based correction factor. The responses of RGD to four maximum‐range‐energy‐pattern proton beams were verified by comparing it with ionization chamber (IC) dosimetry. The LET at each measurement depth was calculated via Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The LET correction factor (kLETRGD) was the ratio between the uncorrected RGD dose (DrawRGD) and the IC dose at each measurement depth. kLETRGD can be represented as a function of LET using the following equation: kLETRGDLET=‐0.035LET+1.090. DrawRGD showed a linear under‐response with increasing LET, and the maximum dose difference between the IC dose and DrawRGD was 15.2% at an LET of 6.07 keV/μm. The LET‐based correction dose (DLETRGD) conformed within 3.6% of the IC dose. The mean dose difference (±SD) of DrawRGD and DLETRGD was –2.5 ± 6.9% and 0.0 ± 1.6%, respectively. To achieve accurate dose verification for scanning proton beams using RGD, we derived a linear regression equation based on LET. The results show that with appropriate LET correction, RGD can be used for dose verification of scanning proton beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Nagata
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshito Toshiyuki
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimizu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Aoyama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Omi Y, Yasui K, Shimomura A, Muramatsu R, Iwata H, Ogino H, Furukawa A, Hayashi N. Dosimetric effects of quality assurance-related setup errors in passive proton therapy for prostate cancer with and without a hydrogel spacer. Radiol Phys Technol 2021; 14:328-335. [PMID: 34313911 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-021-00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of quality assurance (QA)-related setup errors in passive proton therapy for prostate cancer with and without a hydrogel spacer. We used 20 typical computed tomography (CT) images of prostate cancer: 10 patients with and 10 patients without spacers. The following 12 model errors were assumed: output error ± 2%, range error ± 1 mm, setup error ± 1 mm for three directions, and multileaf collimator (MLC) position error ± 1 mm. We created verification plans with model errors and compared the prostate-rectal (PR) distance and dose indices with and without the spacer. The mean PR distance at the isocenter was 1.1 ± 1.3 mm without the spacer and 12.9 ± 2.9 mm with the spacer (P < 0.001). The mean rectum V53.5 GyE, V50 GyE, and V34.5 GyE in the original plan were 2.3%, 4.1%, and 12.1% without the spacer and 0.1%, 0.4%, and 3.3% with the spacer (P = 0.0011, < 0.001, and < 0.001). The effects of the range and lateral setup errors were small; however, the effects of the vertical/long setup and MLC error were significant in the cases without the spacer. The means of the maximum absolute change from original plans across all scenarios in the rectum V53.5 GyE, V50 GyE, and V34.5 GyE were 1.3%, 1.5%, and 2.3% without the spacer, and 0.2%, 0.4%, and 1.3% with the spacer (P < 0.001, < 0.001, and = 0.0019). This study indicated that spacer injections were also effective in reducing the change in the rectal dose due to setup errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Omi
- Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashi-Hirokute, Anjo-cho, Anjo, Aichi, 446-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Akira Shimomura
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Rie Muramatsu
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Akari Furukawa
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
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Bäumer C, Plaude S, Khalil DA, Geismar D, Kramer PH, Kröninger K, Nitsch C, Wulff J, Timmermann B. Clinical Implementation of Proton Therapy Using Pencil-Beam Scanning Delivery Combined With Static Apertures. Front Oncol 2021; 11:599018. [PMID: 34055596 PMCID: PMC8149965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.599018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy makes use of the favorable depth-dose distribution with its characteristic Bragg peak to spare normal tissue distal of the target volume. A steep dose gradient would be desired in lateral dimensions, too. The widespread spot scanning delivery technique is based, however, on pencil-beams with in-air spot full-widths-at-half-maximum of typically 1 cm or more. This hampers the sparing of organs-at-risk if small-scale structures adjacent to the target volume are concerned. The trimming of spot scanning fields with collimating apertures constitutes a simple measure to increase the transversal dose gradient. The current study describes the clinical implementation of brass apertures in conjunction with the pencil-beam scanning delivery mode at a horizontal, clinical treatment head based on commercial hardware and software components. Furthermore, clinical cases, which comprised craniopharyngiomas, re-irradiations and ocular tumors, were evaluated. The dosimetric benefits of 31 treatment plans using apertures were compared to the corresponding plans without aperture. Furthermore, an overview of the radiation protection aspects is given. Regarding the results, robust optimization considering range and setup uncertainties was combined with apertures. The treatment plan optimizations followed a single-field uniform dose or a restricted multi-field optimization approach. Robustness evaluation was expanded to account for possible deviations of the center of the pencil-beam delivery and the mechanical center of the aperture holder. Supplementary apertures improved the conformity index on average by 15.3%. The volume of the dose gradient surrounding the PTV (evaluated between 80 and 20% dose levels) was decreased on average by 17.6%. The mean dose of the hippocampi could be reduced on average by 2.9 GyRBE. In particular cases the apertures facilitated a sparing of an organ-at-risk, e.g. the eye lens or the brainstem. For six craniopharyngioma cases the inclusion of apertures led to a reduction of the mean dose of 1.5 GyRBE (13%) for the brain and 3.1 GyRBE (16%) for the hippocampi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bäumer
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sandija Plaude
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dalia Ahmad Khalil
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Geismar
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul-Heinz Kramer
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin Kröninger
- Faculty of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Wulff
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Timmermann
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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10
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Grewal HS, Ahmad S, Jin H. Performance evaluation of adaptive aperture's static and dynamic collimation in a compact pencil beam scanning proton therapy system: A dosimetric comparison study for multiple disease sites. Med Dosim 2020; 46:179-187. [PMID: 33279369 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A compact pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy system, Mevion S250i with Hyperscan, is equipped with adaptive aperture (AA) to collimate the beam with 2 different techniques: Static aperture (SA) and dynamic aperture (DA). SA (single aperture) collimates the outermost contour of the target and DA (multi-layer aperture) collimates each energy layer of the proton beam. This study evaluates dosimetric performance of SA and DA for different disease sites. This study includes 5 disease sites (brain, head and neck (HN), partial breast, lung, and prostate), and 8 patients for each. A total of 80 patient treatment plans (5 sites × 8 patients per site × 2 collimation techniques) were created using 2 to 4 proton beams. Both SA and DA plans were made using the same plan and optimization parameters calculated by a Monte Carlo dose algorithm. Multi-field optimization (MFO) was used for HN treatment plans, whereas treatment plans for the other sites were made with single-field optimization (SFO). All plans were robustly optimized with 3 mm (brain and HN) or 5 mm (breast, lung, and prostate) position uncertainty along with 3.5% range uncertainty. Treatment plans were normalized such that 99% of the clinical target volume (CTV) received 100% of the prescribed dose. Dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters were evaluated for CTV and organs at risk (OARs). The CTV was also evaluated for dose homogeneity, dose conformity, and dose gradient. In general, the DA plan made CTV hotter, while it saved OARs better. DA produced better conformity with sharper dose falloff around CTV, while SA generated better homogenous target coverage. DA decreased Dmax to brainstem (1.2% = [(SA-DA)/DA × 100%]) for brain, Dmax to the spinal cord (137.3%) for HN, D1% of the ipsilateral lung (50.5%) for breast, and Dmax to the spinal cord (74.0%) for lung. The dose reduction in bladder and rectum for prostate plans with DA was less than 2.5%. The DA plans reduced the dose to OARs for all disease sites but escalated the target maximum dose for the same target coverage than the SA plans. The OAR saving and dose escalation depended on CTV size, proximity of the OARs to CTV, and the plan complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardev S Grewal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Oklahoma Proton Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73142, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hosang Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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11
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Rana S, Storey M, Manthala Padannayil N, Shamurailatpam DS, Bennouna J, George J, Chang J. Investigating the utilization of beam-specific apertures for the intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) head and neck cancer plans. Med Dosim 2020; 46:e7-e11. [PMID: 33246881 DOI: 10.1016/j.meddos.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) planning for the head and neck (HN) cancer often requires the use of the range shifter, which can increase the lateral penumbrae of the pencil proton beam in the patient, thus leading to an increase in unnecessary dose to the organs at risks (OARs) in proximity to the target volumes. The primary goal of the current study was to investigate the dosimetric benefits of utilizing beam-specific apertures for the IMPT HN cancer plans. The current retrospective study included computed tomography datasets of 10 unilateral HN cancer patients. The clinical target volume (CTV) was divided into low-risk CTV1 and high-risk CTV2. Total dose prescriptions to the CTV1 and CTV2 were 54 Gy(RBE) and 70 Gy(RBE), respectively, with a fractional dose of 2 Gy(RBE). All treatment plans were robustly optimized (patient setup uncertainty = 3 mm; range uncertainty = 3.5%) on the CTVs. For each patient, 2 sets of plans were generated: (1) without beam-specific aperture (WOBSA), and (2) with beam-specific aperture (WBSA). Specifically, both the WOBSA and WBSA of the given patient used identical beam angles, air gap, optimization structures, optimization constraints, and optimization settings. Target coverage and homogeneity index were comparable in both the WOBSA and WBSA plans with no statistical significance (p > 0.05). On average, the mean dose in WBSA plans was reduced by 12.1%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.8%, and 5.2% for the larynx, oral cavity, parotids, superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, respectively. The dosimetric results of the OARs were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of the beam-specific apertures did not deteriorate the coverage and homogeneity in the target volume and allowed for a reduction in mean dose to the OARs with an average difference up to 12.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rana
- Department of Medical Physics, Oklahoma Proton Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73142, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Mark Storey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma Proton Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73142, USA
| | | | | | - Jaafar Bennouna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerry George
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma Proton Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73142, USA
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12
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Farr JB, Moyers MF, Allgower CE, Bues M, Hsi WC, Jin H, Mihailidis DN, Lu HM, Newhauser WD, Sahoo N, Slopsema R, Yeung D, Zhu XR. Clinical commissioning of intensity-modulated proton therapy systems: Report of AAPM Task Group 185. Med Phys 2020; 48:e1-e30. [PMID: 33078858 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy is an expanding radiotherapy modality in the United States and worldwide. With the number of proton therapy centers treating patients increasing, so does the need for consistent, high-quality clinical commissioning practices. Clinical commissioning encompasses the entire proton therapy system's multiple components, including the treatment delivery system, the patient positioning system, and the image-guided radiotherapy components. Also included in the commissioning process are the x-ray computed tomography scanner calibration for proton stopping power, the radiotherapy treatment planning system, and corresponding portions of the treatment management system. This commissioning report focuses exclusively on intensity-modulated scanning systems, presenting details of how to perform the commissioning of the proton therapy and ancillary systems, including the required proton beam measurements, treatment planning system dose modeling, and the equipment needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Farr
- Department of Medical Physics, Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine, Meyrin, 1217, Switzerland
| | | | - Chris E Allgower
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Wen-Chien Hsi
- University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32206, USA
| | - Hosang Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Dimitris N Mihailidis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ming Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hefei Ion Medical Center, 1700 Changning Avenue, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China
| | - Wayne D Newhauser
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA
| | - Narayan Sahoo
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roelf Slopsema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory Proton Therapy Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Yeung
- Saudi Proton Therapy Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - X Ronald Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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13
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Bäcker CM, Bäumer C, Gerhardt M, Ibisi S, Kröninger K, Nitsch C, Weingarten J, Timmermann B. Evaluation of the activation of brass apertures in proton therapy using gamma-ray spectrometry and Monte Carlo simulations. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:848-860. [PMID: 32575092 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab9f42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Collimating apertures are used in proton therapy to laterally conform treatment fields to the target volume. While this is a standard technique in passive spreading treatment heads, patient-specific apertures can supplement pencil-beam scanning (PBS) techniques to sharpen the lateral dose fall-off. A radiation protection issue is that proton-induced nuclear reactions can lead to the formation of radionuclides in the apertures. In the experiments of the current study, cylindrical, thick brass targets were irradiated with quasi-monoenergetic proton fields of 100.0 MeV and of 226.7 MeV in PBS mode. The radioactivation of these two brass samples was characterised with a low-level gamma-ray spectrometer. The activation products were scored in a Monte Carlo simulation, too, and compared with the experimental activities. For the high-energy field, 63Zn, 60Cu, and 61Cu were the most important short-lived isotopes regarding the measured specific activity. After irradiation with the 100.0 MeV field, 62Cu, 63Zn, and 60Cu had the highest activity. Regarding long-lived isotopes, which determine the storage time of the used apertures, the isotopes 57Co, 65Zn, 54Mn, 56Co had the largest contribution to the activity. The relative difference of activities between simulation and experiment was typically between 10%-20% for short-lived nuclides and were up to a factor of five larger for long-lived nuclides. Summarising experiments and simulations for both incident proton energies, 62Cu was the most important detected residual nucleus regardless if specific activity or equivalent dose is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Maximilian Bäcker
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), Am Mühlenbach 1, Essen, Germany. University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen, Germany. West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Hufelandstr. 55, Essen, Germany. Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Su Z, Indelicato DJ, Mailhot RB, Bradley JA. Impact of different treatment techniques for pediatric Ewing sarcoma of the chest wall: IMRT, 3DCPT, and IMPT with/without beam aperture. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:100-107. [PMID: 32268008 PMCID: PMC7324690 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the dosimetric differences between photon intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans, 3D conformal proton therapy (3DCPT), and intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans and to investigate the dosimetric impact of different beam spot size and beam apertures in IMPT for pediatric Ewing sarcoma of the chest wall. Methods and Materials Six proton pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma in the upper, middle, and lower thoracic spine regions as well as upper lumbar spine region were treated with 3DCPT and retrospectively planned with photon IMRT and IMPT nozzles of different beam spot sizes with/without beam apertures. The plan dose distributions were compared both on target conformity and homogeneity, and on organs‐at‐risk (OARs) sparing using QUANTEC metrics of the lung, heart, liver, and kidney. The total integral doses of healthy tissue of all plans were also evaluated. Results Target conformity and homogeneity indices are generally better for the IMPT plans with beam aperture. Doses to the lung, heart, and liver for all patients are substantially lower with the 3DPT and IMPT plans than those of IMRT plans. In the IMPT plans with large spot without beam aperture, some OAR doses are higher than those of 3DCPT plans. The integral dose of each photon IMRT plan ranged from 2 to 4.3 times of proton plans. Conclusion Compared to IMRT, proton therapy delivers significant lower dose to almost all OARs and much lower healthy tissue integral dose. Compared to 3DCPT, IMPT with small beam spot size or using beam aperture has better dose conformity to the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Indelicato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Raymond B Mailhot
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Julie A Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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15
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Iwata H, Toshito T, Hayashi K, Yamada M, Omachi C, Nakajima K, Hattori Y, Hashimoto S, Kuroda Y, Okumura Y, Mizoe JE, Ogino H, Shibamoto Y. Proton therapy for non-squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: planning comparison and toxicity. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:612-621. [PMID: 31147697 PMCID: PMC6805978 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate optimal treatment planning using proton beams for non-squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (NSCHN), the dose distributions of plans involving pencil beam scanning (PBS) with or without a patient-specific aperture system (PSAS), passive-scattering proton therapy (PSPT) and X-ray intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were compared. As clinical results, toxicities of PBS with PSAS, including changes in quality of life, were reported. Between April 2014 and August 2016, a total of 30 patients were treated using PBS with PSAS. In 20 patients selected at random, the dose distributions of PBS with or without the PSAS, PSPT and IMRT plans were compared. Neutron exposure by proton therapy was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Toxicities were scored according to CTCAE ver. 4.0. Patients completed EORTC quality of life survey forms (QLQ-C30 and QLQ-HN35) before and 0-12 months after proton therapy. The 95% conformity number of PBS with the PSAS plan was the best, and significant differences were detected among the four plans (P < 0.05, Bonferroni tests). Neutron generation by PSAS was ~1.1-fold higher, but was within an acceptable level. No grade 3 or higher acute dermatitis was observed. Pain, appetite loss and increased weight loss were more likely at the end of treatment, but recovered by the 3 month follow-up and returned to the pretreatment level at the 12 month follow-up. PBS with PSAS reduced the penumbra and improved dose conformity in the planning target volume. PBS with PSAS was tolerated well for NSCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Corresponding author: Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, 462-8508 Japan. Tel: +81 52-991-8577; Fax: +81 52-991-8599; E-mail:
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maho Yamada
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hattori
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yo Kuroda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Okumura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-etsu Mizoe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, 3-1-10 Otemae, chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Ueno K, Matsuura T, Hirayama S, Takao S, Ueda H, Matsuo Y, Yoshimura T, Umegaki K. Physical and biological impacts of collimator-scattered protons in spot-scanning proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:48-57. [PMID: 31237090 PMCID: PMC6612695 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the penumbra of low‐energy beams used in spot‐scanning proton therapy, various collimation systems have been proposed and used in clinics. In this paper, focused on patient‐specific brass collimators, the collimator‐scattered protons' physical and biological effects were investigated. The Geant4 Monte Carlo code was used to model the collimators mounted on the scanning nozzle of the Hokkaido University Hospital. A systematic survey was performed in water phantom with various‐sized rectangular targets; range (5–20 cm), spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) (5–10 cm), and field size (2 × 2–16 × 16 cm2). It revealed that both the range and SOBP dependences of the physical dose increase had similar trends to passive scattering methods, that is, it increased largely with the range and slightly with the SOBP. The physical impact was maximized at the surface (3%–22% for the tested geometries) and decreased with depth. In contrast, the field size (FS) dependence differed from that observed in passive scattering: the increase was high for both small and large FSs. This may be attributed to the different phase‐space shapes at the target boundary between the two dose delivery methods. Next, the biological impact was estimated based on the increase in dose‐averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) and relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The LETd of the collimator‐scattered protons were several keV/μm higher than that of unscattered ones; however, since this large increase was observed only at the positions receiving a small scattered dose, the overall LETd increase was negligible. As a consequence, the RBE increase did not exceed 0.05. Finally, the effects on patient geometries were estimated by testing two patient plans, and a negligible RBE increase (0.9% at most in the critical organs at surface) was observed in both cases. Therefore, the impact of collimator‐scattered protons is almost entirely attributed to the physical dose increase, while the RBE increase is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ueno
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taeko Matsuura
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Hirayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Seishin Takao
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ueda
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuto Matsuo
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yoshimura
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kikuo Umegaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Yasui K, Toshito T, Omachi C, Hayashi K, Kinou H, Katsurada M, Hayashi N, Ogino H. Dosimetric verification of IMPT using a commercial heterogeneous phantom. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:114-120. [PMID: 30673145 PMCID: PMC6371016 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to propose a verification method and results of intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT), using a commercially available heterogeneous phantom. We used a simple simulated head and neck and prostate phantom. An ionization chamber and radiochromic film were used for measurements of absolute dose and relative dose distribution. The measured doses were compared with calculated doses using a treatment planning system. We defined the uncertainty of the measurement point of the ionization chamber due to the effective point of the chamber and mechanical setup error as 2 mm and estimated the dose variation base on a 2 mm error. We prepared a HU‐relative stopping power conversion table and fluence correction factor that were specific to the heterogeneous phantom. The fluence correction factor was determined as a function of depth and was obtained from the ratio of the doses in water and in the phantom at the same effective depths. In the simulated prostate plan, composite doses of measurements and calculations agreed within ±1.3% and the maximum local dose differences of each field were 10.0%. Composite doses in the simulated head and neck plan agreed within 4.0% and the maximum local dose difference for each field was 12.0%. The dose difference for each field came within 2% when taking the measurement uncertainty into consideration. In the composite plan, the maximum dose uncertainty was estimated as 4.0% in the simulated prostate plan and 5.8% in the simulated head and neck plan. Film measurements showed good agreement, with more than 92.5% of points passing a gamma value (3%/3 mm). From these results, the heterogeneous phantom should be useful for verification of IMPT by using a phantom‐specific HU‐relative stopping power conversion, fluence correction factor, and dose error estimation due to the effective point of the chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yasui
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hideto Kinou
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Masaki Katsurada
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Faculty of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, Japan
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18
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Winterhalter C, Meier G, Oxley D, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Safai S. Contour scanning, multi-leaf collimation and the combination thereof for proton pencil beam scanning. Phys Med Biol 2018; 64:015002. [PMID: 30523928 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf2e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In proton therapy, the lateral fall-off is often used to spare critical organs. It is therefore crucial to improve the penumbra for proton pencil beam scanning. However, previous work has shown that collimation may not be necessary for depths of >15 cm in water. As such, in this work we investigate the effectiveness of a thin multi leaf collimator (just thick enough to completely stop protons with ranges of <15 cm in water) for energy layer specific collimation in patient geometries, when applied in combination with both grid and contour scanned PBS proton therapy. For this, an analytical model of collimated beam shapes, based solely on data available in the treatment planning system, has been included in the optimization, with the resulting optimised plans then being recalculated using Monte Carlo in order to most accurately simulate the full physics effects of the collimator. For grid based scanning, energy specific collimation has been found to reduce the V30 outside the PTV by 19.8% for an example patient when compared to the same pencil beam placement without collimation. V30 could be even reduced by a further 5.6% when combining collimation and contour scanning. In addition, mixed plans, consisting of contour scanning for deep fields (max range >15 cm WER) and collimated contour scanning for superficial fields (<15 cm), have been created for four patients, by which V30 could be reduced by 0.8% to 8.0% and the mean dose to the brain stem by 1.5% to 3.3%. Target dose homogeneity however is not substantially different when compared to the best un-collimated scenario. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential advantages of a thin, multi leaf collimator in combination with contour scanning for energy layer specific collimation in PBS proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Winterhalter
- Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. Physics Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Pfeiler T, Ahmad Khalil D, Ayadi M, Bäumer C, Blanck O, Chan M, Engwall E, Geismar D, Peters S, Plaude S, Spaan B, Timmermann B, Wulff J. Motion effects in proton treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma-4D robustly optimised pencil beam scanning plans versus double scattering plans. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:235006. [PMID: 30468685 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaecfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy enables better dose conformality for complex anatomical geometries than passive proton scattering techniques, but is more susceptible to organ motion. This becomes an issue when treating moving tumours in the thorax or abdomen. Novel four-dimensional treatment planning approaches have been developed to increase the robustness of PBS plans against motion. However, their efficacy still needs to be examined by means of 4D dynamically accumulated dose (4DDD) analyses. This study investigates the potential use of 4D robust optimisation to maintain sufficient target coverage in the presence of organ motion, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The liver is particularly suited to study motion interplay effects since the treatment region exhibits smaller density gradients and more homogeneous tissue than targets in the thorax, making it less prone to range errors. A facility-specific beam time model, developed and experimentally validated previously, was used for the clinical evaluation. 4DDD analyses of eleven target volumes did not show a significant improvement of the target coverage using 4D robust optimisation, but a reduction of the dose to close-by organs at risk. Interplay effects were averaged out for the applied fractionation scheme of 15 fractions. Contrary to PBS, passive double scattering (DS) plans yielded homogeneous 4DDD dose distributions in a single fraction. But, in some cases, they exceeded organ at risk dose limits, which were only satisfied in PBS. The average normal liver dose could be decreased by almost 6% compared to non-robustly optimised PBS plans and by 16% compared to DS plans when implementing 4D robust optimisation. Except for some very small tumours with large motion amplitudes, 4D robustly optimised PBS plans were found to be clinically acceptable even without supplementary motion mitigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Pfeiler
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany. West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), Essen, Germany. TU Dortmund University, Experimental Physics 5, Dortmund, Germany. Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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20
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Effect of a Device-Free Compressed Shell Fixation Method on Hepatic Respiratory Movement: Analysis for Respiratory Amplitude of the Liver and Internal Motions of a Fiducial Marker. Pract Radiat Oncol 2018; 9:e149-e155. [PMID: 30336269 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suppression of respiratory movement of the liver would be desirable for high-precision radiation therapy for liver tumors. We aimed to investigate the effect of our original device-free compressed shell fixation method and breathing instruction on suppression of respiratory movement. The characteristics of liver motion based on the movement of a fiducial marker were also analyzed. METHODS AND MATERIALS First, respiratory amplitudes of the liver with the device-free compressed shell were analyzed from the data of 146 patients. The effect of this shell fixing method on liver movement was evaluated. Second, as another cohort study with 166 patients, interfractional internal motion of the liver for patients fixed in the shell was calculated using the fiducial marker coordinate data of images for position setting before daily irradiation. Third, in another 12 patients, intrafractional internal motion was calculated from the fiducial marker coordinate data using x-ray images before and after irradiation. RESULTS The median respiratory movement without the shell, after fixing with the shell, and after instructing on the breathing method with the shell was 14.2 (interquartile range, 10.7-19.8), 11.5 (8.6-17.5), and 10.4 mm (7.3-15.8), respectively. Systematic and random errors of interfractional internal motion were all ≤2 mm in the left-right and anteroposterior directions and 3.7 and 3.0 mm, respectively, in the craniocaudal direction. Systematic and random errors of intrafractional internal motion were all ≤1.3 mm in the left-right and anteroposterior directions and 0.8 and 2.4 mm, respectively, in the craniocaudal direction. CONCLUSIONS The device-free compressed shell fixation method was effective in suppressing the respiratory movement of the liver. Irradiation position matching using the fiducial marker can correct the interfractional internal motion on each day, which would contribute to the reduction of the margin to be given around the target.
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21
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Komori M, Sekihara E, Yabe T, Horita R, Toshito T, Yamamoto S. Luminescence imaging of water during uniform-field irradiation by spot scanning proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:11NT01. [PMID: 29722295 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence was found during pencil-beam proton irradiation to water phantom and range could be estimated from the luminescence images. However, it is not yet clear whether the luminescence imaging is applied to the uniform fields made of spot-scanning proton-beam irradiations. For this purpose, imaging was conducted for the uniform fields having spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) made by spot scanning proton beams. We designed six types of the uniform fields with different ranges, SOBP widths and irradiation fields. One of the designed fields was irradiated to water phantom and a cooled charge coupled device camera was used to measure the luminescence image during irradiations. We estimated the ranges, field widths, and luminescence intensities from the luminescence images and compared those with the dose distribution calculated by a treatment planning system. For all types of uniform fields, we could obtain clear images of the luminescence showing the SOBPs. The ranges and field widths evaluated from the luminescence were consistent with those of the dose distribution calculated by a treatment planning system within the differences of -4 mm and -11 mm, respectively. Luminescence intensities were almost proportional to the SOBP widths perpendicular to the beam direction. The luminescence imaging could be applied to uniform fields made of spot scanning proton beam irradiations. Ranges and widths of the uniform fields with SOBP could be estimated from the images. The luminescence imaging is promising for the range and field width estimations in proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Komori
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
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22
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Bäumer C, Janson M, Timmermann B, Wulff J. Collimated proton pencil-beam scanning for superficial targets: impact of the order of range shifter and aperture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:085020. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aab79c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Yasui K, Toshito T, Omachi C, Hayashi K, Tanaka K, Asai K, Shimomura A, Muramatsu R, Hayashi N. Evaluation of dosimetric advantages of using patient-specific aperture system with intensity-modulated proton therapy for the shallow depth tumor. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2017; 19:132-137. [PMID: 29178546 PMCID: PMC5768032 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate dosimetric advantages of using patient-specific aperture system with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for head and neck tumors at the shallow depth. We used four types of patient-specific aperture system (PSAS) to irradiate shallow regions less than 4 g/cm2 with a sharp lateral penumbra. Ten head and neck IMPT plans with or without aperture were optimized separately with the same 95% prescription dose and same dose constraint for organs at risk (OARs). The plans were compared using dose volume histograms (DVHs), dose distributions, and some dose indexes such as volume receiving 50% of the prescribed dose (V50 ), mean or maximum dose (Dmean and Dmax ) to the OARs. All examples verified in this study had decreased V50 and OAR doses. Average, maximum, and minimum relative reductions of V50 were 15.4%, 38.9%, and 1.0%, respectively. Dmax and Dmean of OARs were decreased by 0.3% to 25.7% and by 1.0% to 46.3%, respectively. The plans with the aperture over more than half of the field showed decreased V50 or OAR dose by more than 10%. The dosimetric advantage of patient-specific apertures with IMPT was clarified in many cases. The PSAS has some dosimetric advantages for clinical use, and in some cases, it enables to fulfill dose constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yasui
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Radiological Technology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tanaka
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kumiko Asai
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Shimomura
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rie Muramatsu
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Radiological Technology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Recovery from sublethal damage and potentially lethal damage : Proton beam irradiation vs. X‑ray irradiation. Strahlenther Onkol 2017; 194:343-351. [PMID: 29038831 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-017-1223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to clarify the biological response of tumor cells to proton beam irradiation, sublethal damage recovery (SLDR) and potentially lethal damage recovery (PLDR) induced after proton beam irradiation at the center of a 10 cm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) were compared with those seen after X‑ray irradiation. METHODS Cell survival was determined by a colony assay using EMT6 and human salivary gland tumor (HSG) cells. First, two doses of 4 Gy/GyE (Gray equivalents, GyE) were given at an interfraction interval of 0-6 h. Second, five fractions of 1.6 Gy/GyE were administered at interfraction intervals of 0-5 min. Third, a delayed-plating assay involving cells in plateau-phase cultures was conducted. The cells were plated in plastic dishes immediately or 2-24 h after being irradiated with 8 Gy/GyE of X‑rays or proton beams. Furthermore, we investigated the degree of protection from the effects of X‑rays or proton beams afforded by the radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide to estimate the contribution of the indirect effect of radiation. RESULTS In both the first and second experiments, SLDR was more suppressed after proton beam irradiation than after X‑ray irradiation. In the third experiment, there was no difference in PLDR between the proton beam and X‑ray irradiation conditions. The degree of protection tended to be higher after X‑ray irradiation than after proton beam irradiation. CONCLUSION Compared with that seen after X‑ray irradiation, SLDR might take place to a lesser extent after proton beam irradiation at the center of a 10 cm SOBP, while the extent of PLDR does not differ significantly between these two conditions.
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Hirayama S, Takayanagi T, Fujii Y, Fujimoto R, Fujitaka S, Umezawa M, Nagamine Y, Hosaka M, Yasui K, Omachi C, Toshito T. Evaluation of the influence of double and triple Gaussian proton kernel models on accuracy of dose calculations for spot scanning technique. Med Phys 2016; 43:1437-50. [PMID: 26936728 DOI: 10.1118/1.4942386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main purpose in this study was to present the results of beam modeling and how the authors systematically investigated the influence of double and triple Gaussian proton kernel models on the accuracy of dose calculations for spot scanning technique. METHODS The accuracy of calculations was important for treatment planning software (TPS) because the energy, spot position, and absolute dose had to be determined by TPS for the spot scanning technique. The dose distribution was calculated by convolving in-air fluence with the dose kernel. The dose kernel was the in-water 3D dose distribution of an infinitesimal pencil beam and consisted of an integral depth dose (IDD) and a lateral distribution. Accurate modeling of the low-dose region was important for spot scanning technique because the dose distribution was formed by cumulating hundreds or thousands of delivered beams. The authors employed a double Gaussian function as the in-air fluence model of an individual beam. Double and triple Gaussian kernel models were also prepared for comparison. The parameters of the kernel lateral model were derived by fitting a simulated in-water lateral dose profile induced by an infinitesimal proton beam, whose emittance was zero, at various depths using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The fitted parameters were interpolated as a function of depth in water and stored as a separate look-up table. These stored parameters for each energy and depth in water were acquired from the look-up table when incorporating them into the TPS. The modeling process for the in-air fluence and IDD was based on the method proposed in the literature. These were derived using MC simulation and measured data. The authors compared the measured and calculated absolute doses at the center of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) under various volumetric irradiation conditions to systematically investigate the influence of the two types of kernel models on the dose calculations. RESULTS The authors investigated the difference between double and triple Gaussian kernel models. The authors found that the difference between the two studied kernel models appeared at mid-depths and the accuracy of predicting the double Gaussian model deteriorated at the low-dose bump that appeared at mid-depths. When the authors employed the double Gaussian kernel model, the accuracy of calculations for the absolute dose at the center of the SOBP varied with irradiation conditions and the maximum difference was 3.4%. In contrast, the results obtained from calculations with the triple Gaussian kernel model indicated good agreement with the measurements within ±1.1%, regardless of the irradiation conditions. CONCLUSIONS The difference between the results obtained with the two types of studied kernel models was distinct in the high energy region. The accuracy of calculations with the double Gaussian kernel model varied with the field size and SOBP width because the accuracy of prediction with the double Gaussian model was insufficient at the low-dose bump. The evaluation was only qualitative under limited volumetric irradiation conditions. Further accumulation of measured data would be needed to quantitatively comprehend what influence the double and triple Gaussian kernel models had on the accuracy of dose calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Hirayama
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, 7-2-1, Omika-chou, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-1292, Japan
| | - Taisuke Takayanagi
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, 7-2-1, Omika-chou, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-1292, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujii
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, 7-2-1, Omika-chou, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-1292, Japan
| | - Rintaro Fujimoto
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, 7-2-1, Omika-chou, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-1292, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fujitaka
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, 7-2-1, Omika-chou, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-1292, Japan
| | - Masumi Umezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, 7-2-1, Omika-chou, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 319-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nagamine
- Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachi Works, 1-1, Saiwai-cho 3-chome, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 317-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosaka
- Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachi Works, 1-1, Saiwai-cho 3-chome, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken 317-8511, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya-City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi-ken 462-8508, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya-City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi-ken 462-8508, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya-City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi-ken 462-8508, Japan
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26
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Hashimoto S, Shibamoto Y, Iwata H, Ogino H, Shibata H, Toshito T, Sugie C, Mizoe JE. Whole-pelvic radiotherapy with spot-scanning proton beams for uterine cervical cancer: a planning study. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:524-532. [PMID: 27380800 PMCID: PMC5045079 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetric parameters of whole-pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) for cervical cancer among plans involving 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), or spot-scanning proton therapy (SSPT). The dose distributions of 3D-CRT-, IMRT-, and SSPT-based WPRT plans were compared in 10 patients with cervical cancer. All of the patients were treated with a prescribed dose of 50.4 Gy in 1.8-Gy daily fractions, and all of the plans involved the same planning target volume (PTV) constrictions. A 3D-CRT plan involving a four-field box, an IMRT plan involving seven coplanar fields, and an SSPT plan involving four fields were created. The median PTV D95% did not differ between the 3D-CRT, IMRT and SSPT plans. The median conformity index 95% and homogeneity index of the IMRT and SSPT were better than those of the 3D-CRT. The homogeneity index of the SSPT was better than that of the IMRT. SSPT resulted in lower median V20 values for the bladder wall, small intestine, colon, bilateral femoral heads, skin, and pelvic bone than IMRT. Comparing the Dmean values, SSPT spared the small intestine, colon, bilateral femoral heads, skin and pelvic bone to a greater extent than the other modalities. SSPT can reduce the irradiated volume of the organs at risk compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT, while maintaining excellent PTV coverage. Further investigations of SSPT are warranted to assess its role in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
| | - Chikao Sugie
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun-Etsu Mizoe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan
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27
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Toshito T, Omachi C, Kibe Y, Sugai H, Hayashi K, Shibata H, Yasui K, Tanaka K, Yamamoto T, Yoshida A, Nikawa E, Asai K, Shimomura A, Okumura I, Suzuki T, Kinou H, Isoyama S, Ogino H, Iwata H, Shibamoto Y, Mizoe J. A proton therapy system in Nagoya Proton Therapy Center. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2016; 39:645-54. [PMID: 27271800 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-016-0456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe an outline of a proton therapy system in Nagoya Proton Therapy Center (NPTC). The NPTC has a synchrotron with a linac injector and three treatment rooms: two rooms are equipped with a gantry and the other one is equipped with a fixed horizontal beamline. One gantry treatment room has a pencil beam scanning treatment delivery nozzle. The other two treatment rooms have a passive scattering treatment delivery nozzle. In the scanning treatment delivery nozzle, an energy absorber and an aperture system to treat head and neck cancer have been equipped. In the passive treatment delivery nozzle, a multi-leaf collimator is equipped. We employ respiratory gating to treat lung and liver cancers for passive irradiation. The proton therapy system passed all acceptance tests. The first patient was treated on February 25, 2013, using passive scattering fixed beams. Respiratory gating is commonly used to treat lung and liver cancers in the passive scattering system. The MLCs are our first choice to limit the irradiation field. The use of the aperture for scanning irradiation reduced the lateral fall off by half or less. The energy absorber and aperture system in scanning delivery is beneficial to treat head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Toshito
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kibe
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugai
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kensuke Hayashi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tanaka
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Eiki Nikawa
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Kumiko Asai
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Akira Shimomura
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Okumura
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hideto Kinou
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Shigeru Isoyama
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun'etsu Mizoe
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi-ken, 462-8508, Japan
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