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Bader K, Dalhoff E, Dierkes L, Braun LH, Gummer AW, Zelle D. Reliable Long-Term Serial Evaluation of Cochlear Function Using Pulsed Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions: Analyzing Levels and Pressure Time Courses. Ear Hear 2024; 45:1326-1338. [PMID: 38809242 PMCID: PMC11325968 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date, there is no international standard on how to use distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in serial measurements to accurately detect changes in the function of the cochlear amplifier due, for example, to ototoxic therapies, occupational noise, or the development of regenerative therapies. The use of clinically established standard DPOAE protocols for serial monitoring programs appears to be hampered by multiple factors, including probe placement and calibration effects, signal-processing complexities associated with multiple sites of emission generation as well as suboptimal selection of stimulus parameters. DESIGN Pulsed DPOAEs were measured seven times within 3 months for f2 = 1 to 14 kHz and L2 = 25 to 80 dB SPL in 20 ears of 10 healthy participants with normal hearing (mean age = 32.1 ± 9.7 years). L1 values were computed from individual optimal-path parameters derived from the corresponding individual DPOAE level map in the first test session. Three different DPOAE metrics for evaluating the functional state of the cochlear amplifier were investigated with respect to their test-retest reliability: (1) the interference-free, nonlinear-distortion component level ( LOD ), (2) the time course of the DPOAE-envelope levels, LDP ( t ), and (3) the squared, zero-lag correlation coefficient ( ) between the time courses of the DPOAE-envelope pressures, pDP ( t ), measured in two sessions. The latter two metrics include the two main DPOAE components and their state of interference. RESULTS Collated over all sessions and frequencies, the median absolute difference for LOD was 1.93 dB and for LDP ( t ) was 2.52 dB; the median of was 0.988. For the low ( f2 = 1 to 3 kHz), mid ( f2 = 4 to 9 kHz), and high ( f2 = 10 to 14 kHz) frequency ranges, the test-retest reliability of LOD increased with increasing signal to noise ratio (SNR). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the knowledge gained from this study on the test-retest reliability of pulsed DPOAE signals and the current literature, we propose a DPOAE protocol for future serial monitoring applications that takes into account the following factors: (1) separation of DPOAE components, (2) use of individually optimal stimulus parameters, (3) SNR of at least 15 dB, (4) accurate pressure calibration, (5) consideration of frequency- and level-dependent test-retest reliabilities and corresponding reference ranges, and (6) stimulus levels L2 that are as low as possible with sufficient SNR to capture the nonlinear functional state of the cochlear amplifier operating at its highest gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bader
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ernst Dalhoff
- Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Department of Otolaryngology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linda Dierkes
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lore Helene Braun
- Department of Radiooncology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anthony W. Gummer
- Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Department of Otolaryngology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Zelle
- Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Department of Otolaryngology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Earlab GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
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Moleti A. Optimal Scale-Invariant Wavelet Representation and Filtering of Human Otoacoustic Emissions. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2024; 25:329-340. [PMID: 38789824 PMCID: PMC11349967 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-024-00943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are generated in the cochlea and recorded in the ear canal either as a time domain waveform or as a collection of complex responses to tones in the frequency domain (Probst et al. J Account Soc Am 89:2027-2067, 1991). They are typically represented either in their original acquisition domain or in its Fourier-conjugated domain. Round-trip excursions to the conjugated domain are often used to perform filtering operations in the computationally simplest way, exploiting the convolution theorem. OAE signals consist of the superposition of backward waves generated in different cochlear regions by different generation mechanisms, over a wide frequency range. The cochlear scaling symmetry (cochlear physics is the same at all frequency scales), which approximately holds in the human cochlea, leaves its fingerprints in the mathematical properties of OAE signals. According to a generally accepted taxonomy (Sher and Guinan Jr, J Acoust Soc Am 105:782-798, 1999), OAEs are generated either by wave-fixed sources, moving with frequency according with the cochlear scaling (as in nonlinear distortion) or by place-fixed sources (as in coherent reflection by roughness). If scaling symmetry holds, the two generation mechanisms yield OAEs with different phase gradient delay: almost null for wave-fixed sources, and long (and scaling as 1/f) for place-fixed sources. Thus, the most effective representation of OAE signals is often that respecting the cochlear scale-invariance, such as the time-frequency domain representation provided by the wavelet transform. In the time-frequency domain, the elaborate spectra or waveforms yielded by the superposition of OAE components from different generation mechanisms assume a much clearer 2-D pattern, with each component localized in a specific and predictable region. The wavelet representation of OAE signals is optimal both for visualization purposes and for designing filters that effectively separate different OAE components, improving both the specificity and the sensitivity of OAE-based applications. Indeed, different OAE components have different physiological meanings, and filtering dramatically improves the signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Moleti
- Department of Physics and NAST Centre - University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
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Liu TC, Liu YW, Wu HT. Denoising click-evoked otoacoustic emission signals by optimal shrinkage. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:2659. [PMID: 33940909 DOI: 10.1121/10.0004264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) are clinically used as an objective way to infer whether cochlear functions are normal. However, because the sound pressure level of CEOAEs is typically much lower than the background noise, it usually takes hundreds, if not thousands, of repetitions to estimate the signal with sufficient accuracy. In this paper, we propose to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of CEOAE signals within limited measurement time by optimal shrinkage (OS) in two different settings: covariance-based optimal shrinkage (cOS) and singular value decomposition-based optimal shrinkage (sOS). By simulation, the cOS consistently enhanced the SNR by 1-2 dB from a baseline method that is based on calculating the median. In real data, however, the cOS cannot enhance the SNR over 1 dB. The sOS achieved a SNR enhancement of 2-3 dB in simulation and demonstrated capability to enhance the SNR in real recordings. In addition, the level of enhancement increases as the baseline SNR decreases. An appealing property of OS is that it produces an estimate of all single trials. This property makes it possible to investigate CEOAE dynamics across a longer period of time when the cochlear conditions are not strictly stationary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Tieng Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Yalım SD. Tüp, İkiz ve Üçüz Bebeklerin TEOAE ve Latans Sürelerinin Karşılaştırılması. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.418312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Wu HT, Liu YW. Analyzing transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions by concentration of frequency and time. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:448. [PMID: 30075682 DOI: 10.1121/1.5047749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The linear part of transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) is thought to be generated via coherent reflection near the characteristic place of constituent wave components. Because of the tonotopic organization of the cochlea, high frequency emissions return earlier than low frequencies; however, due to the random nature of coherent reflection, the instantaneous frequency (IF) and amplitude envelope of TEOAEs both fluctuate. Multiple reflection components and synchronized spontaneous emissions can further make it difficult to extract the IF by linear transforms. This paper proposes to model TEOAEs as a sum of intrinsic mode-type functions and analyze it by a nonlinear-type time-frequency (T-F) analysis technique called concentration of frequency and time (ConceFT). When tested with synthetic otoacoustic emission signals with possibly multiple oscillatory components, the present method is able to produce clearly visualized traces of individual components on the T-F plane. Further, when the signal is noisy, the proposed method is compared with existing linear and bilinear methods in its accuracy for estimating the fluctuating IF. Results suggest that ConceFT outperforms the best of these methods in terms of optimal transport distance, reducing the error by 10% to 21% when the signal to noise ratio is 10 dB or below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Tieng Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, 120 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang Fu Road Section 2, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Moleti A, Sisto R. Estimating cochlear tuning dependence on stimulus level and frequency from the delay of otoacoustic emissions. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:945. [PMID: 27586727 DOI: 10.1121/1.4960588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An objective technique based on the time-frequency analysis of otoacoustic emissions is proposed to get fast and stable estimates of cochlear tuning. Time-frequency analysis allows one to get stable measurements of the delay/frequency function, which is theoretically expected to be a function of cochlear tuning. Theoretical considerations and numerical solutions of a nonlinear cochlear model suggest that the average phase-gradient delay of the otoacoustic emission single-reflection components, weighted, for each frequency, by the amplitude of the corresponding wavelet coefficients, approximately scales as the square root of the cochlear quality factor. The application of the method to human stimulus-frequency and transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions shows that tuning decreases approximately by a factor of 2, as the stimulus level increases by 30 dB in a moderate stimulus level range. The results also show a steady increase of tuning with increasing frequency, by a factor of 2 between 1 and 5 kHz. This last result is model-dependent, because it relies on the assumption that cochlear scale-invariance breaking is only due to the frequency dependence of tuning. The application of the method to the reflection component of distortion product otoacoustic emissions, separated using time-frequency filtering, is complicated by the necessity of effectively canceling the distortion component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Moleti
- Physics Department, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Renata Sisto
- Italian Workers Compensation Authority (INAIL) Research, Via di Fontana Candida, 1, 00044 Monteporzio Catone (RM), Italy
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Jedrzejczak WW, Pilka E, Skarzynski PH, Olszewski L, Skarzynski H. Tone burst evoked otoacoustic emissions in different age-groups of schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:1310-5. [PMID: 26092548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are believed to be good predictors of hearing status, particularly in the 1-4kHz range. However both click evoked OAEs (CEOAEs) and distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs) perform poorly at 0.5kHz. The present study investigates OAEs in the lower frequency range of 0.5-1kHz evoked by 0.5kHz tone bursts (TBOAEs) in schoolchildren and compares them with emissions evoked by clicks. METHODS Measurements were performed for two groups of normally hearing schoolchildren. Children from 1st grade (age 6-7 years) and children from 6th grade (age 11-12 years). Tympanometry, pure tone audiometry, and OAE measurements of CEAOEs, 0.5kHz TBOAEs, and spontaneous OAEs (SOAEs) were performed. Additionally, analysis by the matching pursuit method was conducted on CEOAEs and TBOAEs to assess their time-frequency (TF) properties. RESULTS For all subjects OAEs response levels and signal to noise ratios (SNRs) were calculated. As expected, CEOAE magnitudes were greatest over the range 1-4kHz, with a substantial decrease below 1kHz. Responses from the 0.5kHz TBOAEs were complementary in that the main components occurred between 0.5 and 1.4kHz. In younger children, TBOAEs had SNRs 4-8dB smaller in the 0.5-1.4kHz range. In addition, CEOAEs had lower SNRs in the 0.7-1.4kHz range, by 3-5dB. TBOAEs in younger children had maximum SNRs shifted toward 1-1.4kHz, whereas in older children it was more clearly around 1kHz. The differences in response levels were less evident. The presence of SOAEs appreciably influenced both CEOAEs and TBOAEs, and TF properties of both OAEs did not differ significantly between grades. CONCLUSION TBOAEs evoked at 0.5kHz can provide additional information about frequencies below 1kHz, a range over which CEOAEs usually have very low amplitudes. The main difference between the two age groups was that in older children CEOAEs and 0.5kHz TBOAEs had higher SNRs at 0.5-1.4kHz. Additionally, for ears with SOAEs, 0.5kHz TBOAEs had higher response levels and SNRs similar to CEOAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wiktor Jedrzejczak
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. M. Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland.
| | - Edyta Pilka
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. M. Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Piotr H Skarzynski
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. M. Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland; Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation Department of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Sensory Organs, ul. Mokra 1, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Lukasz Olszewski
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. M. Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarzynski
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. M. Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland; World Hearing Center, ul. Mokra 17, Kajetany, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
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Tognola G, Chiaramello E, Sisto R, Moleti A. Susceptibility of linear and nonlinear otoacoustic emission components to low-dose styrene exposure. Int J Audiol 2014; 54:199-209. [DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2014.972522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Narne VK, Prabhu PP, Chatni S. Time–frequency analysis of transient evoked-otoacoustic emissions in individuals with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. Hear Res 2014; 313:1-8. [PMID: 24768764 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhagat S, Bass J, Qaddoumi I, Brennan R, Wilson M, Wu J, Galindo CR, Paglialonga A, Tognola G. Time-frequency analysis of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions in children exposed to carboplatin chemotherapy. Audiol Neurootol 2012; 18:71-82. [PMID: 23147804 PMCID: PMC3777667 DOI: 10.1159/000343909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to characterize and quantify time-frequency changes in transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) recorded in children diagnosed with retinoblastoma who were receiving carboplatin chemotherapy. A signal processing technique, the wavelet transform (WT), was used to analyze TEOAE waveforms in narrow-band frequency components. Ten children (aged 3-72 months) diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral retinoblastoma were enrolled in the study. TEOAEs were acquired from the children with linear sequences of 70 dB peak equivalent SPL clicks. After WT analysis, TEOAE energy, latency and normalized energy in the narrow-band frequency components were compared before and during carboplatin chemotherapy treatment (average dose 1693 mg/m2). On a group basis, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the TEOAE energy, latency or normalized energy before and after carboplatin treatment were observed. There were decreases in normalized energy on an individual basis in 10 out of 18 ears in the sample. Exposure to carboplatin chemotherapy did not cause significant changes in TEOAE energy, latency and normalized energy during treatment. However, long-term monitoring of hearing with measurements of TEOAEs is warranted, given the risks of delayed hearing loss in some children receiving carboplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaum Bhagat
- Hearing Science Laboratory, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Memphis, and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Moleti A, Botti T, Sisto R. Transient-evoked otoacoustic emission generators in a nonlinear cochlea. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 131:2891-903. [PMID: 22501067 DOI: 10.1121/1.3688474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the theoretical prediction and experimental evaluation of the latency of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions. Response components with different delay have been identified in several studies. The main generator of the transient response is assumed to be coherent reflection from cochlear roughness near the resonant place. Additional components of different latency can be generated by different mechanisms. Experimental data are re-analyzed in this study to evaluate the dependence of the latency on stimulus level, for each component of the response, showing that previous estimates of the otoacoustic emission latency were affected by systematic errors. The latency of the emission from each generator changes very little with stimulus level, whereas their different growth rate causes sharp changes of the single-valued latency, estimated as the time of the absolute maximum of the bandpass filtered response. Results of passive linear models, in which gain and bandwidth of the cochlear amplifier are strictly related, are incompatible with the observations. Although active linear models including delayed stiffness terms do predict much slower dependence of latency on the stimulus level, a suitable nonlinear model should be designed, capable of decoupling more effectively the dependence on stimulus level of amplitude and phase of the otoacoustic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Moleti
- Physics Department, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Lichtenhan JT. Effects of low-frequency biasing on otoacoustic and neural measures suggest that stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions originate near the peak region of the traveling wave. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2011; 13:17-28. [PMID: 22002610 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-011-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) have been used to study a variety of topics in cochlear mechanics, although a current topic of debate is where in the cochlea these emissions are generated. One hypothesis is that SFOAE generation is predominately near the peak region of the traveling wave. An opposing hypothesis is that SFOAE generation near the peak region is deemphasized compared to generation in the tail region of the traveling wave. A comparison was made between the effect of low-frequency biasing on both SFOAEs and a physiologic measure that arises from the peak region of the traveling wave--the compound action potential (CAP). SFOAE biasing was measured as the amplitude of spectral sidebands from varying bias tone levels. CAP biasing was measured as the suppression of CAP amplitude from varying bias tone levels. Measures of biasing effects were made throughout the cochlea. Results from cats show that the level of bias tone needed for maximum SFOAE sidebands and for 50% CAP reduction increased as probe frequency increased. Results from guinea pigs show an irregular bias effect as a function of probe frequency. In both species, there was a strong and positive relationship between the bias level needed for maximum SFOAE sidebands and for 50% CAP suppression. This relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that the majority of SFOAE is generated near the peak region of the traveling wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery T Lichtenhan
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Zhang V, Zhang Z, McPherson B, Hu Y, Hung Y. Detection improvement for neonatal click evoked otoacoustic emissions by time–frequency filtering. Comput Biol Med 2011; 41:675-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paglialonga A, Barozzi S, Brambilla D, Soi D, Cesarani A, Gagliardi C, Comiotto E, Spreafico E, Tognola G. Cochlear active mechanisms in young normal-hearing subjects affected by Williams syndrome: Time–frequency analysis of otoacoustic emissions. Hear Res 2011; 272:157-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Paglialonga A, Fiocchi S, Del Bo L, Ravazzani P, Tognola G. Quantitative analysis of cochlear active mechanisms in tinnitus subjects with normal hearing sensitivity: Time-frequency analysis of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and contralateral suppression. Auris Nasus Larynx 2010; 38:33-40. [PMID: 20558020 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the fine structure of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and contralateral suppression effects in tinnitus subjects with normal hearing in order to assess whether a minor cochlear or efferent dysfunction, possibly limited in narrow cochlear regions, might play a role in tinnitus. METHODS TEOAEs were recorded, both in the absence and in the presence of contralateral acoustic stimulation, in 23 tinnitus patients with normal hearing sensitivity and in 31 non-tinnitus control subjects. The broad-band TEOAE recordings were analyzed by using an innovative algorithm and separated into a set of 33 narrow-band frequency components, that represent the different cochlear contributions to the whole TEOAE response. In each frequency component, three different parameters were analyzed and compared between tinnitus and non-tinnitus subjects, i.e., reproducibility, latency, and the suppression effects induced by contralateral acoustic stimulation. RESULTS Significantly lower reproducibility was observed in the frequency components of the tinnitus subjects compared to the controls, whereas no significant differences in latency and in suppression effects were observed between tinnitus and non-tinnitus ears. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the fine structure of TEOAEs revealed that the tinnitus subjects involved in this study might, possibly, have a minor dysfunction of the cochlear active mechanisms that resulted in frequency components with lower reproducibility. Conversely, the analysis of suppression effects in the narrow-band frequency components of TEOAE indicated that the subjects involved showed no relevant damage to the efferent regulatory mechanisms that control the cochlear activity, neither through the cochlea as a whole, nor in limited cochlear regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Paglialonga
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ISIB-CNR, Milano, Italy.
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Jedrzejczak WW, Kwaskiewicz K, Blinowska KJ, Kochanek K, Skarzynski H. Use of the matching pursuit algorithm with a dictionary of asymmetric waveforms in the analysis of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 126:3137-3146. [PMID: 20000927 DOI: 10.1121/1.3243294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) are normally modeled as the sum of asymmetric waveforms. However, some previous studies of TEOAEs used time-frequency (TF) methods to decompose the signals into symmetric waveforms. This approach was justified mainly as a means to reduce the complexity of the calculations. The present study extended the dictionary of numeric functions to incorporate asymmetric waveforms into the analysis. The necessary calculations were carried out using an adaptive approximation algorithm based on the matching pursuit (MP) numerical technique. The classic MP dictionary uses Gabor functions and consists of waveforms described by five parameters, namely, frequency, latency, time span, amplitude, and phase. In the present investigation, a sixth parameter, the degree of asymmetry, was added in order to enhance the flexibility of this approach. The effects of expanding the available functions were evaluated by means of both simulations using synthetic signals and authentic TEOAEs. The resulting analyses showed that the contributions of asymmetric components in the OAE signal are appreciable. In short, the expanded analysis method brought about important improvements in identifying TEOAE components including the correct detection of components with long decays, which are often related to spontaneous OAE activity, the elimination of a "dark energy" effect in TF distributions, and more reliable estimates of latency-frequency relationships. The latter feature is especially important for correct estimation of latency-frequency data, which is a crucial factor in investigations of OAE-generation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wiktor Jedrzejczak
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. Zgrupowania AK Kampinos 1, 01-943 Warszawa, Poland
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Harte JM, Pigasse G, Dau T. Comparison of cochlear delay estimates using otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 126:1291-301. [PMID: 19739743 DOI: 10.1121/1.3168508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Different attempts have been made to directly measure frequency specific basilar membrane (BM) delays in animals, e.g., laser velocimetry of BM vibrations and auditory nerve fiber recordings. The present study uses otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to estimate BM delay non-invasively in normal-hearing humans. Tone bursts at nine frequencies from 0.5 to 8 kHz served as stimuli, with care taken to quantify possible bias due to the use of tone bursts with different rise times. BM delays are estimated from the ABR latency estimates by subtracting the neural and synaptic delays. This allows a comparison between individual OAE and BM delays over a large frequency range in the same subjects, and offers support to the theory that OAEs are reflected from a tonotopic place and carried back to the cochlear base via a reverse traveling wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Harte
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Applied Hearing Research, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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18
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Moleti A, Sisto R, Paglialonga A, Sibella F, Anteunis L, Parazzini M, Tognola G. Transient evoked otoacoustic emission latency and estimates of cochlear tuning in preterm neonates. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 124:2984-94. [PMID: 19045786 DOI: 10.1121/1.2977737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The latency of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions has been evaluated in a sample of 58 ears from 34 preterm neonates, to understand if the estimates of cochlear tuning based on the otoacoustic emission latency show signs of developmental changes. A previous study on the same otoacoustic emissions analyzed here [Tognola et al. (2005). "Cochlear maturation and otoacoustic emissions in preterm infants: A time-frequency approach," Hear. Res., 199, 71-80] reported indeed a significant change in the otoacoustic emission latency with postconception age. This last result, which would imply a significant decrease of tuning, was partially biased by the presence of spontaneous emissions. In this study, the same neonate data are reanalyzed using a novel time-frequency algorithm, less sensitive to spontaneous emissions. Asymmetry between right and left ears has been found, with the left ears showing no significant change, whereas in the right ears and in the 1.5-2.5 kHz frequency range only, a slow decrease of latency with postconception age (0.1-0.2 ms/week) was observed. The correspondent tuning estimates based on latency decrease by 0.4-0.5/week. Significant differences between neonate and adult latency were confirmed, which could be either cochlear or middle ear in nature. These findings are compared to previous studies on distortion product suppression tuning curves in preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Moleti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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19
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Moleti A, Sisto R. Comparison between otoacoustic and auditory brainstem response latencies supports slow backward propagation of otoacoustic emissions. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 123:1495-503. [PMID: 18345838 DOI: 10.1121/1.2836781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Experimental measurements of the latency of transient evoked otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem responses are compared, to discriminate between different cochlear models for the backward acoustic propagation of otoacoustic emissions. In most transmission-line cochlear models otoacoustic emissions propagate towards the base as a slow transverse traveling wave, whereas other models assume fast backward propagation via longitudinal compression waves in the fluid. Recently, sensitive measurements of the basilar membrane motion have cast serious doubts on the existence of slow backward traveling waves associated with distortion product otoacoustic emissions [He et al., Hear. Res. 228, 112-122 (2007)]. On the other hand, recent analyses of "Allen-Fahey" experiments suggest instead that the slow mechanism transports most of the otoacoustic energy [Shera et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 1564-1575 (2007)]. The two models can also be discriminated by comparing accurate estimates of the otoacoustic emission latency and of the auditory brainstem response latency. In this study, this comparison is done using human data, partly original, and partly from the literature. The results are inconsistent with fast otoacoustic propagation, and suggest that slow traveling waves on the basilar membrane are indeed the main mechanism for the backward propagation of the otoacoustic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Moleti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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20
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Notaro G, Al-Maamury AM, Moleti A, Sisto R. Wavelet and matching pursuit estimates of the transient-evoked otoacoustic emission latency. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:3576-3585. [PMID: 18247765 DOI: 10.1121/1.2799924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Different time-frequency techniques may be used to investigate the relation between latency and frequency of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions. In this work, the optimization of these techniques and the interpretation of the experimental result are discussed. Time-frequency analysis of click-evoked otoacoustic emissions of 42 normal-hearing young subjects has been performed, using both wavelet and matching pursuit algorithms. Wavelet techniques are very effective to provide fast and reliable evaluation of the average latency of large samples of subjects. A major advantage of the matching pursuit technique, as observed by Jedrzejczak et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 2148-2158 (2004)], is to provide detailed information about the time evolution of the response of single ears at selected frequencies. A hybrid matching pursuit algorithm that includes Fourier spectral information was developed, capable of speeding-up computation times and of identifying "spurious" atoms, whose latency-frequency relation is apparently anomalous. These atoms could be associated with several known phenomena, either intrinsic, such as intermodulation distortion, spontaneous emissions and multiple internal reflections, or extrinsic, such as instrumental noise, linear ringing and the acquisition window onset. A correct interpretation of these phenomena is important to get accurate estimates of the otoacoustic emission latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Notaro
- Physics Department, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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21
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Sisto R, Moleti A, Shera CA. Cochlear reflectivity in transmission-line models and otoacoustic emission characteristic time delays. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:3554-61. [PMID: 18247763 DOI: 10.1121/1.2799498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In transmission-line models of cochlear mechanics, predictions about otoacoustic-emission delays depend on the place- or wave-fixed nature of the emission generation mechanism. In this work, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), recorded at different stimulus levels in 10 young subjects, were analyzed using wavelet-based time-frequency analysis to determine the latency of each frequency component of the response. The same wave forms were Fourier analyzed to evaluate the phase-gradient delay as a function of frequency. Interpreting the relation between these two characteristic delays using cochlear models shows that most of the TEOAE response can be attributed to place-fixed reflection mechanisms. The causality principle explains observed correlations between fluctuations of the TEOAE amplitude and phase-gradient delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Dipartimento Igiene del Lavoro, ISPESL, Via Fontana Candida, 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy.
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22
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Paglialonga A, Tognola G, Parazzini M, Lutman ME, Bell SL, Thuroczy G, Ravazzani P. Effects of mobile phone exposure on time frequency fine structure of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:2174-82. [PMID: 17902853 DOI: 10.1121/1.2773944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phones have become very commonly used worldwide within a short period of time. To date there is only limited knowledge about interaction between electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by mobile phones and the auditory function. Moreover, there is widespread concern that there may be potential for harm. The aim of this study was to assess potential subtle changes in cochlear function by measuring the temporal and spectral fine structure of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) in normal hearing subjects after exposure to EMFs emitted by Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) mobile phones. TEOAEs were recorded in 27 healthy young adults before and after 10 min of real or sham exposure in a double-blind design. TEOAE data were analyzed both globally (broadband analysis) and using the Wavelet Transform (analysis of the time-frequency fine structure). The broadband analysis revealed no significant effect on TEOAEs related to exposure, confirming results of previous studies; in addition, no significant change was detected in the analysis of the elementary wavelet components, suggesting that the temporal and spectral fine structure of TEOAEs is not affected by 10 min exposure to low-intensity EMFs emitted by GSM mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Paglialonga
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering ISIB, Italian National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Sisto R, Moleti A. Transient evoked otoacoustic emission latency and cochlear tuning at different stimulus levels. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:2183-90. [PMID: 17902854 DOI: 10.1121/1.2769981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cochlear latency has been evaluated in young adults by time-frequency analysis of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions recorded using the nonlinear acquisition mode at different levels of the click stimulus. Objective, even if model-dependent, estimates of cochlear tuning have been obtained from the otoacoustic latency estimates. Transmission-line cochlear models predict that the transient-evoked otoacoustic emission latency is dependent on the stimulus level, because the bandwidth of the cochlear filter (tuning) depends on the local cochlear excitation level due to nonlinear damping. The results of this study confirm the increase of tuning with increasing frequency and show clearly the decrease of latency and tuning with increasing stimulus level. This decrease is consistent with the expected relation between the slowing down of the traveling wave near the tonotopic place and the cochlear excitation amplitude predicted by cochlear models including nonlinear damping. More specifically, these results support the models in which nonlinear damping consists of a quadratic term and a constant positive term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Dipartimento Igiene del Lavoro, ISPESL, Via Fontana Candida, 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy.
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Jedrzejczak WW, Hatzopoulos S, Martini A, Blinowska KJ. Otoacoustic emissions latency difference between full-term and preterm neonates. Hear Res 2007; 231:54-62. [PMID: 17606343 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were recorded from full-term and preterm neonates. The responses were decomposed, by means of an adaptive approximation method, into waveforms of defined frequencies, amplitudes, latencies and time spans. Statistically significant differences in the latency values were found between the tested groups. Differences were also found in the time spans of the TEOAEs components. For the preterm neonates the contribution of long-duration components (i.e. long-time span) was higher. Those components were characterized by narrow frequency band and contrary to the short-time span components their latencies did not depend on frequency. The removal of the long-duration components, from the pool of analyzed data, decreased the latency differences between the tested groups. The results indicate that the origin of the longer latency values for preterm neonates (with a post conceptional age up to 33 weeks) in respect to full-term neonates can be attributed to the presence of long-lasting components. The correspondence, which was found between frequencies of long-duration components and the spectral peaks of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), suggests that those components may be connected with SOAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wiktor Jedrzejczak
- Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, ul. Zgrupowania AK Kampinos 1, 01-943 Warsaw, Poland.
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Sisto R, Chelotti S, Moriconi L, Pellegrini S, Citroni A, Monechi V, Gaeta R, Pinto I, Stacchini N, Moleti A. Otoacoustic emission sensitivity to low levels of noise-induced hearing loss. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:387-401. [PMID: 17614498 DOI: 10.1121/1.2737668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of investigating the capability of otoacoustic emission (OAE) in the detection of low levels of noise-induced hearing loss, audiometric and otoacoustic data of young workers (age: 18-35) exposed to different levels of industrial noise have been recorded. These subjects are participating in a long-term longitudinal study, in which audiometric, exposure (both professional and extra-professional), and OAE data (transient evoked and distortion product) will be collected for a period of several years. All measurements have been performed, during routine occupational health surveillance, with a standard clinical apparatus and acquisition procedure, which can be easily used in the occupational safety practice. The first study was focused on the correlation between transient evoked OAE signal-to-noise ratio and distortion product (DPOAE) OAE level and the audiometric threshold, investigating the causes of the rather large intersubject variability of the OAE levels. The data analysis has shown that, if both OAE data and audiometric data are averaged over a sufficiently large bandwidth, the correlation between DPOAE levels and audiometric hearing threshold is sufficient to design OAE-based diagnostic tests with good sensitivity and specificity also in a very mild hearing loss range, between 10 and 20 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Dipartimento Igiene del Lavoro, ISPESL, Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy.
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