1
|
Diewald F, Denolle M, Timothy JJ, Gehlen C. Impact of temperature and relative humidity variations on coda waves in concrete. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18861. [PMID: 39143263 PMCID: PMC11324907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The microstructure of concrete can be affected by many factors, from non-destructive environmental factors through to destructive damage induced by transient stresses. Coda wave interferometry is a technique that is sensitive enough to detect weak changes within concrete by evaluating the ultrasonic signal perturbation compared to a reference state. As concrete microstructure is sensitive to many factors, it is important to separate their contributions to the observables. In this study, we characterize the relationships between the concrete elastic and inelastic properties, and temperature and relative humidity. We confirm previous theoretical studies that found a linear relationship between temperature changes and velocity variation of the ultrasonic waves for a given concrete mix, and provide scaling factors per Kelvin for multiple settings. We also confirm an anti-correlation with relative humidity using long-term conditioning. Furthermore, we explore beyond the existing studies to establish the relationship linking humidity and temperature changes to ultrasonic wave attenuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Diewald
- Centre for Building Materials (cbm), Technical University of Munich, 81245, Munich, Germany
| | - Marine Denolle
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jithender J Timothy
- Centre for Building Materials (cbm), Technical University of Munich, 81245, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gehlen
- Centre for Building Materials (cbm), Technical University of Munich, 81245, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Applications of Stretching Technique and Time Window Effects on Ultrasonic Velocity Monitoring in Concrete. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coda wave interferometry (CWI) has been used to measure the relative wave-velocity change (dV/V) caused by small changes in materials. This study uses the stretching processing technique which has been used for CWI analysis to investigate velocity changes of direct longitudinal (P) wave, direct shear (S) wave, and coda wave in concrete by choosing different time windows of ultrasonic signals. It is found that the obtained wave-velocity change depends on the time window position, because the relative contribution of P wave and S wave is different in each signal window. This paper presents three experimental scenarios of velocity change in concrete: early-age hydration, temperature change, and uniaxial loading. In early-age concrete, the S wave has a larger relative velocity change than the P wave, which is consistent with the microstructure development due to the hydration process. Temperature change causes a larger dV/V on the P wave than on the S wave, and the difference between P and S wave-velocity changes may be used to determine nonlinear elastic constants of materials. In the uniaxial loading experiment, analysis of the direct P wave can distinguish the acoustoelastic effects in the stress direction and the non-stress direction, which may potentially be used for stress evaluation in prestressed structures. However, the coda wave does not show this directional property to stress due to multiple scattering in the medium.
Collapse
|
3
|
Finger C, Saydak L, Vu G, Timothy JJ, Meschke G, Saenger EH. Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry to Material Damage-Observations from a Virtual Concrete Lab. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4033. [PMID: 34300952 PMCID: PMC8307069 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic measurements are used in civil engineering for structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructures. The late portion of the ultrasonic wavefield, the coda, is sensitive to small changes in the elastic moduli of the material. Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) correlates these small changes in the coda with the wavefield recorded in intact, or unperturbed, concrete specimen to reveal the amount of velocity change that occurred. CWI has the potential to detect localized damages and global velocity reductions alike. In this study, the sensitivity of CWI to different types of concrete mesostructures and their damage levels is investigated numerically. Realistic numerical concrete models of concrete specimen are generated, and damage evolution is simulated using the discrete element method. In the virtual concrete lab, the simulated ultrasonic wavefield is propagated from one transducer using a realistic source signal and recorded at a second transducer. Different damage scenarios reveal a different slope in the decorrelation of waveforms with the observed reduction in velocities in the material. Finally, the impact and possible generalizations of the findings are discussed, and recommendations are given for a potential application of CWI in concrete at structural scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Finger
- Fraunhofer IEG, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Leslie Saydak
- Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Reservoir Engineering and Rock Physics, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Giao Vu
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.V.); (J.J.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Jithender J. Timothy
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.V.); (J.J.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Günther Meschke
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.V.); (J.J.T.); (G.M.)
| | - Erik H. Saenger
- Fraunhofer IEG, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Reservoir Engineering and Rock Physics, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Am Hochschulcampus 1, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Donaldson C, Winder T, Caudron C, White RS. Crustal seismic velocity responds to a magmatic intrusion and seasonal loading in Iceland's Northern Volcanic Zone. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax6642. [PMID: 31807704 PMCID: PMC6881157 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seismic noise interferometry is an exciting technique for studying volcanoes, providing a continuous measurement of seismic velocity changes (dv/v), which are sensitive to magmatic processes that affect the surrounding crust. However, understanding the exact mechanisms causing changes in dv/v is often difficult. We present dv/v measurements over 10 years in central Iceland, measured using single-station cross-component correlation functions from 51 instruments across a range of frequency bands. We observe a linear correlation between changes in dv/v and volumetric strain at stations in regions of both compression and dilatation associated with the 2014 Bárðarbunga-Holuhraun dike intrusion. Furthermore, a clear seasonal cycle in dv/v is modeled as resulting from elastic and poroelastic responses to changing snow thickness, atmospheric pressure, and groundwater level. This study comprehensively explains variations in dv/v arising from diverse crustal stresses and highlights the importance of deformation modeling when interpreting dv/v, with implications for volcano and environmental monitoring worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Donaldson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T. Winder
- Department of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C. Caudron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R. S. White
- Department of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Daskalakis E, Panagiotopoulos CG, Tsogka C, Melis NS, Kalogeras I. Stretching Method-Based Operational Modal Analysis of An Old Masonry Lighthouse. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163599. [PMID: 31430897 PMCID: PMC6720284 DOI: 10.3390/s19163599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present in this paper a structural health monitoring study of the Egyptian lighthouse of Rethymnon in Crete, Greece. Using structural vibration data collected on a limited number of sensors during a 3-month period, we illustrate the potential of the stretching method for monitoring variations in the natural frequencies of the structure. The stretching method compares two signals, the current that refers to the actual state of the structure, with the reference one that characterizes the structure at a reference healthy condition. For the structure under study, an 8-day time interval is used for the reference quantity while the current quantity is computed using a time window of 24 h. Our results indicate that frequency shifts of 1% can be detected with high accuracy allowing for early damage assessment. We also provide a simple numerical model that is calibrated to match the natural frequencies estimated using the stretching method. The model is used to produce possible damage scenarios that correspond to 1% shift in the first natural frequencies. Although simple in nature, this model seems to deliver a realistic response of the structure. This is shown by comparing the response at the top of the structure to the actual measurement during a small earthquake. This is a preliminary study indicating the potential of the stretching method for structural health monitoring of historical monuments. The results are very promising. Further analysis is necessary requiring the deployment of the instrumentation (possibly with additional instruments) for a longer period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos G Panagiotopoulos
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, GR-700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Chrysoula Tsogka
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Nikolaos S Melis
- Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kalogeras
- Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Experimental Study of Defect Localization in a Cross-Ply Fiber Reinforced Composite with Diffuse Ultrasonic Waves. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse wave inspection benefits from multiple scattering and is suitable for the nondestructive testing of complex structures with high sensitivity. This paper aims to localize the defect in a cross-ply carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite with the diffuse wave field experimentally based on the Locadiff technique. Firstly, the wave diffusivity and dissipation parameters are determined from the diffuse waveforms. Great dissipation is found for this composite plate due to its strong viscoelasticity, which makes the amplitude attenuate fast in a short propagation distance. The signal-to-noise ratios degrade significantly at off-axis directions so that only measurements along the X and Y axes are chosen. Secondly, the decorrelation coefficients are determined using the stretching technique. The decorrelation coefficients decrease initially due to the interaction between the wave fields and the defect and subsequently increase due to the low signal-to-noise ratio at the later time. Based on these data, a sensitivity time domain is chosen to center at t = 50 μs. Together with the defect sensitivity kernel calculated under constant diffusion property assumption, the defect is localized at [270 mm, 265 mm] compared to [300 mm, 280 mm] in the final reference state. This method is promising for early damage detection in fiber reinforced composite structures.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sens-Schönfelder C, Eulenfeld T. Probing the in situ Elastic Nonlinearity of Rocks with Earth Tides and Seismic Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:138501. [PMID: 31012625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.138501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous materials such as rocks, concrete, and granular materials exhibit a strong elastic nonlinearity. The sensitivity of the elastic nonlinearity to the applied stress and pore pressure in principle allows the use of seismic waves for remote observations of stress or pore pressure changes. Yet the nonlinearity of rocks is difficult to quantify in situ as active deformation tests are not possible in the field. We investigate the elastic nonlinearity in a fully natural experiment using the ambient seismic noise of a single seismic station to sense changes of the seismic velocity in the subsurface reaching 0.026% in response to the minute deformation caused by various constituents of the tidal forces exerted by the Sun and Moon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Eulenfeld
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07749, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nimiya H, Ikeda T, Tsuji T. Spatial and temporal seismic velocity changes on Kyushu Island during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700813. [PMID: 29202026 PMCID: PMC5706751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of earthquake faults and volcanoes contributes to our understanding of their dynamic mechanisms and to our ability to predict future earthquakes and volcanic activity. We report here on spatial and temporal variations of seismic velocity around the seismogenic fault of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) 7.0] based on ambient seismic noise. Seismic velocity near the rupture faults and Aso volcano decreased during the earthquake. The velocity reduction near the faults may have been due to formation damage, a change in stress state, and an increase in pore pressure. Further, we mapped the post-earthquake fault-healing process. The largest seismic velocity reduction observed at Aso volcano during the earthquake was likely caused by pressurized volcanic fluids, and the large increase in seismic velocity at the volcano's magma body observed ~3 months after the earthquake may have been a response to depressurization caused by the eruption. This study demonstrates the usefulness of continuous monitoring of faults and volcanoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Nimiya
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Ikeda
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuji
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fröjd P, Ulriksen P. Frequency selection for coda wave interferometry in concrete structures. ULTRASONICS 2017; 80:1-8. [PMID: 28463745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study contributes to the establishment of frequency recommendations for use in coda wave interferometry structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for concrete structures. To this end, codas with widely different central frequencies were used to detect boreholes with different diameters in a large concrete floor slab, and to track increasing damage in a small concrete beam subjected to bending loads. SHM results were obtained for damage that can be simulated by drilled holes on the scale of a few mm or microcracks due to bending. These results suggest that signals in the range of 50-150kHz are suitable in large concrete structures where it is necessary to account for the high attenuation of high-frequency signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Fröjd
- Department of Engineering Geology, Lund University, John Ericssons Väg 1, SE-221 00, Sweden.
| | - Peter Ulriksen
- Department of Engineering Geology, Lund University, John Ericssons Väg 1, SE-221 00, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Donaldson C, Caudron C, Green RG, Thelen WA, White RS. Relative seismic velocity variations correlate with deformation at Kīlauea volcano. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700219. [PMID: 28782009 PMCID: PMC5489268 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seismic noise interferometry allows the continuous and real-time measurement of relative seismic velocity through a volcanic edifice. Because seismic velocity is sensitive to the pressurization state of the system, this method is an exciting new monitoring tool at active volcanoes. Despite the potential of this tool, no studies have yet comprehensively compared velocity to other geophysical observables on a short-term time scale at a volcano over a significant length of time. We use volcanic tremor (~0.3 to 1.0 Hz) at Kīlauea as a passive source for interferometry to measure relative velocity changes with time. By cross-correlating the vertical component of day-long seismic records between ~230 station pairs, we extract coherent and temporally consistent coda wave signals with time lags of up to 120 s. Our resulting time series of relative velocity shows a remarkable correlation between relative velocity and the radial tilt record measured at Kīlauea summit, consistently correlating on a time scale of days to weeks for almost the entire study period (June 2011 to November 2015). As the summit continually deforms in deflation-inflation events, the velocity decreases and increases, respectively. Modeling of strain at Kīlauea suggests that, during inflation of the shallow magma reservoir (1 to 2 km below the surface), most of the edifice is dominated by compression-hence closing cracks and producing faster velocities-and vice versa. The excellent correlation between relative velocity and deformation in this study provides an opportunity to understand better the mechanisms causing seismic velocity changes at volcanoes, and therefore realize the potential of passive interferometry as a monitoring tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Donaldson
- Bullard Laboratories, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
| | - Corentin Caudron
- Bullard Laboratories, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
| | - Robert G. Green
- Bullard Laboratories, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
| | - Weston A. Thelen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA 98661, USA
| | - Robert S. White
- Bullard Laboratories, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mordret A, Mikesell TD, Harig C, Lipovsky BP, Prieto GA. Monitoring southwest Greenland's ice sheet melt with ambient seismic noise. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501538. [PMID: 27386524 PMCID: PMC4928992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Greenland ice sheet presently accounts for ~70% of global ice sheet mass loss. Because this mass loss is associated with sea-level rise at a rate of 0.7 mm/year, the development of improved monitoring techniques to observe ongoing changes in ice sheet mass balance is of paramount concern. Spaceborne mass balance techniques are commonly used; however, they are inadequate for many purposes because of their low spatial and/or temporal resolution. We demonstrate that small variations in seismic wave speed in Earth's crust, as measured with the correlation of seismic noise, may be used to infer seasonal ice sheet mass balance. Seasonal loading and unloading of glacial mass induces strain in the crust, and these strains then result in seismic velocity changes due to poroelastic processes. Our method provides a new and independent way of monitoring (in near real time) ice sheet mass balance, yielding new constraints on ice sheet evolution and its contribution to global sea-level changes. An increased number of seismic stations in the vicinity of ice sheets will enhance our ability to create detailed space-time records of ice mass variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Mordret
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
| | - T. Dylan Mikesell
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
| | - Christopher Harig
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bradley P. Lipovsky
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305–2004, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Germán A. Prieto
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Planès T, Larose E, Obermann A, Rospars C, Moreau G. Diffuse ultrasound monitoring of stress and damage development on a 15-ton concrete beam. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 139:1691. [PMID: 27106315 DOI: 10.1121/1.4945097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of an ultrasonic imaging technique (Locadiff) for the Non-Destructive Testing & Evaluation of a concrete structure. By combining coda wave interferometry and a sensitivity kernel for diffuse waves, Locadiff can monitor the elastic and structural properties of a heterogeneous material with a high sensitivity, and can map changes of these properties over time when a perturbation occurs in the bulk of the material. The applicability of the technique to life-size concrete structures is demonstrated through the monitoring of a 15-ton reinforced concrete beam subject to a four-point bending test causing cracking. The experimental results show that Locadiff achieved to (1) detect and locate the cracking zones in the core of the concrete beam at an early stage by mapping the changes in the concrete's micro-structure; (2) monitor the internal stress level in both temporal and spatial domains by mapping the variation in velocity caused by the acousto-elastic effect. The mechanical behavior of the concrete structure is also studied using conventional techniques such as acoustic emission, vibrating wire extensometers, and digital image correlation. The performances of the Locadiff technique in the detection of early stage cracking are assessed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- ISTerre, University Grenoble-Alpes & CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Planès
- ISTerre, University Grenoble-Alpes & CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Eric Larose
- ISTerre, University Grenoble-Alpes & CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Anne Obermann
- ISTerre, University Grenoble-Alpes & CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Rospars
- IFSTTAR, 14-20 Boulevard Newton Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne La Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salvermoser J, Hadziioannou C, Stähler SC. Structural monitoring of a highway bridge using passive noise recordings from street traffic. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:3864-3872. [PMID: 26723341 DOI: 10.1121/1.4937765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural damage on bridges presents a hazard to public safety and can lead to fatalities. This article contributes to the development of an alternative monitoring system for civil structures, based on passive measurements of seismic elastic waves. Cross-correlations of traffic noise recorded at geophone receiver pairs were found to be sufficiently stable for comparison and sensitive to velocity changes in the medium. As such velocity variations could be caused by damage, their detection would be valuable in structural health monitoring systems. A method, originally introduced for seismological applications and named Passive Image Interferometry, was used to quantify small velocity fluctuations in the medium and thereby observe structural changes. Evaluation of more than 2 months of continuous geophone recordings at a reinforced concrete bridge yielded velocity variations Δv/v in the range of -1.5% to +2.1%. The observed fluctuations correlate with associated temperature time series with a striking resemblance which is remarkable for two completely independent data sets. Using a linear regression approach, a relationship between temperature and velocity variations of on average 0.064% °C(-1) can be identified. This value corresponds well to other studies on concrete structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Salvermoser
- Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Céline Hadziioannou
- Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon C Stähler
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vasmel M, Robertsson JOA, van Manen DJ, Curtis A. Immersive experimentation in a wave propagation laboratory. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 134:EL492. [PMID: 25669294 DOI: 10.1121/1.4826912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A wave propagation laboratory is proposed which enables the study of the interaction of broadband signals with complex materials. A physical experiment is dynamically linked to a numerical simulation in real time through transmitting and recording transducer surfaces surrounding the target. The numerical simulation represents an arbitrarily larger domain, allowing experiments to be performed in a total environment much greater than the laboratory experiment itself. Specific applications include the study of non-linear effects or wave propagation in media where the physics of wave propagation is not well understood such as the effect of fine scale heterogeneity on broadband propagating waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Vasmel
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland ,
| | - Johan O A Robertsson
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland ,
| | - Dirk-Jan van Manen
- Schlumberger Gould Research, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Curtis
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Abraham O, Tournat V, Le Duff A, Lascoup B, Loukili A, Grondin F, Durand O. Validation of a thermal bias control technique for Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI). ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:658-664. [PMID: 22963828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) analysis serves to monitor the variation of propagation velocity in a heterogeneous medium with high precision (10(-3)% in relative terms). In combination with acoustoelastic theory, this type of analysis offers an NDT method for stress evaluation and/or damage detection. Since the CWI method is intended to evaluate extreme levels of accuracy, the presence of bias under certain circumstances can undermine evaluation results and/or test repeatability. In this paper, we offer a bias control technique involving the use of a second (reference) specimen for CWI analysis that is designed to compensate: (1) the thermally-induced velocity variation due to environmental temperature fluctuations; and (2) bias originating from experimental procedures. The presentation of this technique contains both a theoretical analysis and experimental protocol for the purpose of implementation. Furthermore, comparisons of experimental results have been included in order to demonstrate the utility of this bias control technique under laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR, MACS, CS4, F-44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leroy C, Lani S, Sabra KG, Hodgkiss WS, Kuperman WA, Roux P. Enhancing the emergence rate of coherent wavefronts from ocean ambient noise correlations using spatio-temporal filters. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 132:883-893. [PMID: 22894211 DOI: 10.1121/1.4731231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracting coherent wavefronts between passive receivers using cross-correlations of ambient noise (CAN) provides a means for monitoring the seismoacoustic environment without using active sources. However, using cross-correlations between single receivers can require a long recording time in order to extract stable coherent arrivals from CAN. This becomes an issue if the propagation medium fluctuates significantly during the recording period. To address this issue, this article presents a general spatio-temporal filtering procedure to enhance the emergence rate for coherent wavefronts extracted from time-averaged ambient noise correlations between two spatially separated arrays. The robustness of this array-based CAN technique is investigated using ambient shipping noise recorded over 24 h in the frequency band [250-850 Hz] on two vertical line arrays deployed 143 m apart in shallow water (depth 20 m). Experimental results confirm that the array-based CAN technique can significantly reduce the recording duration (e.g., from 22 h to 30 min) required for extracting coherent wavefronts of sufficient amplitude (e.g., 20 dB over residual temporal fluctations) when compared to conventional CAN implementations between single pairs of hydrophones. These improvements of the CAN technique could benefit the development of noise-based ocean monitoring applications such as passive acoustic tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Leroy
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hillers G, Campillo M, Lin YY, Ma KF, Roux P. Anatomy of the high-frequency ambient seismic wave field at the TCDP borehole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Hadziioannou C, Larose E, Baig A, Roux P, Campillo M. Improving temporal resolution in ambient noise monitoring of seismic wave speed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
19
|
Sabra KG, Huston S. Passive structural health monitoring of a high-speed naval ship from ambient vibrations. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 129:2991-2999. [PMID: 21568402 DOI: 10.1121/1.3562164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have used the cross-correlation of ambient vibrations (CAV) technique to estimate the impulse response (or Green's function) between passive sensors for passive imaging purposes in various engineering applications. The technique (CAV) relies on extracting deterministic coherent time signatures from the noise cross-correlation function computed between passive sensors, without the use of controlled active sources. Provided that the ambient structure-borne noise field remains stable, these resulting coherent waveforms obtained from CAV can then be used for structural monitoring even if they differ from the actual impulse response between the passive sensors. This article presents experimental CAV results using low-frequency random vibration data (<50 Hz) collected on an all-aluminum naval vessel (the HSV-2 Swift) operating at high speed (up to 40 knots) during high sea states. The primary excitation sources were strong wave impact loadings and rotating machinery vibrations. The consistency of the CAV results is established by extracting similar coherent arrivals from ambient vibrations between the pairs of strain gages, symmetrically located across the ship's centerline. The influence of the ship's operating conditions on the stability of the peak coherent arrival time, during the 7 days trial, is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim G Sabra
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stähler SC, Sens-Schönfelder C, Niederleithinger E. Monitoring stress changes in a concrete bridge with coda wave interferometry. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 129:1945-1952. [PMID: 21476650 DOI: 10.1121/1.3553226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Coda wave interferometry is a recent analysis method now widely used in seismology. It uses the increased sensitivity of multiply scattered elastic waves with long travel-times for monitoring weak changes in a medium. While its application for structural monitoring has been shown to work under laboratory conditions, the usability on a real structure with known material changes had yet to be proven. This article presents experiments on a concrete bridge during construction. The results show that small velocity perturbations induced by a changing stress state in the structure can be determined even under adverse conditions. Theoretical estimations based on the stress calculations by the structural engineers are in good agreement with the measured velocity variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Christian Stähler
- Institut für Geophysik und Geologie, Universität Leipzig, Talstraße 35, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Duroux A, Sabra KG, Ayers J, Ruzzene M. Extracting guided waves from cross-correlations of elastic diffuse fields: applications to remote structural health monitoring. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 127:204-215. [PMID: 20058965 DOI: 10.1121/1.3257602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to their apparent complexity, diffuse fields are not commonly used by conventional structural health monitoring methodologies. However, recent theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that local Green's functions (GFs) can be estimated from the cross-correlation of elastic diffuse fields (CDFs) recorded between any points of a sensor grid and generated by sources located remotely from the monitoring area. Hence, this CDF technique effectively transforming each measurement point into a virtual elastic source, thus allowing to measure the local structural response (or GF). Theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to assess the broadband performance of the CDF technique for the extraction of low-frequency coherent Lamb waves (4-90 kHz) propagating in a thin aluminum plate of complex geometry using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. The coherent signal-to-noise ratio and the accuracy of the phase and group velocity measurements of the coherent A(0) mode obtained from CDF are also measured to quantify the influence of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the recorded diffuse field, the number and spatial configuration of the remote ultrasonic sources, and the influence of incoherent measurement noise (e.g., sensor noise). In addition, a criterion to assess the emergence rate of late coherent coda arrivals from CDF is also formulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Duroux
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|