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Tortella P, Haga M, Lorås H, Fumagalli GF, Sigmundsson H. Effects of Free Play and Partly Structured Playground Activity on Motor Competence in Preschool Children: A Pragmatic Comparison Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137652. [PMID: 35805311 PMCID: PMC9265359 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both the indoor and the outdoor environments and their organization exert pronounced influence upon physical activity behavior and motor development of preschool children. The aim of this study was to explore whether partly structured activity or free play in a specific playground had different impacts on motor competence development in 4–6-year-old preschoolers. The study had a pretest–post-test design, with two intervention groups and one control. Sixty-two children were included in a partly structured activity group and forty-three children in a free-play group. Both groups participated in playground activities consisting of 10 sessions (once a week), each lasting 1 h, in a specific playground setting. For the partly structured activity group, activities in each session consisted of a combination of both structured and free activity while the free-play group were engaged in unstructured play only. The control group did not attend the playground activities (N = 36). To assess levels of motor skills, each child completed pre- and post-tests using the Movement Assessment Battery for children (MABC-2), the Test of Motor Competence (TMC) and two playground-specific tests. A 3 (study group) and X 2 (gender) ANCOVAs were conducted on post-test scores on each of the test items from TMC, MABC-II and playground tests, with pre-test scores as covariates. Post hoc pairwise multiple comparisons were conducted with the alpha Bonferroni corrected, and the partial eta-squared (η2p) was applied as a measure of effect size. The results indicate no significant differences in motor competence measured by the TMC or the MABC-2 between groups. On the contrary, a significant improvement in performance in the playground-specific tests was observed in the partly structured activity group compared to the free-play and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Tortella
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
- Associazione Onlus Laboratorio 0246, Via del Nascimben, 1b, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Monika Haga
- Department of Teacher Education, Section for Arts, Physical Education and Sports, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7010 Trondheim, Norway;
- Correspondence:
| | - Håvard Lorås
- Department of Teacher Education, Section for Arts, Physical Education and Sports, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7010 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Guido Francesco Fumagalli
- Associazione Onlus Laboratorio 0246, Via del Nascimben, 1b, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Research Center on Child Motor Development, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Hermundur Sigmundsson
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7010 Trondheim, Norway;
- Research Center for Education and Mindset, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Valentini NC, Zanella LW. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2: The Use of Rasch Analysis to Examine the Model Unidimensionality, Motor Function, and Item Difficulty. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:852732. [PMID: 35515351 PMCID: PMC9067302 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.852732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition (PDMS-2) is a valid and reliable instrument used in several countries, including Brazil, to assess gross and fine motor skills and identify motor deficits and eligibility for intervention for children with and without disabilities. However, the analysis of PDMS-2 items regarding the unidimensionality of the model, order of item difficulty, and whether the items portray the children's developmental trajectories still lacks investigation. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) analyze the unidimensionality of PDMS-2, (2) verify the model's capacity to explain the variance in the motor function responses, and (3) identify the level of difficulty of the items for Brazilian children. Children (n = 637; 51% girls) newborn to 71 months (M age = 21.7, SD = 18.6) were assessed using the PDMS-2. The Rasch analysis was conducted; the indexes of infit and outfit, and the point-biserial correlations coefficient were analyzed. The model unidimensionality was investigated using percentages of variance in the Rasch model (40% of variance). Results indicated that (1) for reflexes subscale, 62.5% of the items had correlations with the factor above 0.60, and two items had unadjusted infit and outfit; (2) for stationary subscale, 83.3% of the correlations of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and one item had unadjusted infit and outfit; (3) for locomotion subscale, 80.0% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50; all items had adequate infit and outfit; (4) for object manipulation subscale, 79.9% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and one item had unadjusted infit and outfit; (5) for grasping subscale, 92.3% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and one item had unadjusted infit and outfit; and (6) for the visual-motor integration subscale, 73.6% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and six items had unadjusted infit and outfit. The items with unadjusted fit were removed for further analysis. No changes in reliability and separation of items and people scores were observed without the unadjusted items; therefore, all items were maintained. A unidimensional model was found, and the reliability and discriminant capability of the items were adequate, and all items should be used to assess children. The PDMS-2 is appropriate for assessing Brazilian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cristina Valentini
- Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa Wagner Zanella
- Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Sports and Leisure, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande Do Sul, Sertão, Brazil
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The Relationships between Sibling Characteristics and Motor Performance in 3- to 5-Year-Old Typically Developing Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010356. [PMID: 35010616 PMCID: PMC8744780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Siblings have been hypothesized to positively impact the motor performance of children by acting as examples and by providing a safe environment, but they may also negatively impact motor performance because they could compete for the parent’s time and care. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between several sibling characteristics and motor performance in 3- to 5-year-old children. The sample consisted of 205 3- to 5-year-old children (mean age 50.9 ± 10.0 months, 52.2% boys). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 was used to measure motor performance. The sibling variable was operationalized as the number of siblings present, the age difference between a child and its siblings, and the birth order position of a child. The confounding variables that were taken into account were the age, sex, and behavioral problems of the child and maternal education level. None of the investigated sibling variables were related to the total motor performance of a child after controlling for possible confounding variables. The absence of any associations between the sibling variables and motor performance might be explained by the characteristics of the study sample, the possibility that there is no linear relationship, or the presence of still unknown moderating or mediating factors.
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Sigmundsson H, Newell KM, Polman R, Haga M. Exploration of the Specificity of Motor Skills Hypothesis in 7-8 Year Old Primary School Children: Exploring the Relationship Between 12 Different Motor Skills From Two Different Motor Competence Test Batteries. Front Psychol 2021; 12:631175. [PMID: 34220608 PMCID: PMC8249579 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the specificity hypothesis by examining the association between two specific motor competence test batteries [Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and Test of Motor Competence (TMC)] in a sample of young children. In addition, we explored the factorial structure of the MABC and TMC. A total of 80 children participated in the study (38 girls and 42 boys) with a mean chronological age of 7.9 years (SD 0.55). The correlation between total score MABC and total z-score TMC was r = 0.46. In general, low pair-wise correlations (r 2 < 0.20) between the different motor tasks were found. The highest correlation was between the placing bricks and building bricks r = 0.45 (TMC); the stork balance and jumping in squares r = 0.45 (MABC). These low pair-wise relations of items are consistent with findings from younger and older children's age-related motor competence test batteries. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the 1st component accommodated 25% of the variance and was dominated in the top five variable weightings by items of the MABC test; whereas the 2nd component accommodated 12% of the variance with the higher weightings all from the TMC test. The findings provide evidence with children for specificity rather than generality in learning motor skills a viewpoint that has predominantly been driven by adult learning studies. The PCA revealed that the MABC and TMC are testing different properties of children's motor competence though in both cases the variance accounted for is relatively modest, but generally higher than the motor item pair-wise correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermundur Sigmundsson
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Education and Mindset Research Centre, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Remco Polman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Monika Haga
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Lee EJ, Zwicker JG. Early identification of children with/at risk of developmental coordination disorder: a scoping review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:649-658. [PMID: 33469912 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To summarize current evidence for early identification and motor-based intervention for children aged 5 years and younger with/at risk of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). METHOD Using scoping review methodology and after duplicates were removed, 11 115 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature were independently screened by two authors. Data from 103 included records were extracted and synthesized by both assessors. One author entered the relevant data into tables, while the other author double-checked the entries. RESULTS Records included peer-reviewed studies, guidelines, conference presentations, and theses/dissertations. Most literature pertained to early identification (n=78), with fewer studies targeting intervention (n=22) or covering both topics (n=3). Literature was summarized in two main categories: (1) assessments for diagnostic criteria A and B; and (2) motor-based interventions for young children with/at risk of DCD. This article highlights the findings related to assessments, while a companion article summarizes the intervention literature. INTERPRETATION Emerging evidence shows that children, especially those at greatest risk of DCD, may be identified before formal school entry. Earlier identification will allow for earlier intervention, which may help to improve the developmental trajectories of children with/at risk of DCD and prevent secondary consequences of the disorder. It is recommended that health care providers explicitly use the term 'at risk of DCD'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lee
- Rehabilitation Science Online Programs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Nurture Society for Learning and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jill G Zwicker
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Brain, Behaviour, and Development, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Sunny Hill Health Centre at BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Zanella LW, Valentini NC, Copetti F, Nobre GC. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales - Second Edition (PDMS-2): Reliability, content and construct validity evidence for Brazilian children. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 111:103871. [PMID: 33571789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales - Second Edition (PDMS-2) has been used by health and educational professionals to assess the gross and fine motor skills of children with typical development, motor and/or cognitive delays, and disabilities. AIM Investigate the validity and reliability of PDMS-2 for use in Brazil. METHODS For content validity, 13 professionals participated in the study. For construct validity, a sample of 637 children from birth until 71 months (0-23 months: n = 399; 24-71 months: n = 238) was assessed with the PDMS-2. RESULTS The PDMS-2 administered to the Brazilian population has psychometric characteristics equivalent to the original version. CONCLUSION PDMS-2 is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating Brazilian children's motor development and providing appropriate support for clinical and educational intervention plans and follow-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Wagner Zanella
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, Rodovia RS-135, KM 25 - District Eng. Luiz, Sertão, Rio Grande do Sul, 99170-000, Brazil.
| | - Nadia Cristina Valentini
- Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program at School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance in Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Felizardo Street, 750 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90690-200, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Copetti
- Physical Education Graduate Program at Physical Education and Sports Center in Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Hulteen RM, Barnett LM, True L, Lander NJ, Del Pozo Cruz B, Lonsdale C. Validity and reliability evidence for motor competence assessments in children and adolescents: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1717-1798. [PMID: 32608334 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1756674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Valid and reliable tests of motor competence are necessary to allow researchers and practitioners to quantify levels of motor competence, identify skill deficiencies, and determine the effectiveness of motor skill interventions. The primary study aim was to systematically review the validity and reliability of scores derived from gross motor competence tests for typically developing child and adolescent populations. The secondary aim of this review was to identify the most prevalent motor skills assessed across all instruments. A search of seven electronic databases identified 57 different skill assessment tools from 107 studies. Construct validity was the most common measurement property examined (60 studies; 56%). Content validity (21 studies; 20%) was the least commonly explored measurement property. Scores derived from the Test of Gross Motor Development - second and third edition had the most support for validity and reliability. The most common skills included in these skill batteries were the overhand throw (n = 33), catch (n = 32), jump (n = 31) and hop (n = 26). Research efforts should focus on: (1) further investigation of measurement properties of existing tools rather than developing new assessments and (2) further investigation of existing tools and their measurement properties in adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Hulteen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University , Geelong, Australia
| | - Larissa True
- Kinesiology Department, State University of New York-Cortland , Cortland, NY, USA
| | | | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University , North Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University , North Sydney, Australia
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8
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de Kroon MLA, van Kernebeek WG, Neve BF, ter Veer JM, Reijneveld SA, de Vet HCW, Toussaint HM. Concurrent validity and discriminative ability of Dutch performance-based motor tests in 5 to 6 years old children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224722. [PMID: 31747399 PMCID: PMC6867635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the concurrent validity and discriminative ability of total, gross and fine motor (TM, GM and FM) scores of Dutch performance-based motor tests, the Baecke-Fassaert Motor Test (BFMT) and the 8- and 4-Skills Scan (SkSc) with the Movement Assessment Battery (MABC) for children at age 5. Method 116 Dutch children (40.3% boys) were included. Spearman’s rho correlations and area under the curves (AUC) were assessed. Results Correlations between the TM scores of the tests were strong (absolute values from 0.58 to .65); the correlations between the GM scores and the FM scores between and within tests were weaker (absolute values from 0.30 to 0.45). Related to the cut-off (15th percentile) of the MABC, the AUC of the BFMT, 8- and 4-SkSc, the AUC was 0.853 (95% CI: 0.757–0.949), 0.905 (95% CI: 0.837–0.972) and 0.844 (95% CI: 0.730–0.957), respectively. At optimal cut-offs, the sensitivity and specificity of the BFMT, the 8- and 4-SkSc were 78.6 and 78.4%, 92.2 and 73.2%, 78.6 and 76.3%, respectively. Conclusion All tests had a reasonably high discriminative ability, but validation with the MABC-2 and adaptations are needed to meet the requirements for screening (i.e. sensitivity ≥80% and specificity ≥90%). The relatively weak correlation between GM and FM scores implies that tests should be normalized and validated for GM and FM ability, separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L. A. de Kroon
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Willem G. van Kernebeek
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Britta F. Neve
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica M. ter Veer
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A. Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrica C. W. de Vet
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub M. Toussaint
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Iuzzini-Seigel J. Motor Performance in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Speech Sound Disorders. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:3220-3233. [PMID: 31479382 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study sought to determine if (a) children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), other speech sound disorders (SSDs), and typical development (TD) would perform differently on a standardized motor assessment and (b) whether comorbid language impairment would impact group differences. Method Speech, language, and motor abilities were assessed in children with CAS (n = 10), SSD (n = 16), and TD (n = 14) between the ages of 43 and 105 months. Motor skills were evaluated using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007), a behavioral assessment that is sensitive in identifying fine/gross motor impairments in children with a range of motor and learning abilities. Data were reanalyzed after reclassifying children by language ability. Results The CAS group performed below the normal limit on all components of the motor assessment and more poorly than the TD and SSD groups on Aiming and Catching and Balance. When children were reclassified by language ability, the comorbid CAS + language impairment group performed worse than the SSD-only and TD groups on Manual Dexterity and Balance and worse than the TD group on Aiming and Catching; all 7 children with CAS + language impairment evidenced performance in the disordered range compared to 1 of 3 children in the CAS-only group and 2 of 6 children in the SSD + language impairment group. Conclusions Children with CAS + language impairment appear to be at an increased risk for motor impairments, which may negatively impact social, academic, and vocational outcomes; referrals for motor screenings/assessments should be considered. Findings may suggest a higher order deficit that mediates cognitive-linguistic and motor impairments in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenya Iuzzini-Seigel
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study presents survey responses of pediatric physical therapists' use and alteration of standardized assessments of motor function in children aged 2 to 10 years. METHODS Electronic and paper surveys were distributed to practicing physical therapists through the APTA Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy electronic newsletter and 2 national conferences. Data were analyzed by response frequencies, qualitative responses, and χ(2) analyses for demographic characteristics. RESULTS A total of 497 pediatric physical therapists responded. Most (93%) reported using standardized assessments, with the majority (84%) reporting the normative scores. Almost all respondents (94%) also reported that they at least occasionally modify assessments. CONCLUSION Standardized assessments are used by most therapists, but the high use of modifications during testing is concerning. Survey reports from therapists indicate a disconnect between standardized assessments and the needs of the child, leaving clinicians working to report required scores while maintaining validity of testing procedures.
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Amador-Ruiz S, Gutierrez D, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Gulías-González R, Pardo-Guijarro MJ, Sánchez-López M. Motor Competence Levels and Prevalence of Developmental Coordination Disorder in Spanish Children: The MOVI-KIDS Study. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:538-546. [PMID: 29864209 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor competence (MC) affects numerous aspects of children's daily life. The aims of this study were to: evaluate MC, provide population-based percentile values for MC; and determine the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in Spanish schoolchildren. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1562 children aged 4 to 6 years from Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. MC was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition. Values were analyzed according to age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), environment (rural/urban), and type of school. RESULTS Boys scored higher than girls in aiming and catching, whereas girls aged 6 scored higher than boys in balance. Children living in rural areas and those attending to public schools obtained better scores in aiming and catching than those from urban areas and private schools. The prevalence of DCD was 9.9%, and 7.5% of children were at risk of having movement problems. CONCLUSION Motor test scores can represent a valuable reference to evaluate and compare the MC in schoolchildren. Schools should identify motor problems at early ages and design initiatives which prevent or mitigate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Amador-Ruiz
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Gutierrez
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Roberto Gulías-González
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María J Pardo-Guijarro
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino Pozuelo, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - Mairena Sánchez-López
- Centro de Estudios Sociosanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/ Santa Teresa Jornet, s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Castilla-LaMancha, Ronda de Calatrava, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Chakraborty A, Anstice NS, Jacobs RJ, Paudel N, LaGasse LL, Lester BM, McKinlay CJD, Harding JE, Wouldes TA, Thompson B. Global motion perception is related to motor function in 4.5-year-old children born at risk of abnormal development. Vision Res 2017; 135:16-25. [PMID: 28435122 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global motion perception is often used as an index of dorsal visual stream function in neurodevelopmental studies. However, the relationship between global motion perception and visuomotor control, a primary function of the dorsal stream, is unclear. We measured global motion perception (motion coherence threshold; MCT) and performance on standardized measures of motor function in 606 4.5-year-old children born at risk of abnormal neurodevelopment. Visual acuity, stereoacuity and verbal IQ were also assessed. After adjustment for verbal IQ or both visual acuity and stereoacuity, MCT was modestly, but significantly, associated with all components of motor function with the exception of fine motor scores. In a separate analysis, stereoacuity, but not visual acuity, was significantly associated with both gross and fine motor scores. These results indicate that the development of motion perception and stereoacuity are associated with motor function in pre-school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Chakraborty
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nicola S Anstice
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Jacobs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nabin Paudel
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Linda L LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Christopher J D McKinlay
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Trecia A Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada.
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De Kegel A, Maes L, Dhooge I, van Hoecke H, De Leenheer E, Van Waelvelde H. Early motor development of children with a congenital cytomegalovirus infection. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 48:253-261. [PMID: 26630616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most important etiology of non-hereditary childhood hearing loss and an important cause of neurodevelopmental delay. The current study aimed to investigate the early motor development of symptomatic and asymptomatic cCMV infected children with and without sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). METHODS Sixty-four children with a cCMV infection, without cerebral palsy, were compared to a control group of 107 normal hearing children. They were assessed around the ages of 6, 12, and 24 months with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2), Alberta Infant Motor Scales (AIMS), and Ghent Developmental Balance Test (GDBT). The cCMV infected children were subdivided into a symptomatic (n=26) and asymptomatic cCMV group (n=38) but also into a cCMV group with SNHL (n=19) and without SNHL (n=45). RESULTS Symptomatic cCMV infected children and cCMV infected children with SNHL performed significantly weaker for all gross motor outcome measures. CONCLUSION A congenital CMV infection is a risk factor for a delay in the early motor development. Follow-up will be necessary to gain insight into the exact cause of this motor delay and to define the predictive value of early motor assessment of cCMV infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra De Kegel
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Maes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ingeborg Dhooge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helen van Hoecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els De Leenheer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Van Waelvelde
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Do motor ability and handwriting kinematic measures predict organizational ability among children with Developmental Coordination Disorders? Hum Mov Sci 2015; 43:201-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Bardid F, Rudd JR, Lenoir M, Polman R, Barnett LM. Cross-cultural comparison of motor competence in children from Australia and Belgium. Front Psychol 2015; 6:964. [PMID: 26217282 PMCID: PMC4499673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor competence in childhood is an important determinant of physical activity and physical fitness in later life. However, childhood competence levels in many countries are lower than desired. Due to the many different motor skill instruments in use, children's motor competence across countries is rarely compared. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the motor competence of children from Australia and Belgium using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK). The sample consisted of 244 (43.4% boys) Belgian children and 252 (50.0% boys) Australian children, aged 6-8 years. A MANCOVA for the motor scores showed a significant country effect. Belgian children scored higher on jumping sideways, moving sideways and hopping for height but not for balancing backwards. Moreover, a Chi squared test revealed significant differences between the Belgian and Australian score distribution with 21.3% Belgian and 39.3% Australian children scoring "below average." The very low levels reported by Australian children may be the result of cultural differences in physical activity contexts such as physical education and active transport. When compared to normed scores, both samples scored significantly worse than children 40 years ago. The decline in children's motor competence is a global issue, largely influenced by increasing sedentary behavior and a decline in physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Bardid
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - James R. Rudd
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Remco Polman
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Psychology Department, Bournemouth UniversityDorset, UK
| | - Lisa M. Barnett
- Faculty of Health, Deakin UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Tavasoli A, Azimi P, Montazari A. Reliability and validity of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition for assessing motor development of low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51:522-6. [PMID: 25266615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor developmental impairment is a common symptom in low birth weight neonates. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition is an instrument for measuring motor abilities in these infants. This study aimed to validate the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition in Iran. METHODS This was a prospective clinical validation study. The reliability and validity of the original measure were performed in accordance with published guidelines. To collect data, a total of 88 infants including 58 LBW infants and 30 normal birth weight control patients were included in the study, and the measure was completed for them. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development, second edition, and the Motor Scale (Psychomotor Development Index) also were completed for the study samples. To test reliability, the internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach alpha coefficient. Test-retest reliability was performed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient at 1-week interval. Validity was evaluated using known groups comparison and criterion validity (convergent validity). RESULTS The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition was 0.92. Further analysis also indicated that test-retest reliability was excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = .98). Validity as performed by known groups comparison indicated satisfactory result. The instrument well discriminated among subgroups of the study samples that differed in birth weight. The Psychomotor Development Index score correlated strongly with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition (r for Fine Motor Scale = .91, P < 0.001 and r for the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition Gross Motor Scale = .93, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the Iranian version of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition is a reliable and valid measure. It can now be used in clinical settings for assessing motor development in low birth weight infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Tavasoli
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Azimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Montazari
- Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Centre, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Fransen J, D'Hondt E, Bourgois J, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Lenoir M. Motor competence assessment in children: convergent and discriminant validity between the BOT-2 Short Form and KTK testing batteries. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1375-1383. [PMID: 24713517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated convergent and discriminant validity between two motor competence assessment instruments in 2485 Flemish children: the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 Short Form (BOT-2 Short Form) and the KörperKoördinationsTest für Kinder (KTK). A Pearson correlation assessed the relationship between BOT-2 Short Form total, gross and fine motor composite scores and KTK Motor Quotient in three age cohorts (6-7, 8-9, 10-11 years). Crosstabs were used to measure agreement in classification in children scoring below percentile 5 and 15 and above percentile 85 and 95. Moderately strong positive (r=0.44-0.64) associations between BOT-2 total and gross motor composite scores and KTK Motor Quotient and weak positive correlations between BOT-2 Short Form fine motor composite and KTK Motor Quotient scores (r=0.25-0.37) were found. Levels of agreement were fair to moderate. Therefore, some proof of convergent and discriminant validity between BOT-2 Short Form and KTK was established in this study, underlining the notion that the evaluation of motor competence should not be based upon a single assessment instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Fransen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jan Bourgois
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
| | - Roel Vaeyens
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
| | - Renaat M Philippaerts
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Belgium
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18
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van Eijck FC, van Vlimmeren LA, Wijnen RMH, Klein W, Kruijen I, Pillen S, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG. Functional, motor developmental, and long-term outcome after the component separation technique in children with giant omphalocele: a case control study. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:525-32. [PMID: 23480906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term functional and motor development and abdominal muscle quantity in children operated on for giant omphalocele (GOC) with the Component Separation Technique (CST). METHODS Between 2004 and 2007, CST was applied in eleven consecutive infants with GOC. Eight underwent ultrasound of the abdominal wall and muscles, assessment of functional and motor development using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (M-ABC-2), and an observational physical examination focused on possible abnormalities in stature and movements related to GOC. Findings were compared with those in age-matched controls. The parents filled in a questionnaire on the children's functioning in daily life. RESULTS The mean age at evaluation was 71 months (range, 42-141 months) with a median time of follow-up of 54 months (range, 38-84 months). Ultrasound of the abdominal wall muscles showed normal muscle thickness. In seven of the eight children, a rectus diastasis was seen without any protrusion. The MABC-2 was within the normal range, and stature and motor coordination did not differ from those in controls. CONCLUSIONS After 4.5 years, these children show normal thickness of all abdominal wall muscles and motor function within the normal range, despite a rectus diastasis. The CST seems to be a promising closure technique for GOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floortje C van Eijck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hua J, Gu G, Meng W, Wu Z. Age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition: exploring its usefulness in mainland China. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:801-808. [PMID: 23220119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to examine the validity and reliability of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2) in preparation for its standardization in mainland China. Interrater and test-retest reliability of the MABC-2 was estimated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Cronbach's alpha for each item and Item-total correlation were used to determine internal consistency. The content validity was determined by the Item-level content validity index (I-CVI). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial validity of the MABC-2 test. The correlation coefficients between the MABC-2 and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2) were used to assess the criteria-related validity. The Cronbach's alpha values of all eight items together were moderate but acceptable. The correlation coefficients between each test item and the total score were moderate except for two items. The ICC of interrater and test-retest reliability for each test items was good. The I-CVI of each item was excellent (each above 0.78). The result of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the adjusted model were good (each above 0.9), indicating a satisfactory fit of the data to the model. The total score on MABC-2 and PDMS-2 was correlated well (r=0.631). It is concluded that the reliability and validity of age band 1 of MABC-2 were fair in this study based on a large sample. However, there was a need to adjust part of items to improve the test's psychometric properties when it is used in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hua
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology & Health, 200135 Shanghai, China
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20
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Ghent developmental balance test: a new tool to evaluate balance performance in toddlers and preschool children. Phys Ther 2012; 92:841-52. [PMID: 22383657 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance is a fundamental component of movement. Early identification of balance problems is important to plan early intervention. The Ghent Developmental Balance Test (GDBT) is a new assessment tool designed to monitor balance from the initiation of independent walking to 5 years of age. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to establish the psychometric characteristics of the GDBT. METHODS To evaluate test-retest reliability, 144 children were tested twice on the GDBT by the same examiner, and to evaluate interrater reliability, videotaped GDBT sessions of 22 children were rated by 3 different raters. To evaluate the known-group validity of GDBT scores, z scores on the GDBT were compared between a clinical group (n = 20) and a matched control group (n = 20). Concurrent validity of GDBT scores with the subscale standardized scores of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (M-ABC-2), the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition (PDMS-2), and the balance subscale of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test-Second Edition (BOT-2) was evaluated in a combined group of the 20 children from the clinical group and 74 children who were developing typically. RESULTS Test-retest and interrater reliability were excellent for the GDBT total scores, with intraclass correlation coefficients of .99 and .98, standard error of measurement values of 0.21 and 0.78, and small minimal detectable differences of 0.58 and 2.08, respectively. The GDBT was able to distinguish between the clinical group and the control group (t(38) = 5.456, P<.001). Pearson correlations between the z scores on GDBT and the standardized scores of specific balance subscales of the M-ABC-2, PDMS-2, and BOT-2 were moderate to high, whereas correlations with subscales measuring constructs other than balance were low. CONCLUSIONS The GDBT is a reliable and valid clinical assessment tool for the evaluation of balance in toddlers and preschool-aged children.
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Kakebeeke TH, Locatell I, Rousson V, Caflisch I, Jenni OG. Improvement in Gross Motor Performance between 3 and 5 Years of Age. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 114:795-806. [DOI: 10.2466/10.13.25.pms.114.3.795-806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined gross motor performance of 101 typically developing children between 3 and 5 years of age (48 boys, 53 girls, M age = 3.9 yr., SD = 0.5). All children performed 7 different gross motor tasks which were rated on a 5-point scale. Age and sex were assessed by an ordinal-logistic model, and odds ratios were calculated for each task using age and sex as covariates. For standing on one leg, walking on a beam, hopping on one leg, running, and taking stairs, statistically significant age differences were found, while for rising and jumping down, none were apparent. Mean motor performance did not differ between boys and girls on the tasks. The older the children were, the better they performed on the tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Institute of Physiology, University of Fribourg
| | - I. Locatell
- Centre Universitaire Hospitalier Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Statistical Unit, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
| | - V. Rousson
- Centre Universitaire Hospitalier Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Statistical Unit, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
| | - I. Caflisch
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich
| | - O. G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich
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Logan SW, Robinson LE, Wilson AE, Lucas WA. Getting the fundamentals of movement: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children. Child Care Health Dev 2012; 38:305-15. [PMID: 21880055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The development of fundamental movement skills (FMS) is associated with positive health-related outcomes. Children do not develop FMS naturally through maturational processes. These skills need to be learned, practised and reinforced. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children. The following databases were searched for relevant articles: Academic Search Premier, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, SportDiscus and ERIC. No date range was specified and each search was conducted to include all possible years of publication specific to each database. Key terms for the search included motor, skill, movement, intervention, programme or children. Searches were conducted using single and combined terms. Pertinent journals and article reference lists were also manually searched. INCLUSION CRITERIA (1) implementation of any type of motor skill intervention; (2) pre- and post-qualitative assessment of FMS; and (3) availability of means and standard deviations of motor performance. A significant positive effect of motor skill interventions on the improvement of FMS in children was found (d= 0.39, P < 0.001). Results indicate that object control (d= 0.41, P < 0.001) and locomotor skills (d= 0.45, P < 0.001) improved similarly from pre- to post-intervention. The overall effect size for control groups (i.e. free play) was not significant (d= 0.06, P= 0.33). A Pearson correlation indicated a non-significant (P= 0.296), negative correlation (r=-0.18) between effect size of pre- to post-improvement of FMS and the duration of the intervention (in minutes). Motor skill interventions are effective in improving FMS in children. Early childhood education centres should implement 'planned' movement programmes as a strategy to promote motor skill development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Logan
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Logan SW, Robinson LE, Getchell N. The Comparison of Performances of Preschool Children on Two Motor Assessments. Percept Mot Skills 2011; 113:715-23. [DOI: 10.2466/03.06.25.pms.113.6.715-723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding children's motor performance on different assessments is important for researchers. The Test of Gross Motor Development–2 (TGMD–2) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–2 (MABC–2) are motor assessments that use either a process- or product-oriented scoring approach. However, no studies have examined how performances are related to these two types of assessment. This study compared the performance of preschool children on the TGMD–2 and the MABC–2. 32 children ( M age = 4.2 yr., SD = 9) completed each test to assess whether each described motor performance similarly. Significant low to moderate Spearman's rank correlations ( r2 range = .13–.40) were found between the subscales of the assessments. A related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test was not significant between total performances on the TGMD–2 and MABC–2. From a practical standpoint, each assessment provides a similar overall description of motor competence in preschool children. However, each assessment results in scores that present different information about motor performance.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether young children involved with child welfare (CW) have gross motor (GM) delay; to examine relationships between GM skills and the influence of multiple factors on GM skills. METHODS One hundred seventy-six children involved with CW received GM assessment, physical examinations, and caseworker interviews. Descriptive statistics, correlations, t tests, analysis of variance and covariance, and multiple regression analyses were completed. RESULTS GM scores, lower than population norms, were associated with growth parameters. Children in kinship care had significantly higher GM scores compared with children in foster care and those with in-home protective services when adjusted for differences in time in CW. Abuse/neglect, medical neglect, and parental substance abuse produced lower scores; referral for abandonment produced higher scores. Age was most strongly related to GM outcome, with multiple regression explaining 19% of GM variance. CONCLUSION Children involved with CW have lower mean GM scores than population norms. Several factors specific to CW experiences may influence GM outcome.
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Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Ellinoudis T, Fatouros I, Giannakidou D, Kourtessis T. Can the movement assessment battery for children-test be the "gold standard" for the motor assessment of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:1-10. [PMID: 20940096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is an important risk factor in the development of children that can have a significant academic and social impact. This reinforces the need for its timely identification using appropriate assessment methods and accurate screening tests. The commonly used standardized motor test for the DCD identification is the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Test (M-ABC Test) (Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The aim of the present study was to examine if the M-ABC Test can be considered to be the "gold standard" for the motor assessment of children with the aforementioned disorder. For that purpose, a critical review of the extant literature regarding M-ABC Test's psychometric properties was conducted. Neither the test manual nor the studies reviewed provide support for the reliability and validity of the M-ABC Test results in children with DCD. Until sufficient evidence for its technical adequacy is accumulated, the M-ABC Test should not be used in isolation for children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Venetsanou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
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The clinimetric properties of performance-based gross motor tests used for children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review. Pediatr Phys Ther 2010; 22:170-9. [PMID: 20473100 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0b013e3181dbeff0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Performance-based measures of gross motor skills are required for children with developmental coordination disorder to quantify motor ability and objectify change. Information related to psychometrics, clinical utility, feasibility, and client appropriateness and acceptability is needed so that clinicians and researchers are assured that they have chosen the most appropriate and robust tool. METHODS This review identified performance-based measures of gross motor skills for this population, and the research evidence for their clinimetric properties through a systematic literature search. RESULTS Seven measures met the inclusion criteria and were appraised for their clinimetric properties. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children and the Test for Gross Motor Development (second version) scored highest on appraisal. CONCLUSIONS The 2 highest scoring measures are recommended in the first instance for clinicians wishing to evaluate gross motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. However, both measures require further testing to increase confidence in their validity for this population.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) is a widely used, standardized assessment of motor performance in children. The total score obtained on this test often is used to identify children who are either definitely impaired or at risk for motor impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of data for the M-ABC when scored by pediatric physical therapists working in routine clinical settings. SUBJECTS AND METHODS For 9 children who were referred to clinical settings for an assessment of possible movement difficulties, performance on the appropriate age band of the M-ABC was videotaped. The 9 children, one at each age from 4 through 12 years, represented all ages covered by the test. The videotaped performances were rated according to the test instructions by 131 pediatric physical therapists with a range of experience and by an expert rater who developed the Dutch version of the test. RESULTS The average agreement between therapists in their classification of the children was very high. The kappa coefficients for the 9 videos ranged from .95 to 1.00. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Errors made by the therapists could be classified as those that might be common to all tests and those that are specific to the M-ABC.
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