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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, Martínez-Rubio C, Conceição F, López-Sagarra A. Kinetic and Kinematic Characteristics Underpinning Change of Direction Performance in Basketball: A Comparative Study Between Sexes and Tests. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e182-e188. [PMID: 38300789 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Díez-Fernández, DM, Martínez-Rubio, C, Conceição, F, and López-Sagarra, A. Kinetic and kinematic characteristics underpinning change of direction performance in basketball: A comparative study between sexes and tests. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): e182-e188, 2024-This study (a) evaluated the sex-specific kinetic and kinematic outcomes underpinning change of direction (COD) performance, (b) compared these outcomes across 3 different COD tests, and (c) examined the sex-specific and test-specific outcome most strongly related to COD performance in basketball players. Thirty young basketball players (17 males and 13 females) competing at the national level were assessed for the modified 505 test, modified T test, and V-cut test. The Local Positioning System technology (WIMU PRO, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain) was used to measure the maximum values of acceleration (ACC max ), deceleration (DEC max ), velocity (VEL max ), and centripetal force (CentF max ) in each COD test. Male players displayed greater ACC max , VEL max , DEC max , and CentF max outputs for each section of the 505 test, T test, and V-cut test (all p < 0.05), resulting in a faster COD performance than females across tests (all ES > -1.42; 95% CI = -3.45 to -0.57). The 505 test demanded significantly greater kinematic outputs than T test and V-cut test for both sexes ( p < 0.01). The ACC max explained ∼26-58% of the variability in COD time for males across tests ( p < 0.05) and 40% in females' modified 505-test time ( p < 0.05). Likewise, in females, DEC max explained 38% of the modified T -test time variability, whereas VEL max explained 53% in the V-cut test time (both p < 0.05). These findings suggest that (a) COD data should not be used interchangeably across sexes, (b) test specificities should be considered for designing COD training, and (c) the kinematic outcomes explaining COD performance might vary across sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
- LABIOMEP-Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrés López-Sagarra
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Martínez-Rubio C, Quidel-Catrilelbún MEL, Baena-Raya A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Pérez-Castilla A. Inter-repetition Rest Impact on Percentage of Repetition Completed at Certain Velocity Loss. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:116-124. [PMID: 38109899 DOI: 10.1055/a-2200-5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of different inter-repetition rest (IRR) configurations (zero seconds [IRR0], three seconds [IRR3], and self-selected less than five seconds [SSIRR]) on estimating the number of repetitions (Nrep) and the percentage of completed repetitions relative to the maximum number of repetitions possible to failure (%rep) after reaching 10%, 20%, and 30% velocity loss thresholds (VLT). Eighteen men completed three sessions, each with a different IRR configuration, separated by 48-72 hours. Single sets of repetitions to momentary muscular failure were performed against 65%, 75%, and 85% of the one-repetition maximum during free-weight back squat and bench press exercises. No significant differences were reported between IRR configurations for the Nrep (P≥0.089) and %rep (P≥0.061), except for %rep after reaching the 20-30%VLT against 65%1RM and the 10-20%VLT against 75%1RM in the bench press exercise (P≤0.048). Additionally, both Nrep and %rep exhibited high interindividual variability (between-subject CV=14-79%) across the different IRR configurations. The individual %rep-%VLT relationships were slightly stronger than the general %rep-%VLT relationships (median R 2 =0.914-0.971 vs. 0.698-0.900). Overall, regardless of the IRR configuration, this novel velocity-based approach does not guarantee the same effort levels across subjects in the free-weight back squat and bench press sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS, Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS, Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Martínez-Rubio C, Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Pareja-Blanco F. Examining Unilateral and Bilateral Exercises through the Load-velocity Relationship. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:41-47. [PMID: 37557918 DOI: 10.1055/a-2151-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the load-velocity (L-V) relationship in the bench-press (BP) and leg-press (LP) exercises performed unilaterally, and compared this unilateral L-V relationship with the bilateral variants. Nineteen men (age=23.5±2.1 years) completed two incremental tests in BP and LP, performed bilaterally and unilaterally, across two sessions with a 48-hour rest period. We found a close relationship between medium propulsive velocity (MPV) and %1RM in unilateral BP (R2 =0.97, SEE=0.06 m·s-1) and LP (R2=0.96, SEE=0.06 m·s-1). No significant differences were observed between the preferred and non-preferred sides in the L-V relationship for either exercise. Additionally, higher velocities were achieved in unilateral exercises compared to bilateral exercises, particularly with light and moderate loads (30-70%1RM) in BP (p<0.05) and with light loads (30-45%1RM) in LP (p<0.05). Close L-V relationships were observed in unilateral exercises, without differences in the L-V relationships between preferred and non-preferred sides despite the interlimb asymmetries in the absolute strength values. Interestingly, lower velocities were observed at light loads (~30-45% 1RM) for bilateral compared to unilateral exercises, which could be explained by different strength deficits for these exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
- CERNEP Research Center, SPORT Research Group (CTS1024), Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
- CERNEP Research Center, SPORT Research Group (CTS1024), Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
- CERNEP Research Center, SPORT Research Group (CTS1024), Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel Antonio Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, Almería, Spain
- CERNEP Research Center, SPORT Research Group (CTS1024), Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, García-de-Alcaraz A, Soriano-Maldonado A, Pérez-Castilla A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Assessing the Maximal Mechanical Capacities Through the Load-Velocity Relationship in Elite Versus Junior Male Volleyball Players. Sports Health 2023:19417381231208706. [PMID: 37950435 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231208706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical testing is crucial for athlete monitoring, talent identification, optimizing training, and tailoring programs to enhance game-performance in elite competitions. HYPOTHESIS Load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables discriminate between elite and junior volleyball players, correlate with volleyball-specific performance, and are generalizable across lower- and upper-body exercises. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 9 elite and 11 junior volleyball players were assessed for the L-V relationship (load-axis intercept [L0], velocity-axis intercept [v0], and area under the L-V relationship line [Aline]) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Block and spike jump height, as well as standing and jumping spike speed were assessed 24 hours later. RESULTS Elite players presented greater magnitude in the L-V variables (P ≤ 0.03; effect size [ES] ≥ 1.06) and higher volleyball-specific performance (P ≤ 0.03; ES ≥ 1.09) than juniors (except for CMJ v0 and Aline). The L-V relationship variables were significantly associated with the block and spike jump height and jumping spike speed only in elite players (r ≥ 0.703 and P ≤ 0.04 in 11 out of 18 correlations). No significant associations were observed between CMJ and BPT for any L-V relationship variable (r ≤ 581; P ≥ 0.08, except for Aline in junior players). CONCLUSION The L-V relationship is a practical procedure to assess volleyball players' maximal mechanical capacities, which are associated with volleyball-specific performance in elite players. However, these data should not be used interchangeably between playing standards or exercises. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This information might help strength and conditioning coaches to prescribe more effective training programs that focus on developing the specific physical capacities necessary for players to potentially advance to elite status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Janicijevic D, Quidel-Catrilelbún MEL, Baena-Raya A, García-Ramos A. Interference Effects of Different Resistance-Training Protocols on Rowing Ergometer Performance: A Study on Semiprofessional Rowers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1345-1351. [PMID: 37666501 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the interference effects of various resistance-training (RT) protocols on rowing ergometer performance. METHODS Fourteen semiprofessional male rowers randomly completed 5 protocols in separate sessions: (1) control-no RT session was performed, (2) upper-body high-fatigue-4 sets to failure during the bench pull exercise, (3) upper-body low-fatigue-4 sets of 6 repetitions during the bench pull exercise, (4) lower-body high-fatigue-4 sets to failure during the leg-press exercise, and (5) lower-body low-fatigue-4 sets of 6 repetitions during the leg-press exercise. All sets were performed against the 12-repetition-maximum load with 2 minutes of interset rest. Following the completion of the protocols, subjects performed an all-out 1000-m rowing ergometer test. RESULTS Compared with the control condition, rowing ergometer performance was not significantly affected after the low-fatigue RT protocols (upper body: P ≥ .487; Δ = 0.0%-0.2%; lower body: P ≥ .200; Δ = -0.2%-0.5%), while it significantly declined following high-fatigue RT protocols (upper body: P ≤ .001; Δ = 1.0%-2.0%; lower body: P ≤ .002; Δ = 2.1%-2.5%). The average heart rate was significantly lower for the control condition compared with all RT protocols (P ≤ .043; Δ = 1.0%-1.5%). CONCLUSIONS To minimize interference on rowing performance, coaches should prioritize the level of effort in RT protocols over specific exercises, specifically avoiding high-fatigue protocols that lead to failure before rowing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ZJ, China
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, ZJ, China
| | | | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Díez-Fernández DM, Baena-Raya A, García-Ramos A, Esteban-Simón A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Casimiro-Andújar AJ, Soriano-Maldonado A. Estimating the one-repetition maximum on the leg-press exercise in female breast cancer survivors. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16175. [PMID: 37786578 PMCID: PMC10541811 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the accuracy of twelve different velocity-based methods for predicting the bilateral leg-press exercise one-repetition maximum (1RM) in breast cancer survivors. Twenty-one female breast cancer survivors (age 50.2 ± 10.8 years) performed an incremental loading test up to the 1RM. Individual load-velocity relationships were modeled by linear and quadratic polynomial regression models considering the mean velocity (MV) and peak velocity (PV) values recorded at five incremental loads (~45-55-65-75-85% of 1RM) (multiple-point methods) and by a linear regression model considering only the two distant loads (~45-85% of 1RM) (two-point method). The 1RM was always estimated through these load-velocity relationships as the load associated with a general (MV: 0.24 m/s; PV: 0.60 m/s) and an individual (MV and PV of the 1RM trial) minimal velocity threshold (MVT). Compared to the actual 1RM, the 1RMs estimated by all linear regression models showed trivial differences (Hedge's g ranged from 0.08 to 0.17), very large to nearly perfect correlations (r ranged from 0.87 to 0.95), and no heteroscedasticity of the errors (coefficient of determination (r2) < 0.10 obtained from the relationship of the raw differences between the actual and predicted 1RMs with their average value). Given the acceptable and comparable accuracy for all 1RM linear prediction methods, the two-point method and a general MVT could be recommended to simplify the testing procedure of the bilateral leg-press 1RM in breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alba Esteban-Simón
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Casimiro-Andújar
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, López-Sagarra A, Martínez-Rubio C, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Novel Curvilinear Sprint Test in Basketball: Reliability and Comparison With Linear Sprint. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e535-e540. [PMID: 36719967 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Díez-Fernández, DM, López-Sagarra, A, Martínez-Rubio, C, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Novel curvilinear sprint test in basketball: reliability and comparison with linear sprint. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e535-e540, 2023-This study (a) evaluated the reliability of a curvilinear sprint (CS) test to assess kinetic and kinematic outcomes in basketball players, (b) compared the kinetic and kinematic outcomes derived from curvilinear vs. linear sprints (LS), and (c) examined the association of both the CS and LS with change of direction (COD) performance. Thirty young basketball players (17 men and 13 women) competing at the national level (i.e., Spanish Basketball National League) performed a novel CS test around the 3-point line (the 3-point line CS test) to the right and left sides. The maximum and average values of acceleration (ACC), velocity (VEL), and centripetal force (CentF) were measured using Local Positioning System technology (WIMU PRO, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain). All outcomes showed a high relative (intraclass correlations coefficient ≥ 0.90) and absolute (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%) reliability, except the maximal CentF to the right (CV = 5.41%) and left sides (CV = 7.72%). Linear sprints displayed higher ACC and VEL outputs compared with the 3-point line CS test (all p < 0.001). Both sprinting tests were very large to nearly perfect associated with COD performance (LS r range from -0.71 to -0.86; CS r range from -0.68 to -0.94; p < 0.001), and the curvilinear ACC max was the kinematic outcome most strongly associated with COD performance ( r range from -0.73 to -0.94). In conclusion, the 3-point line CS test is reliable to measure CS performance in basketball and presents different kinetic and kinematic features than LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés López-Sagarra
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, García-Ramos A, Martinez-Tellez B, Boullosa D, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Acute Mechanical and Skin Temperature Responses to Different Interrepetition Rest Intervals During Full-Squat Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:674-681. [PMID: 37116897 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to (1) evaluate the acute effects of different interrepetition rest full-squat protocols on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, velocity loss (VL), and skin temperature (Tsk) and (2) determine whether the VL, the changes in Tsk, or the individual strength level is associated with the change in CMJ height. METHODS Sixteen resistance-trained men randomly performed 3 squat protocols at maximal intended velocity with 60% of the 1-repetition maximum (sets × repetitions [interrepetition rest]): traditional (2 × 6 [0 s]), cluster 2 (2 × 6 [30 s every 2 repetitions]), and cluster 1 (1 × 12; [36 s every repetition]), plus a control session. CMJ height was assessed before and 2, 4, and 8 minutes after the protocols. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of protocol for the VL (F = 20.54, P < .001) and loss in mean power (F = 12.85, P < .001; traditional > cluster 2 > cluster 1). However, we found a comparable reduction of CMJ height after 8 minutes: traditional (-3.4% [4.2%]), cluster 2 (-5.3% [4.9%]), cluster 1 (-5.4% [2.9%]), and control (-4.2% [3.6%]). Overall, mean Tsk acutely decreased after all the protocols. Higher individual strength level (but not VL or the changes in Tsk) was associated with lower CMJ-height loss (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Although different interrepetition rest full-squat protocols may alter the loss in velocity and power, they result in a similar decrease in Tsk and CMJ height, which could be more influenced by individual strength level than VL or changes in Tsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada,Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción,Chile
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden,the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León,Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS,Brazil
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD,Australia
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
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García-de-Alcaraz A, Díez-Fernández DM, Baena-Raya A. Physical-Performance Changes Over the Season: Are They Related to Game-Performance Indicators in Elite Men Volleyball Players? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37100426 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and influence of physical capabilities and game action performance over the course of the season are a big challenge for coaches and players. PURPOSE The aims of the present study were to examine (1) the seasonal changes in the physical capabilities (mechanical and kinematic) and game-performance indicators in top-level men volleyball players and (2) the relationship between these physical capabilities and game-performance indicators in official matches. METHODS Eleven top-level players participated. Players were physically tested 3 times during the season. Before each test, players' match performance (11 sets) was analyzed according to the level of opposition and match location. The percentage of change, statistical differences over the season (Friedman and Wilcoxon tests), and associations between variables (Spearman r) were calculated (P < .05) among mechanical (force-velocity profile during vertical jump and bench press), kinematic (jump height and spike ball speed), and game action performance features (coefficient, efficacy, and percentage of errors in serve, attack, and block). RESULTS The theoretical maximal force and velocity during vertical jump and bench press, respectively; the peak spike ball speed; and the serve efficacy significantly increased over the season. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in serve errors as the jump height increased (r = -.44; P = .026), as well as a significant increase in serve errors as the peak spike ball speed increased (r = -.62; P = .001). CONCLUSION These findings reveal how the physical and game action performance variables evolve and interact during the season. This may help coaches and trainers to monitor and analyze the most relevant volleyball performance factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería,Spain
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Robles-Ruiz J, Baena-Raya A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Horizontal versus vertical force application: association with the change of direction performance in soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:28-35. [PMID: 34854799 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2013953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined which mechanical variables derived from a vertical jump (i.e. concentric peak force [ConcPF] and eccentric peak force [EccPF], flight time [FT]: contraction time [CT], eccentric deceleration rate of force development [EccDecRFD]) and linear sprint (i.e. theoretical maximal force [F0] and velocity [V0], maximal power output [Pmax], the peak ratio of the effective horizontal component [RFpeak], and the index of force application technique [DRF]) determined the change of direction (COD) performance to a greater extent. Sixteen male soccer players (age: 21.8 ± 2.9 years; height: 175.94 ± 6.88 cm; weight: 73.23 ± 9.59 kg) were assessed for a countermovement jump, the horizontal force velocity (FV) profile, and the COD ZigZag test. The horizontal FV profile parameters were significantly associated with COD performance, while jump mechanical variables did not show any significant association (r = 0.08-0.19; p > 0.05). Specifically, F0 (r = -0.56), Pmax (r = -0.68), and RFpeak (r = -0.54) were strongly associated with COD performance. Moreover, a 1 N·kg-1 increase in F0 was associated with -0.11 s to complete the ZigZag test, whereas 1 W·kg-1 and 1% increase in Pmax and RFpeak were associated with -0.05 and -0.03 s, respectively, to complete the COD test. Horizontal force production during sprinting might play a key role in COD performance. Assessing the horizontal FV profile might help coaches to prescribe a specific training programme to maximize sprint acceleration, which might improve COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Robles-Ruiz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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11
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Baena-Raya A, García-Mateo P, García-Ramos A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Soriano-Maldonado A. Delineating the potential of the vertical and horizontal force-velocity profile for optimizing sport performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:331-344. [PMID: 34727836 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this systematic review were to synthetize the current evidence about (i) the force-velocity (FV) profile parameters (maximal values of force [F0], velocity (V0), and power [Pmax]) obtained from the Samozino's method in different sports; (ii) the association of the FV profile parameters with sport performance outcomes; and (iii) the effects of specific training programmes on the FV profile parameters. PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, and Medline databases were searched for articles published between October 2008 (conception of the Samozino's method) and October 2020. Twenty-one studies (10 descriptive, 6 correlational, and 5 longitudinal) met the inclusion criteria. The main findings revealed greater F0, Pmax, and V0 values and better jump/sprint performance for high-level athletes compared to their low-level counterparts. The vertical Pmax showed the highest correlation with jump height. The horizontal F0, Pmax, and V0 were nearly perfectly correlated with 5/10-m, 10/20-m and 30/40-m sprint times, respectively. Training programmes using heavy- or light-loads specifically enhanced F0 and V0, respectively. These results suggest that the FV profile parameters discriminate between athletes of different sport disciplines and levels of practice, present significant correlations with a number of sport performance outcomes, and can be modified after short-term training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Mateo
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Education, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning Universidad Católica De La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Díez-Fernández DM, Baena-Raya A, Alcaraz-García C, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Soriano-Maldonado A. Improving resistance training prescription through the load-velocity relationship in breast cancer survivors: The case of the leg-press exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1765-1774. [PMID: 34353234 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1965220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (i) to analyse the load-velocity relationship in the bilateral leg-press exercise in female breast cancer survivors, (ii) to assess whether mean velocity (MV) or peak velocity (PV) show stronger relationship with the relative load, and (iii) to examine whether linear (LA) or polynomic (PA) adjustment predict the velocities associated with each %1RM with greater precision. Twenty-two female breast cancer survivors (age: 50.2 ± 10.8 years, weight: 69.6 ± 15.2 kg, height: 160.51 ± 5.25 cm) completed an incremental load test until 1RM in the bilateral leg-press exercise. The MV and the PV of the concentric phase were measured in each repetition using a linear velocity transducer, and were analysed by regression models using LA and PA. A very close relationship of MV (R2 = 0.924; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.08m.s-1 by LA, and R² = 0.952; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.063 m.s-1 by PA) and PV (R² = 0.928; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.119 m.s-1 by LA and R² = 0.941; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.108 m.s-1 by PA) with %1RM were observed. The MV of 1RM was 0.24 ± 0.03 m·s-1, whereas the PV at 1RM was 0.60 ± 0.10 m.s-1. A comprehensive analysis of the bilateral leg-press load-velocity relationship in breast cancer survivors is presented. The results suggest that MV is the most recommendable velocity variable to prescribe the relative load during resistance training, and that the PA presents better accuracy to predict velocities associated with each %1RM, although LA is sufficiently valid to use this model as an alternative to the quadratic model. The implications for resistance training in breast cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Celia Alcaraz-García
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Research, development and innovation (R&D+i) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport department, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, García-de-Alcaraz A, Ortega-Becerra M, Jiménez-Reyes P, García-Ramos A. The force-velocity profile as determinant of spike and serve ball speed in top-level male volleyball players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249612. [PMID: 33798256 PMCID: PMC8018657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between mechanical variables derived from actions such as jumping, sprinting, or ballistic bench press throwing and sport-specific performance moves is of scientific and practical interest for strength and conditioning coaches for improving training programs. We examined the association between mechanical variables derived from the force-velocity (FV) profiles of the aforementioned actions and spike and serve ball speeds in elite volleyball players. Twenty-two male elite volleyball players (age: 24.3 ± 4.5 years; height: 1.89 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 86.3 ± 8.6 kg) were tested in two sessions. Squatting, sprinting, and bench press throwing FV profiles were determined in the first session, while spike and serve ball speeds were assessed in the second session. The theoretical maximal force (F0) of vertical jumping, the theoretical maximal velocity of sprinting, and the F0 of bench press throwing in ascending order, were strongly associated (rs range 0.53-0.84; p<0.05) with spike and serve ball speeds. These mechanical variables explained 20%-36% of the variability in spike and serve ball speeds, with a greater influence on the serve speed. These results suggest that assessing jumping, sprinting, and bench press throwing force-velocity profiles might help provide player-specific training programs and optimize performance in these technical-tactical actions in male elite volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel Ortega-Becerra
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Baena-Raya A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Romea ES, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Gender-Specific Association of the Sprint Mechanical Properties With Change of Direction Performance in Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2868-2874. [PMID: 33555826 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Jiménez-Reyes, P, Romea, ES, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Gender-specific association of the sprint mechanical properties with change of direction performance in basketball. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-We evaluated the gender-specific associations between the mechanical variables derived from the horizontal force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e., theoretical maximal force [F0], velocity [V0], maximal power output [Pmax], peak ratio of the effective horizontal component [RFpeak], and the force application technique index [DRF]) and the change of direction (COD) performance for basketball players. Seventy-one players (23 women and 48 men) were assessed for the horizontal FV profile and COD using the modified 505 and V-cut tests. The FV profile parameters were significantly higher for the men than those for the women. The F0, RFpeak, and Pmax were strongly associated with performance in the 505 test (women rrange = -0.72 to -0.82; men: rrange = -0.67 to -0.75; p < 0.001) and the V-cut test (women rrange = -0.68 to -0.76; men rrange = -0.45 to -0.50; p < 0.001), as well as with a lower COD deficit (women rrange = 0.58 to 0.75 (p < 0.01); men rrange = 0.49 to 0.54; all p < 0.001). For the women, a 1 N·kg-1 increase of the F0 was associated with -0.20 seconds and -0.56 seconds in the 505 and V-cut tests, respectively, and 0.16 seconds for the COD deficit. In the men, it was associated with -0.13 seconds and -0.37 seconds in the 505 and V-cut tests, respectively, and 0.10 seconds for the COD deficit. F0, RFpeak, and Pmax are the most determinant sprint mechanical properties to successfully COD and reduce the COD deficit. The horizontal FV profile assessment is recommended for diagnosing and prescribing a training program for basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; and National Basketball Team, Spanish Basketball Federation and Basketball Club Unicaja, Málaga, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Soriano-Maldonado A, Conceição F, Jiménez-Reyes P, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Association of the vertical and horizontal force-velocity profile and acceleration with change of direction ability in various sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:1659-1667. [PMID: 33241736 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1856934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association of the mechanical variables derived from the force-velocity (FV) profile (i.e. theoretical maximal force [F0], velocity [V0] and maximal power output [Pmax]) with change of direction (COD) performance in soccer, basketball and tennis players. Fifty-four male athletes (soccer n = 23; tennis n = 16; basketball n = 15) were assessed for the vertical (Vrt) and horizontal (Hzt) FV profiles, COD with the dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) legs, using the modified 505 test, and sprint. Hzt FV profile parameters showed stronger associations with performance than Vrt FV profile in the three sports. Specifically, the Hzt parameter most strongly associated with COD performance was F0 in tennis (r = -0.83; p<0.001) and Pmax in soccer and basketball (r = -0.79; p<0.001). Associations between sprint times and COD test ranged from (r = 0.73-0.82) in soccer players, (r = 0.74-0.87) in tennis players and (r = 0.62-0.85) in basketball players, respectively (p<0.05). Considering the whole sample and the random effect of the type of sports, an improvement in sprint acceleration (i.e. one N/kg increase in F0 and one W/kg in Pmax) was associated with -0.15 s and -0.04 s to complete the 505 test, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest the potential usefulness of assessing the Hzt FV profile to maximize acceleration capabilities through training interventions which, in turn, may translate into improved COD performance. However, further longitudinal and experimental research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Faculty of Sports, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LABIOMEP-Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Sánchez-López S, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, García-Ramos A, Jiménez-Reyes P. Effects of two drop-jump protocols with different volumes on vertical jump performance and its association with the force-velocity profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:317-324. [PMID: 31797036 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) height after two drop-jump (DJ) protocols with different volumes, and to explore the possibility of predicting the changes in CMJ height based on the vertical force-velocity (F-v) profile. METHOD Thirty-four male athletes (age: 21.9 ± 2.0 years) were tested on three occasions. The F-v profile during the CMJ exercise was determined in the first session. Two DJ protocols (low-volume [1 set of 5 DJ trials from a 30 cm height] and high-volume [3 sets of 5 DJ trials from a 30 cm height]) were randomly performed during the second and third sessions, and the unloaded CMJ height was evaluated before (Pre), 4 min (Post4), 8 min (Post8), and 12 min (Post12) after the DJ protocol. RESULTS CMJ height was significantly higher at Post4 (2.5 cm [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.0-3.0 cm]; ES = 0.35), Post8 (2.1 cm [95% CI = 1.4-2.8 cm]; ES = 0.29) and Post12 (2.2 cm [95% CI = 1.4-3.0 cm]; ES = 0.30) compared to Pre. The only significant interaction (protocol × time) was caused by a higher increment in CMJ height at Post4 for the low-volume (8.1 ± 3.7%) compared to the high-volume (5.8 ± 3.9%) protocol. The F-v profile did not explain a significant part of the change in CMJ height (variance explained < 10%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that low-volume DJ protocols could be more efficient to acutely increase CMJ performance, while the change in CMJ height was not affected by the F-v profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-López
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de La Santisima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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