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Nasser I, Willardson JM, Monteiro W, Miranda H. Postactivation performance enhancement in the vertical jump using loads above or below the optimum-power load for a jump squat. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:348-354. [PMID: 38093641 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an acute response of increased muscle performance following a conditioning activity (CA), generally prescribed based on the percentage of a one-repetition maximum. However, it is unknown how the PAPE response is affected when the CA is performed near the optimum power zone. The purpose of this study was to examine PAPE using loads that were 20% above or below the optimum-power load (OPL). METHODS Fifteen recreationally trained subjects, with at least one-year resistance training experience participated in this study. First, the OPL for the JS was determined. Then, subjects performed two protocols in a counterbalanced order: 20% above (+20%OPL) or below (-20%OPL). To examine PAPE on performance, the vertical jump was performed prior to and seven times following each jump squat protocol, with a 2-min rest interval between trials. RESULTS The two-way ANOVA revealed main effects for condition (F=4.978; P<0.001) for jump height and jump power (F=2.589; P=0.017), but post-hoc comparisons did not show differences. Between baseline and the best trial following each jump squat protocol, two-way ANOVA did not reveal main effects (F=3.048; P=0.103) or interactions (F=0.304; P=0.590). Paired t-tests did not show significant differences between conditions for relative changes in jump height (P=0.543) or jump power (P=0.233). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed similar results between 20% above or below the OPL on subsequent vertical jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Nasser
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -
- Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory (LADTEF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -
| | - Jeffrey M Willardson
- Health and Human Performance Department, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Walace Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sports Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Research and Education, National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Miranda
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory (LADTEF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Santos da Silva V, Nakamura FY, Gantois P, Nogueira Gouveia JN, Peña J, Beato M, Abade E. Effects of Upper-Body and Lower-Body Conditioning Activities on Postactivation Performance Enhancement During Sprinting and Jumping Tasks in Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:342-349. [PMID: 37815258 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Santos da Silva, V, Nakamura, FY, Gantois, P, Nogueira Gouveia, JN, Peña, J, Beato, M, and Abade, E. Effects of upper-body and lower-body conditioning activities on postactivation performance enhancement during sprinting and jumping tasks in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 342-349, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of "specific" (half-back squat) and "nonspecific" (bench press) conditioning activities on sprinting and jumping performances in female soccer players. Fourteen players (mean ± SD : age = 22.3 ± 4.0 years; body mass = 60.2 ± 7.8 kg; height = 164.1 ± 4.2 cm) competing at national level (first League) participated in this within-subject crossover study. The players performed a warm-up protocol including 3 sets of 3 repetitions of half-back-squat or bench press exercises at 90% 1RM or a warm-up protocol without lifting weights (i.e., control condition). Forty-meter shuttle sprints (20 + 20 m with change of direction [COD-180°]), countermovement jump (CMJ), and horizontal jump (HJ) performances were recorded 6 minutes after the conditioning activities protocols or the control condition. Nonsignificant large positive effects were found for the HJ after the half-back-squat (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) and bench press (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) protocols. Although nonsignificant, HJ changes ( Δ = 0.07 m) were greater than the smallest worthwhile change (0.02 m) and standard error of measurement (0.03 m) after both conditioning activities. Moreover, no significant changes were found for sprint and CMJ performance after neither half-back-squat nor bench press protocols ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, both specific and nonspecific conditioning activities using heavy loads (i.e., 90% 1RM) may be suitable to enhance individual HJ. Finally, both conditioning activities are potentially ineffective for increasing sprint and CMJ performance in the context of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Santos da Silva
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - João Nuno Nogueira Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Portugal
- Club Sport Marítimo, SAD, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, García-Ramos A, Martinez-Tellez B, Boullosa D, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Acute Mechanical and Skin Temperature Responses to Different Interrepetition Rest Intervals During Full-Squat Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:674-681. [PMID: 37116897 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to (1) evaluate the acute effects of different interrepetition rest full-squat protocols on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, velocity loss (VL), and skin temperature (Tsk) and (2) determine whether the VL, the changes in Tsk, or the individual strength level is associated with the change in CMJ height. METHODS Sixteen resistance-trained men randomly performed 3 squat protocols at maximal intended velocity with 60% of the 1-repetition maximum (sets × repetitions [interrepetition rest]): traditional (2 × 6 [0 s]), cluster 2 (2 × 6 [30 s every 2 repetitions]), and cluster 1 (1 × 12; [36 s every repetition]), plus a control session. CMJ height was assessed before and 2, 4, and 8 minutes after the protocols. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of protocol for the VL (F = 20.54, P < .001) and loss in mean power (F = 12.85, P < .001; traditional > cluster 2 > cluster 1). However, we found a comparable reduction of CMJ height after 8 minutes: traditional (-3.4% [4.2%]), cluster 2 (-5.3% [4.9%]), cluster 1 (-5.4% [2.9%]), and control (-4.2% [3.6%]). Overall, mean Tsk acutely decreased after all the protocols. Higher individual strength level (but not VL or the changes in Tsk) was associated with lower CMJ-height loss (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Although different interrepetition rest full-squat protocols may alter the loss in velocity and power, they result in a similar decrease in Tsk and CMJ height, which could be more influenced by individual strength level than VL or changes in Tsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada,Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción,Chile
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden,the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León,Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS,Brazil
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD,Australia
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
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Eken Ö, Mainer-Pardos E, Yagin FH, Eken I, Prieto-González P, Nobari H. Motoric performance variation from morning to evening: 80% intensity post-activation potentiation protocol impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in basketball players. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1066026. [PMID: 36562062 PMCID: PMC9763594 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can be defined as the acute enhancement in muscle performance after preload stimulation that occurs during strength exercises or warm-up protocols, and the contractile history of any muscle group can directly influence the presented performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of motoric performance tests carried out at two different times of the day using three different PAP protocols. Methods Thirty-two male basketball players with at least 2 years of training experience and who competed at the national level were recruited for this study [age: 21.80 ± 1.91 years; body height: 178.40 ± 6.85 cm; body mass: 72.50 ± 7.16 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.81 ± 2.28]. After control and experimental-specific warm-up (SWU) sessions, participants completed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The SWU protocol was developed based on the athlete's typical warm-up routine. The experimental warm-ups included the same exercises as the SWU, with one set of bench presses for five repetitions at 80% (80% PAP) and one repetition at 100% of 1 RM (100% PAP). Each of the protocols consists of 15 min. The SWU and experimental warm-up sessions were completed in a random, counterbalanced order, completed in a period of 3-weeks. Results According to the research findings, carrying out the protocols in the evening led to a larger improvement in SMBT than in the morning (F = 35.94, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.537). Additionally, the SMBT results were statistically more significant in the group that received 80% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.034), and the SMBT results were also higher in the group that received 100% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.002). Furthermore, the interaction effect (time × PAP) was statistically significant in SMBT (F = 6.39, p = 0.003, η 2 p = 0.17). Discussion These results may provide more particular recommendations than previously thought to basketball coaches for the planning of basketball-specific PAP exercises prior to the start of training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ismihan Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania,*Correspondence: Hadi Nobari, ,
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Coutinho D, Abade E, Gonçalves B, Santos S, Schöllhorn W, Sampaio J. Acute effects from the half-squat performed using a repetition versus differential approach in youth soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:23. [PMID: 35139892 PMCID: PMC8830118 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Over the last years there have been a wide body of research exploring the best strategies to promote acute enhancements in players’ performance. Despite that, most studies have been focused on adult and elite players, and different results may be identified when considering players from lower levels of performance and belonging to youth categories. In addition, most studies conducted in this domain focused in repetitive movement patterns, and while adding variability has been considered as a useful approach to enhance players’ performance at short and long-term perspectives, less is known regarding it applicability to acute enhance players physical performance. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the acute enhancement effects of performing the half-squat in a flywheel ergometer between a more-repetitive approach (low noise) and a more variable approach (differential learning, high noise) in youth soccer players. Methods A total of sixteen players (age = 16.2 ± 0.6 years) was exposed to four conditions in a randomized order: (1) repetitive intervention for 30 s; (2) repetitive intervention for 10-min; (3) differential learning intervention for 30 s; (4) differential learning intervention for 10-min. Each condition consisted in 3 sets of 6 repetitions of eccentric half squats performed in a flywheel ergometer. Countermovement jump, 10 m and 30 m linear sprint, and change-of-direction ability were measured every session at baseline (pre-test) and after each protocol (post-test). Results No potentiation effect was observed overall with any of the interventions. In addition, no differences between protocols were found for sprinting. However, the repetitive intervention impaired jumping performance for both 30 s (small effects, p ≤ .05) and 10-min intervals (small effects, p ≤ .05), as well as in the change-of-direction task for 30 s (p ≤ .05). Conclusions These results may be due to the players’ low experience in eccentric flywheel training. Despite these findings, individual potentiation responses emerged from both protocols when considering the individual responses, reinforcing the need to establish more personalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal. .,University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Schöllhorn
- Institute for Training and Movement Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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A Systematic Review on Fitness Testing in Adult Male Basketball Players: Tests Adopted, Characteristics Reported and Recommendations for Practice. Sports Med 2022; 52:1491-1532. [PMID: 35119683 PMCID: PMC9213321 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values for basketball-related physical characteristics in adult male basketball players is yet to be conducted. Objective The primary objectives of this systematic review are to (1) identify tests and outcome variables used to assess physical characteristics in adult male basketball players across all competition levels, (2) report a summary of anthropometric, muscular power, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, agility, strength, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic capacity in adult male basketball players based on playing position and competition level, and (3) introduce a framework outlining recommended testing approaches to quantify physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Methods A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies. To be eligible for inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) have full-text versions available in the English language; and (4) include the primary aim of reporting tests used and/or the physical characteristics of adult (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) male basketball players. Additionally, data from the top 10 draft picks who participated in the National Basketball Association combined from 2011–12 to 2020–21 were extracted from the official league website to highlight the physical characteristics of elite 19- to 24-year-old basketball players. Results A total of 1684 studies were identified, with 375 being duplicates. Consequently, the titles and abstracts of 1309 studies were screened and 231 studies were eligible for full-text review. The reference list of each study was searched, with a further 59 studies identified as eligible for review. After full-text screening, 137 studies identified tests, while 114 studies reported physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Conclusions Physical characteristics reported indicate a wide range of abilities are present across playing competitions. The tests and outcome variables reported in the literature highlight the multitude of tests currently being used. Because there are no accepted international standards for physical assessment of basketball players, establishing normative data is challenging. Therefore, future testing should involve repeatable protocols that are standardised and provide outcomes that can be monitored across time. Recommendations for testing batteries in adult male basketball players are provided so improved interpretation of data can occur. Clinical Trial Registration This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and allocated registration number CRD42020187151 on 28 April, 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01626-3.
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The Optimum Power Load: A Simple and Powerful Tool for Testing and Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:151-159. [PMID: 34942592 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The optimal power load is defined as the load that maximizes power output in a given exercise. This load can be determined through the use of various instruments, under different testing protocols. Specifically, the "optimum power load" (OPL) is derived from the load-velocity relationship, using only bar force and bar velocity in the power computation. The OPL is easily assessed using a simple incremental testing protocol, based on relative percentages of body mass. To date, several studies have examined the associations between the OPL and different sport-specific measures, as well as its acute and chronic effects on athletic performance. The aim of this brief review is to present and summarize the current evidence regarding the OPL, highlighting the main lines of research on this topic and discussing the potential applications of this novel approach for testing and training. CONCLUSIONS The validity and simplicity of OPL-based schemes provide strong support for their use as an alternative to more traditional strength-power training strategies. The OPL method can be effectively used by coaches and sport scientists in different sports and populations, with different purposes and configurations.
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Matusiński A, Pietraszewski P, Krzysztofik M, Gołaś A. The Effects of Resisted Post-Activation Sprint Performance Enhancement in Elite Female Sprinters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:651659. [PMID: 33746784 PMCID: PMC7973236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.651659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the effectiveness of resisted sprint training, and the acute enhancement of sprinting performance through locomotor post-activation performance enhancement, the main objective of the research was to determine the acute effects of resisted activation with loads of 5, 10, and 15% body mass on sprint and flying start sprint performance in elite female sprinters using resisted drag technology system. Ten elite female sprinters (age: 23.2 ± 5.4 years, body mass: 54.2 ± 6.1 kg, height: 167.4 ± 7.3 cm, personal best for 100 m: 12.05 ± 0.56 s, and for 400 m: 53.17 ± 2.76 s) performed two unresisted 20-m sprints (from a crouched and flying start) before and after a single resisted sprint loaded with 5, 10, or 15% body mass to verify the effectiveness of the activation stimulus. Compared with pre-activation, Friedman tests showed that peak velocity increased by 1.6 ± 2.2% [effect size (ES) = 0.66], 2.3 ± 1.5% (ES = 1.33), and 0.2 ± 1% (ES = 0.09), as well as peak force by 2.8 ± 2.1% (ES = 0.49), 3.5 ± 2.3% (ES = 1), and 0.5 ± 2.4% (ES = 0.14), concomitant with a significant decreased in sprint time by −0.5 ± 1.2% (ES = −0.07), −2.5 ± 1.3% (ES = −0.64), and −1 ± 1.4% (ES = −0.36) for the 5, 10, and 15% body mass post-activation, respectively (p < 0.001; for all). Furthermore, the ANOVA showed that peak power increased by 2.9 ± 2.3% (ES = 0.61), 3.8 ± 2.2% (ES = 1.05), and 2 ± 7.1% (ES = 0.22) for the 5, 10, and 15% body mass resisted-conditioning activity, respectively, with no difference between the three conditions (p = 0.003 main effect time, no interaction). Moreover, compared with the 5 and 15% body mass trials [−1.5 ± 2% (ES = −0.44), −0.8 ± 0.8% (ES = −0.44), respectively], the ANOVA showed that flying start sprint time significantly decreased by −4.3 ± 1.1% (ES = −1.25) (p < 0.001, interaction effect) after a 10% body mass resisted-conditioning activity. The results of this study indicated that resisted sprints acutely enhance sprint performance; however, their effectiveness depends on the applied load. A single resisted sprint using 10% body mass is effective at inducing a potentiating effect on subsequent 20-m flying start sprint performance in elite female sprinters. Therefore, keeping in mind the optimal load, it is recommended to perform resisted sprints as a conditioning activation when seeking to acutely enhance 20-m flying start sprint performance in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Matusiński
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysław Pietraszewski
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Garbisu-Hualde A, Santos-Concejero J. Post-Activation Potentiation in Strength Training: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:141-150. [PMID: 34025872 PMCID: PMC8120977 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to determine the ideal combination of post activation potentiation (PAP) strategies for an improved strength performance. After analysing 202 articles, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of this review suggest that a potentiation effect exists as long as a minimum intensity and enough rest are provided. Although intensities of 65% 1RM are sufficient to elicit a potentiation effect, higher effects can be achieved with 85 - 90% 1RM intensities. Similarly, we found that experienced athletes will benefit more from a higher volume bout (1-3 sets), as long as 7-8 minutes of rest are allowed to avoid fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-GasteizSpain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-GasteizSpain
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Post Flywheel Squat Potentiation of Vertical and Horizontal Ground Reaction Force Parameters during Jumps and Changes of Direction. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9010005. [PMID: 33466258 PMCID: PMC7824739 DOI: 10.3390/sports9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of the study was to determine the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of vertical and horizontal ground reaction force parameters during jumps and change of direction following flywheel squat exercise using two different flywheel inertias. (2) Methods: Eleven male athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ), standing broad jump (SBJ), and “modified 505” change of direction (COD) in a control condition and 6 minutes following three sets of six repetitions of flywheel half squats at one of two inertias (0.029 kg·m2 and 0.061 kg·m2). Peak directional ground reaction force, power, and rate of force development were calculated for each test. (3) Results: Higher inertia flywheel squats were able to acutely enhance CMJ peak vertical force (Bayes Factor (BF10) = 33.5, very strong; δ = 1.66; CI: 0.67, 2.70), whereas lower inertia flywheel squats were able to acutely enhance CMJ peak vertical power (BF10 = 3.65, moderate; δ = 0.93; CI: 0.11, 1.88). The vertical squat exercise induced no PAPE effect on resultant SBJ or horizontal COD ground reaction force parameters, nor were any differences observed between the inertias. (4) Conclusions: Researchers and practitioners should consider the kinetic and kinematic correspondence of a pre-load stimulus to the subsequent sport-specific activity (i.e., flywheel squat to CMJ).
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Self-Selecting the Number of Repetitions in Potentiation Protocols: Enhancement Effects on Jumping Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:353-359. [PMID: 33271502 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether providing athletes with a choice regarding the number of repetitions to complete in a potentiation protocol would enhance jumping performance compared with protocols in which the number of repetitions is predetermined. METHODS Fifteen male basketball players completed 4 testing sessions separated by 72 hours. In the first session, individual optimum power loads in the barbell jump squat were determined. In the following 3 sessions, the athletes completed 3 sets of 3 potentiation protocols using optimum power load jump squats in a partly randomized order: (1) The traditional condition included 6 repetitions per set, (2) the self-selected condition included a choice regarding the number of repetitions to complete per set, and (3) the imposed condition included the same number of repetitions per set as the self-selected condition, but the number was imposed on the athletes beforehand. The jumping performance was determined as jump squat test height and measured using a force platform before and 30 seconds, 4 minutes, and 8 minutes after completing the protocols. RESULTS The self-selected condition led to superior jumping performance compared with the 2 other conditions across all post measures (P < .05; range: 0.3-1.3 cm). Compared with the traditional condition, the imposed condition led to superior jumping performance across all post measures (range: 0.2-0.45 cm), although not statistically significant at post 4 minutes and post 8 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Choice provision concerning how many repetitions to complete in a potentiation protocol is a useful performance-enhancing strategy. Improved potentiation-fatigue ratio and motivational factors are sought to explain these effects.
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Watson K, Halperin I, Aguilera-Castells J, Dello Iacono A. A comparison between predetermined and self-selected approaches in resistance training: effects on power performance and psychological outcomes among elite youth athletes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10361. [PMID: 33240664 PMCID: PMC7666817 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate if choice over resistance training exercise order affects motor performance and psychological outcomes among elite youth hockey players. METHODS Seventeen elite hockey players (male, n = 14; female, n = 3, age: 15.1 ± 1.1 years) participated in this study. In the first session, individual optimum power loads were calculated in the back squat, jump squat, bench press and bench throw exercises. Then, in four counterbalanced sessions, participants completed three sets of six repetitions in the same exercises loaded with their optimum power loads. In two sessions, athletes used a self-selected order of exercises, while in other two sessions the order was predetermined. Power outputs were estimated with a linear position transducer. Fatigue and enjoyment were measured during and after the sessions using standardized questionnaires. Repeated measures analyses of variance and a paired-sample t-test were used to compare the effects between conditions. RESULTS We observed trivial to small differences between conditions in power outputs (p ≥ 0.07; ES ≤ 0.21), fatigue (p ≥ 0.42; ES ≤ 0.33) and enjoyment (p = 0.72; ES = 0.05). CONCLUSION Given the comparable effects between approaches, both can be used when coaching youth athletes. Self-selecting the order of exercises based on preferences is a feasible and practical coaching option when working with youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Watson
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Glasgow School of Sport, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joan Aguilera-Castells
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport, Universitat Rámon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Dello Iacono A, Martone D, Hayes L. Acute mechanical, physiological and perceptual responses in older men to traditional-set or different cluster-set configuration resistance training protocols. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2311-2323. [PMID: 32778913 PMCID: PMC7502068 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to compare mechanical outputs (i.e. power and impulse), physiological (i.e. heart rate) and perceptual (i.e. effort and fatigue) responses in older men to traditional-set or different cluster-set configuration resistance training protocols. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 20 healthy old men (aged 67.2 ± 2.1 years) completed four resistance training sessions using the back squat exercise loaded with optimal power loads. Training configurations were: traditional (TRA), three sets of six repetitions with 120-s rest between each set; Cluster-set 1 (CLU1), 24 single-repetition clusters with 10 s of rest after every cluster; Cluster-set 2 (CLU2), 12 double-repetition clusters with 20-s rest after every cluster; and Cluster-set 4 (CLU4), 6 quadruple-repetition clusters with 40-s rest after every cluster. RESULTS Cluster-set configurations resulted in greater power outputs compared to traditional-set configuration (range 2.6-9.2%, all p [Formula: see text] 0.07 for main effect and protocol [Formula: see text] set interactions). CLU1 and CLU2 induced higher heart rate (range 7.1-10.5%, all p < 0.001 for main effect and protocol [Formula: see text] set interactions), lower rating of perceived exertion (range - 1.3 to - 3.2 AU, all p [Formula: see text] 0.006 for pairwise comparisons) and lower ratings of fatigue (range - 0.15 to - 4 AU, all p [Formula: see text] 0.012 for pairwise comparisons) compared to TRA and CLU4. Finally, an absolute preference for CLU2 was reported. CONCLUSIONS Findings presented here support the prescription of CLU2 as an optimal resistance training configuration for trained older men using the back squat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- University of the West of Scotland (School of Health and Life Sciences), Hamilton, UK.
| | - Domenico Martone
- Universita' Degli Studi di Napoli (Dipartimento di Science Motorie e Benessere), Naples, Italy
| | - Lawrence Hayes
- University of the West of Scotland (School of Health and Life Sciences), Hamilton, UK
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Performance and reference data in the jump squat at different relative loads in elite sprinters, rugby players, and soccer players. Biol Sport 2020; 38:219-227. [PMID: 34079166 PMCID: PMC8139350 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.98452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the outcomes and provide reference data for a set of barbell mechanical parameters collected via a linear velocity transducer in 126 male sprinters (n = 62), rugby players (n = 32), and soccer players (n = 32). Bar-velocity, bar-force, and bar-power outputs were assessed in the jump-squat exercise with jump-squat height determined from bar-peak velocity. The test started at a load of 40% of the athletes’ body mass (BM), and a load of 10% of BM was gradually added until a clear decrement in the bar power was observed. Comparisons of bar variables among the three sports were performed using a one-way analysis of variance. Relative measures of bar velocity, force, and power, and jump-squat height were significantly higher in sprinters than in rugby (difference ranging between 5 and 35%) and soccer (difference ranging between 5 and 60%) players across all loads (40–110% of BM). Rugby players exhibited higher absolute bar-power (mean difference = 22%) and bar-force (mean difference = 16%) values than soccer players, but these differences no longer existed when the data were adjusted for BM (mean difference = 2.5%). Sprinters optimized their bar-power production at significantly greater relative loads (%BM) than rugby (mean difference = 22%) and soccer players (mean difference = 25%); nonetheless, all groups generated their maximum bar-power outputs at similar bar velocities. For the first time, we provided reference values for the jump-squat exercise for three different bar-velocity measures (i.e., mean, mean propulsive, and peak velocity) for sprinters, rugby players, and soccer players, over a wide range of relative loads. Practitioners can use these reference values to monitor their athletes and compare them with top-level sprinters and team-sport players.
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Beato M, Dello Iacono A. Implementing Flywheel (Isoinertial) Exercise in Strength Training: Current Evidence, Practical Recommendations, and Future Directions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569. [PMID: 32581845 PMCID: PMC7283738 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
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