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Pörschmann C, Arend JM. Phoneme dependence of horizontal asymmetries in voice directivity. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2024; 4:025205. [PMID: 38350076 DOI: 10.1121/10.0024878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Human voice directivity shows horizontal asymmetries caused by the shape of the lips or the position of the tooth and tongue during vocalization. This study presents and analyzes the asymmetries of voice directivity datasets of 23 different phonemes. The asymmetries were determined from datasets obtained in previous measurements with 13 subjects in a surrounding spherical microphone array. The results show that asymmetries are inherent to human voice production and that they differ between the phoneme groups with the strongest effect on the [s], the [l], and the nasals [m], [n], and [ŋ]. The least asymmetries were found for the plosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pörschmann
- Institute of Computer and Communication Technology, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Str. 2, D-50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes M Arend
- Audio Communication Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 17c, D-10587 Berlin, ,
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Pörschmann C, Arend JM. Investigating phoneme-dependencies of spherical voice directivity patterns II: Various groups of phonemes. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:179. [PMID: 36732228 DOI: 10.1121/10.0016821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The substantial variation between articulated phonemes is a fundamental feature of human voice production. However, while the spectral and temporal aspects of the phonemes have been extensively studied, few have investigated the spatial aspects and analyzed phoneme-dependent differences in voice directivity. This paper extends our previous research focusing on the directivity patterns of selected vowels and fricatives [Pörschmann and Arend, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149(6), 4553-4564 (2021)] and examines different groups of phonemes, such as plosives, nasals, voiced alveolars, and additional fricatives. For this purpose, full-spherical voice directivity measurements were performed for 13 persons while they articulated the respective phonemes. The sound radiation was recorded simultaneously using a surrounding spherical microphone array with 32 microphones and then spatially upsampled to a dense sampling grid. Based on these upsampled datasets, the spherical voice directivity was studied, and phoneme-dependent variations were analyzed. The results show significant differences between the groups of phonemes. However, within three groups (plosives, nasals, and voiced alveolars), the differences are small, and the variations in the directivity index were statistically insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pörschmann
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Str. 2, D-50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes M Arend
- Audio Communication Group, Technical University of Berlin, Einsteinufer 17c, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
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Pörschmann C, Arend JM. Effects of hand postures on voice directivity. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2022; 2:035203. [PMID: 36154631 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While speaking, hand postures, such as holding a hand in front of the mouth or cupping the hands around the mouth, influence human voice directivity. This study presents and analyzes spherical voice directivity datasets of an articulated [a] with and without hand postures. The datasets were determined from measurements with 13 subjects in a surrounding spherical microphone array with 32 microphones and then upsampled to a higher spatial resolution. The results show that hand postures strongly impact voice directivity and affect the directivity index by up to 6 dB, which is more than variances caused by phoneme-dependent differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pörschmann
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Strasse 2, D-50679 Cologne, Germany ,
| | - Johannes M Arend
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Strasse 2, D-50679 Cologne, Germany ,
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Giordano N, Chatziioannou V. Status and future of modeling of musical instruments: Introduction to the JASA special issue. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:2294. [PMID: 34598593 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, physics-based modeling of musical instruments has seen increased attention. In 2020 and 2021, the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America accepted submissions for a special issue on the modeling of musical instruments. This article is intended as an introduction to the special issue. Our purpose is to discuss the role that modeling plays in the study of musical instruments, the kinds of things one hopes to learn from modeling studies, and how that work informs traditional experimental and theoretical studies of specific instruments. We also describe recent trends in modeling and make some observations about where we think the field is heading. Overall, our goal is to place the articles in the special issue into a context that helps the reader to better understand and appreciate the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Giordano
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Vasileios Chatziioannou
- Department of Music Acoustics, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Pörschmann C, Arend JM. Investigating phoneme-dependencies of spherical voice directivity patterns. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:4553. [PMID: 34241454 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic directivity is a specific characteristic of the human voice, showing time-dependent variations while speaking or singing. To study and model the human voice's articulation-dependencies and provide datasets that can be applied in virtual acoustic environments, full-spherical voice directivity measurements were carried out for 13 persons while articulating eight phonemes. Since it is nearly impossible for subjects to repeat exactly the same articulation numerous times, the sound radiation was captured simultaneously using a surrounding spherical microphone array with 32 microphones and then subsequently spatially upsampled to a dense sampling grid. Based on these dense directivity patterns, the spherical voice directivity was studied for different phonemes, and phoneme-dependent variations were analyzed. The differences between the phonemes can, to some extent, be explained by articulation-dependent properties, e.g., the mouth opening size. The directivity index, averaged across all subjects, varied by a maximum of 3 dB between any of the vowels or fricatives, and statistical analysis showed that these phoneme-dependent differences are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pörschmann
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Str. 2, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes M Arend
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Str. 2, 50679 Cologne, Germany
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Leishman TW, Bellows SD, Pincock CM, Whiting JK. High-resolution spherical directivity of live speech from a multiple-capture transfer function method. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:1507. [PMID: 33765812 PMCID: PMC8329840 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although human speech radiation has been a subject of considerable interest for decades, researchers have not previously measured its directivity over a complete sphere with high spatial and spectral resolution using live phonetically balanced passages. The research reported in this paper addresses this deficiency by employing a multiple-capture transfer function technique and spherical harmonic expansions. The work involved eight subjects and 2522 unique sampling positions over a 1.22 or 1.83 m sphere with 5° polar and azimuthal-angle increments. The paper explains the methods and directs readers to archived results for further exploration, modeling, and speech simulation in acoustical environments. Comparisons of the results to those of a KEMAR head-and-torso simulator, lower-resolution single-capture measurements, other authors' work, and basic symmetry expectations all substantiate their validity. The completeness and high resolution of the measurements offer insights into spherical speech directivity patterns that will aid researchers in the speech sciences, architectural acoustics, audio, and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Leishman
- Acoustics Research Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, N284 Eyring Science Center, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Samuel D Bellows
- Acoustics Research Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, N284 Eyring Science Center, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Claire M Pincock
- Acoustics Research Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, N284 Eyring Science Center, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Jennifer K Whiting
- Acoustics Research Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, N284 Eyring Science Center, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Pörschmann C, Lübeck T, Arend JM. Impact of face masks on voice radiation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:3663. [PMID: 33379881 PMCID: PMC7857507 DOI: 10.1121/10.0002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic, the wearing of face masks covering mouth and nose has become ubiquitous all around the world. This study investigates the impact of typical face masks on voice radiation. To analyze the transmission loss caused by masks and the influence of masks on directivity, this study measured the full-spherical voice directivity of a dummy head with a mouth simulator covered with six masks of different types, i.e., medical masks, filtering facepiece respirator masks, and cloth face coverings. The results show a significant frequency-dependent transmission loss, which varies depending on the mask, especially above 2 kHz. Furthermore, the two facepiece respirator masks also significantly affect speech directivity, as determined by the directivity index (DI). Compared to the measurements without a mask, the DI deviates by up to 7 dB at frequencies above 3 kHz. For all other masks, the deviations are below 2 dB in all third-octave frequency bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pörschmann
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Straße 2, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Lübeck
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Straße 2, 50679 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes M Arend
- Institute of Communications Engineering, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Betzdorfer Straße 2, 50679 Cologne, Germany
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