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Yang Q, Ma Q, Herum KM, Wang C, Patel N, Lee J, Wang S, Yen TM, Wang J, Tang H, Lo YH, Head BP, Azam F, Xu S, Cauwenberghs G, McCulloch AD, John S, Liu Z, Lal R. Array atomic force microscopy for real-time multiparametric analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5872-5877. [PMID: 30850523 PMCID: PMC6442637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813518116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale multipoint structure-function analysis is essential for deciphering the complexity of multiscale biological and physical systems. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows nanoscale structure-function imaging in various operating environments and can be integrated seamlessly with disparate probe-based sensing and manipulation technologies. Conventional AFMs only permit sequential single-point analysis; widespread adoption of array AFMs for simultaneous multipoint study is challenging owing to the intrinsic limitations of existing technological approaches. Here, we describe a prototype dispersive optics-based array AFM capable of simultaneously monitoring multiple probe-sample interactions. A single supercontinuum laser beam is utilized to spatially and spectrally map multiple cantilevers, to isolate and record beam deflection from individual cantilevers using distinct wavelength selection. This design provides a remarkably simplified yet effective solution to overcome the optical cross-talk while maintaining subnanometer sensitivity and compatibility with probe-based sensors. We demonstrate the versatility and robustness of our system on parallel multiparametric imaging at multiscale levels ranging from surface morphology to hydrophobicity and electric potential mapping in both air and liquid, mechanical wave propagation in polymeric films, and the dynamics of living cells. This multiparametric, multiscale approach provides opportunities for studying the emergent properties of atomic-scale mechanical and physicochemical interactions in a wide range of physical and biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kate M Herum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chonghe Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nirav Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joon Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Anesthesia, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Tony M Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hanmei Tang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Brian P Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Anesthesia, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Farooq Azam
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sheng Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gert Cauwenberghs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Scott John
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zhaowei Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Kazemirad S, Bernard S, Hybois S, Tang A, Cloutier G. Ultrasound Shear Wave Viscoelastography: Model-Independent Quantification of the Complex Shear Modulus. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2016; 63:1399-1408. [PMID: 27362951 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2583785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound shear wave elastography methods are commonly used for estimation of mechanical properties of soft biological tissues in diagnostic medicine. A limitation of most currently used elastography methods is that they yield only the shear storage modulus ( G' ) but not the loss modulus ( G'' ). Therefore, no information on viscosity or loss tangent (tan δ) is provided. In this paper, an ultrasound shear wave viscoelastography method is developed for model-independent quantification of frequency-dependent viscoelastic complex shear modulus of macroscopically homogeneous tissues. Three in vitro tissue-mimicking phantoms and two ex vivo porcine liver samples were evaluated. Shear waves were remotely induced within the samples using several acoustic radiation force pushes to generate a semicylindrical wave field similar to those generated by most clinically used elastography systems. The complex shear modulus was estimated over a broad frequency range (up to 1000 Hz) through the analytical solution of the developed inverse wave propagation problem using the measured shear wave speed and amplitude decay versus propagation distance. The shear storage and loss moduli obtained for the in vitro phantoms were compared with those from a planar shear wave method and the average differences over the whole frequency range studied were smaller than 7% and 15%, respectively. The reliability of the proposed method highlights its potential for viscoelastic tissue characterization, which may improve noninvasive diagnosis.
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Kazemirad S, Heris HK, Mongeau L. Viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid-gelatin hydrogels for vocal fold tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:283-90. [PMID: 25728914 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked injectable hyaluronic acid (HA)-gelatin (Ge) hydrogels have remarkable viscoelastic and biological properties for vocal fold tissue engineering. Patient-specific tuning of the viscoelastic properties of this injectable biomaterial could improve tissue regeneration. The frequency-dependent viscoelasticity of crosslinked HA-Ge hydrogels was measured as a function of the concentration of HA, Ge, and crosslinker. Synthetic extracellular matrix hydrogels were fabricated using thiol-modified HA and Ge, and crosslinked by poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. A recently developed characterization method based on Rayleigh wave propagation was used to quantify the frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties of these hydrogels, including shear storage and loss moduli, over a broad frequency range; that is, from 40 to 4000 Hz. The viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels increased with frequency. The storage and loss moduli values and the rate of increase with frequency varied with the concentrations of the constituents. The range of the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels was within that of human vocal fold tissue obtained from in vivo and ex vivo measurements. Frequency-dependent parametric relations were obtained using a linear least-squares regression. The results are useful to better fine-tune the storage and loss moduli of HA-Ge hydrogels by varying the concentrations of the constituents for use in patient-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Kazemirad
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Hossein K Heris
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
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