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Vezzoli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Brizzolari A, Balestra C, Camporesi EM, Bosco G. Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3060. [PMID: 38474303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O2 availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyperbaric pressure, cold water, different types of breathing gases, and air/non-air mixtures. The "diving response", including physiological adaptation, cardiovascular stress, increased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered blood gas values, and risk of bubble formation during decompression, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Brizzolari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Halpern G, Braga DPDAF, Morishima C, Setti AS, Setti Jr. AI, Borges Jr. E. Beetroot, watermelon and ginger juice supplementation may increase the clinical outcomes of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection cycles. JBRA Assist Reprod 2023; 27:490-495. [PMID: 37459441 PMCID: PMC10712821 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20230012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prove the hypothesis that beetroot, watermelon and ginger juice supplementation improves the endometrial receptivity and clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. METHODS This prospective randomized study enrolled 436 female patients undergoing ICSI cycles from January/2018 to June/2021, in a private university-affiliated IVF center. Female patients were randomized in a 1:3 ratio to either Control (n=109) or Supplementation Group (n=327). All patients received nutritional orientation before the beginning of the treatment. Participants in the Supplementation Group were instructed to intake a daily dose of homemade juice, prepared with fresh beetroot, watermelon and ginger, from the day of embryo transfer until the day of pregnancy test, while patients in Control Group did not follow the juice protocol. Generalized Linear Models, adjusted for potential confounders (female age, body mass index - BMI, endometrial thickness upon embryo transfer, and number of transferred embryos), followed by Bonferroni post hoc test for the comparison of means between groups, were used to investigate the impact of juice supplementation on the clinical outcomes of ICSI. RESULTS Patients and cycles characteristics were equally distributed among Supplementation and Control groups. Implantation rate (25.2% vs. 20.5%, p<0.001) and clinical pregnancy rate (41.0% vs. 22.0%, p=0.039) were significantly higher in the Supplementation compared to the Control group. CONCLUSIONS The use of beetroot, watermelon and ginger juice may be considered a promising strategy for improving clinical outcomes in assisted reproductive technology (ART), without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Halpern
- Fertility Medical Group, Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antônio, 4545.
São Paulo – SP, Brazil. Zip: 01401-002
| | - Daniela Paes de Almeida Ferreira Braga
- Fertility Medical Group, Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antônio, 4545.
São Paulo – SP, Brazil. Zip: 01401-002
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em
Reprodução Assistida Rua Vieira Maciel, 62. São Paulo – SP,
Brazil. Zip: 04503-040
| | - Christina Morishima
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em
Reprodução Assistida Rua Vieira Maciel, 62. São Paulo – SP,
Brazil. Zip: 04503-040
| | - Amanda Souza Setti
- Fertility Medical Group, Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antônio, 4545.
São Paulo – SP, Brazil. Zip: 01401-002
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em
Reprodução Assistida Rua Vieira Maciel, 62. São Paulo – SP,
Brazil. Zip: 04503-040
| | | | - Edson Borges Jr.
- Fertility Medical Group, Av. Brigadeiro Luiz Antônio, 4545.
São Paulo – SP, Brazil. Zip: 01401-002
- Instituto Sapientiae – Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em
Reprodução Assistida Rua Vieira Maciel, 62. São Paulo – SP,
Brazil. Zip: 04503-040
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Elia A, Barlow MJ, Wilson OJ, O'Hara JP. Six weeks of dynamic apnoeic training stimulates erythropoiesis but does not increase splenic volume. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:827-838. [PMID: 33372236 PMCID: PMC7892731 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the influence of dynamic apnoea training on splenic volume and haematological responses in non-breath-hold divers (BHD). Methods Eight non-BHD performed ten maximal dynamic apnoeas, four times a week for six weeks. Splenic volumes were assessed ultrasonically, and blood samples were drawn for full blood count analysis, erythropoietin, iron, ferritin, albumin, protein and osmolality at baseline, 24 h post the completion of each week’s training sessions and seven days post the completion of the training programme. Additionally, blood samples were drawn for haematology at 30, 90, and 180 min post session one, twelve and twenty-four. Results Erythropoietin was only higher than baseline (6.62 ± 3.03 mlU/mL) post session one, at 90 (9.20 ± 1.88 mlU/mL, p = 0.048) and 180 min (9.04 ± 2.35 mlU/mL, p = 0.046). Iron increased from baseline (18 ± 3 µmol/L) post week five (23 ± 2 µmol/L, p = 0.033) and six (21 ± 6 µmol/L; p = 0.041), whereas ferritin was observed to be lower than baseline (111 ± 82 µg/L) post week five (95 ± 75 µg/L; p = 0.016), six (84 ± 74 µg/L; p = 0.012) and one week post-training (81 ± 63 µg/L; p = 0.008). Reticulocytes increased from baseline (57 ± 12 × 109/L) post week one (72 ± 17 × 109/L, p = 0.037) and six (71 ± 17 × 109/L, p = 0.021) while no changes were recorded in erythrocytes (p = 0.336), haemoglobin (p = 0.124) and splenic volumes (p = 0.357). Conclusions Six weeks of dynamic apnoeic training increase reticulocytes without altering mature erythrocyte concentration and splenic volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, School of Chemistry, Bioengineering and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, Solna, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | | | - Oliver J Wilson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - John P O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Garnacho-Castaño MV, Palau-Salvà G, Serra-Payá N, Ruiz-Hermosel M, Berbell M, Viñals X, Bataller MG, Carbonell T, Vilches-Saez S, Cobo EP, Molina-Raya L. Understanding the effects of beetroot juice intake on CrossFit performance by assessing hormonal, metabolic and mechanical response: a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:56. [PMID: 33187518 PMCID: PMC7666517 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute beetroot juice (BJ) intake has shown to enhance aerobic and anaerobic performance. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of BJ intake on CrossFit (CF) performance by linking hormonal, metabolic, and mechanical responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the causal physiological association between hormonal, metabolic and mechanical responses, and CF workouts performance after acute BJ intake. METHODS Twelve well-trained male practitioners undertook a CF workout after drinking 140 mL of BJ (~ 12.8 mmol NO3-) or placebo. The two experimental conditions (BJ or placebo) were administered using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The CF workout consisted of repeating the same exercise routine twice: Wall ball (WB) shots plus full back squat (FBS) with 3-min rest (1st routine) or without rest (2nd routine) between the two exercises. A 3-min rest was established between the two exercise routines. RESULTS An interaction effect was observed in the number of repetitions performed (p = 0.04). The Bonferroni test determined a higher number of repetitions after BJ than placebo intake when a 3-min rest between WB and FBS (1st routine) was established (p = 0.007). An interaction effect was detected in cortisol response (p = 0.04). Cortisol showed a higher increase after BJ compared to placebo intake (76% vs. 36%, respectively). No interaction effect was observed in the testosterone and testosterone/cortisol ratio (p > 0.05). A significant interaction effect was found in oxygen saturation (p = 0.01). A greater oxygen saturation drop was observed in BJ compared to placebo (p < 0.05). An interaction effect was verified in muscular fatigue (p = 0.03) with a higher muscular fatigue being observed with BJ than placebo (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS BJ intake improved anaerobic performance only after the recovery time between exercises. This increase in performance in the first routine probably generated greater hypoxia in the muscle mass involved, possibly conditioning post-exercise performance. This was observed with a fall in oxygen saturation and in muscle fatigue measured at the end of the CF workout. The greatest perceived changes in cortisol levels after BJ intake could be attributed to the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guillem Palau-Salvà
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Serra-Payá
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ruiz-Hermosel
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Berbell
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Viñals
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Gomis Bataller
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Vilches-Saez
- GRI-AFIRS. School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana), Mataró, 08302, Barcelona, Spain
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Engan H, Patrician A, Lodin-Sundström A, Johansson H, Melin M, Schagatay E. Spleen contraction and Hb elevation after dietary nitrate intake. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1324-1329. [PMID: 33031018 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00236.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of dietary nitrate ([Formula: see text]) is associated with improved exercise tolerance and reduced oxygen (O2) cost of exercise, ascribed to enhanced mitochondrial efficiency, muscle contractile function, or other factors. Nitrate ingestion has also been found to attenuate the reduction in arterial oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) during apnea and to prolong apneic duration. The spleen serves as a dynamic blood pool expelling erythrocytes into the circulation during apnea, and [Formula: see text] and nitric oxide donors may induce vasoactive effects in the mesenteric and splanchnic circulation. Our aim was to investigate the effect of ingestion of concentrated organic [Formula: see text]-rich beetroot juice (BR) on spleen volume and spleen contraction during apnea, and the resulting hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Eight volunteers performed two apneas of submaximal and maximal duration during prone rest ∼2.5 h after ingesting 70 mL of BR (∼5 mmol [Formula: see text]) or placebo (PL; ∼0.003 mmol [Formula: see text]), on separate days in weighted order. Heart rate and [Formula: see text] were monitored continuously and spleen diameters were measured every minute for triaxial volume calculation. Capillary Hb samples were collected at baseline and after the maximal apnea. Baseline spleen volume was reduced by 66 mL after BR ingestion (22.9%; P = 0.026) and Hb was elevated (+3.0%; P = 0.015). During apneas, spleen contraction and Hb increase were similar between BR and PL conditions (NS). The study shows that dietary [Formula: see text]reduces spleen volume at rest, resulting in increased Hb. This spleen-induced Hb elevation following [Formula: see text] ingestions represents a novel mechanism that could enhance performance in conditions involving exercise, apnea, and hypoxia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine changes of spleen volume and circulating Hb following dietary [Formula: see text] supplementation. After dietary [Formula: see text] ingestion, the spleen volume at rest was reduced and Hb was elevated. The spleen contains a dynamic red blood cell reservoir, which can be mobilized and facilitate oxygen transport during various types of physiological stress. This study has revealed an additional, previously unexplored mechanism possibly contributing to the ergogenic effects of dietary [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Engan
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Unicare Rehabilitation Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Patrician
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Angelica Lodin-Sundström
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Department of Nursing Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Hampus Johansson
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Maja Melin
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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Zamani H, de Joode MEJR, Hossein IJ, Henckens NFT, Guggeis MA, Berends JE, de Kok TMCM, van Breda SGJ. The benefits and risks of beetroot juice consumption: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:788-804. [PMID: 32292042 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1746629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot juice (BRJ) has become increasingly popular amongst athletes aiming to improve sport performances. BRJ contains high concentrations of nitrate, which can be converted into nitric oxide (NO) after consumption. NO has various functions in the human body, including a vasodilatory effect, which reduces blood pressure and increases oxygen- and nutrient delivery to various organs. These effects indicate that BRJ may have relevant applications in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the consumption of BRJ also has an impact on oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles, muscle efficiency, tolerance and endurance and may thus have a positive impact on sports performances. Aside from the beneficial aspects of BRJ consumption, there may also be potential health risks. Drinking BRJ may easily increase nitrate intake above the acceptable daily intake, which is known to stimulate the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC's), a class of compounds that is known to be carcinogenic and that may also induce several other adverse effects. Compared to studies on the beneficial effects, the amount of data and literature on the negative effects of BRJ is rather limited, and should be increased in order to perform a balanced risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zamani
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M E J R de Joode
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - I J Hossein
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - N F T Henckens
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M A Guggeis
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J E Berends
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T M C M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S G J van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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