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Pernigoni M, Ferioli D, Calleja-González J, Sansone P, Tessitore A, Scanlan AT, Conte D. Match-related fatigue in basketball: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2024:1-32. [PMID: 39374409 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2409555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review fatigue responses following basketball match-play and during congested match schedules, considering performance, physiological, athlete-reported, and sleep-related outcomes. Relevant articles published until 23 January 2024 were searched using Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. After screening, 44 studies were included in the systematic review. The main findings indicate that, in most cases, vertical jumping and linear sprinting showed significant decrements at match-end (<1 hour post-match) compared to pre-match [small-to-very large effect sizes (ES)], with persistent (≥1 hour post-match) impairments lasting 24-48 hours in jumping (only in males, small-to-very large ES) and linear sprinting (moderate-to-very large ES). Physiological changes generally included significant increases (moderate-to-very large ES) in cortisol and nutrient metabolism markers at match-end, alongside persistent increases in muscle damage (mainly at 13-72 hours post-match) and inflammation (13-48 hours). Finally, match-play generally increased muscle soreness (mainly at 24-48 hours, moderate-to-very large ES) and perceived fatigue (mainly at match-end), with unclear effects on mood, and no apparent impact on sleep-related outcomes. Research assessing congested match schedules is limited, although possible worsening in muscle damage, inflammation, perceived fatigue and well-being were observed in male players. Overall, these findings indicate an impairment in some of the reviewed performance, physiological, and athlete-reported outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pernigoni
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Davide Ferioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Pierpaolo Sansone
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
- Research Centre for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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Sansone P, Gasperi L, Conte D, Scanlan AT, Sampaio J, Gómez-Ruano MÁ. Game schedule, travel demands and contextual factors influence key game-related statistics among the top European male basketball teams. J Sports Sci 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39356869 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2409557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of game schedule, travel demands and contextual factors on team game-related statistics during a full season. The top 10 teams competing in the 2020-2021 Euroleague basketball season were included where game-related statistics from their respective national competitions and the Euroleague competition were retrieved (761 games). Hierarchical linear regression models were computed to evaluate the effects of distance travelled, game schedule and contextual factors for the previous and current games (league, season phase, opponent level, game outcome, score differential) on key performance indicators (points, shooting, rebounds, assists, turnovers, fouls). Several significant models (p < 0.05) yielded R2 values ranging from 0.05 to 0.22 with small-to-medium effect magnitudes. Analyses revealed significant associations between longer durations separating games and less free-throws being made and between further distances travelled and worse 3-point shooting, more offensive rebounds and more fouls. Regarding contextual factors, favourable outcomes for shooting, assists, steals, fouling and turnovers were significantly associated with team success. Playing higher-level teams and competing in playoffs or finals was associated with several diminished outcomes. These results emphasize the multi-factorial nature of performance in elite European basketball, with game schedule, travel and various contextual factors requiring consideration in developing holistic operational plans for teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Sansone
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Gasperi
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física y Del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez-Ruano
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física y Del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ferioli D, Alcaraz PE, Freitas TT, Trimarchi F, Conte D, Formica L, Chung LH, Scanlan AT. The reliability and discriminant validity of physical, technical, and perceptual-physiological measures during a game-specific basketball activity simulation protocol. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1414339. [PMID: 38979070 PMCID: PMC11229049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1414339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Activity simulation protocols offer useful applications in research and practice; however, the specificity of such protocols to basketball game-play is currently lacking. Consequently, this study aimed to develop a game-specific basketball activity simulation protocol representative of typical playing durations and assess its reliability and discriminant validity. The simulation protocol was modified from an original version (i.e., Basketball Exercise Simulation Test) to incorporate regular breaks indicative of time-outs, free-throws, and substitutions. Twelve competitive male and female adult basketball players competing in the fourth or fifth Spanish basketball division underwent repeated trials of the simulation protocol (min. 4 to max. 14 days apart) for reliability analyses. In turn, 13 competitive male (fifth division), 9 competitive female (fourth division), and 13 recreational male adult basketball players completed the simulation protocol to assess discriminant validity via comparisons between sexes (competitive players) and playing levels (males). A range of physical, technical, and perceptual-physiological variables were collected during and following the simulation protocol. Several physical and heart rate variables displayed the strongest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.72-0.96; coefficient of variation [CV] = 1.78-6.75%), with physical decrement, technical, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) variables having the weakest (ICC = 0.52-0.75; CV = 10.34-30.85%). Regarding discriminant analyses between sexes, males demonstrated significantly greater physical outputs in several variables and lower RPE compared to females (p < 0.05, moderate-to-large effects). Comparisons between playing levels revealed competitive males had significantly greater physical outputs across many variables, alongside higher mean heart rate and lower RPE than recreational males (p < 0.05, moderate-to-large effects). This study presents a novel game-specific basketball activity simulation protocol replicating actual playing durations and game configurations that might be successfully applied for both training and research purposes. Reliability statistics are provided for several variables to inform end-users on potential measurement error when implementing the simulation protocol. Discriminant validity of the simulation protocol was supported for several variables, suggesting it may hold practical utility in benchmarking or selecting players. Future research on this topic is encouraged examining wider samples of male and female basketball players at different levels as well as additional forms of validity for the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- SCS—Strength & Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- SCS—Strength & Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trimarchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Formica
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Linda H. Chung
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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Kristensen JÅ, Haugen T, Ommundsen Y. Supplement usage and doping attitudes in elite youth sports: The mediating role of dietary supplement acceptance. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297078. [PMID: 38300939 PMCID: PMC10833512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether dietary supplement acceptance mediated the relationship between supplement use and doping attitudes in youth sports. To this end, we employed a two-wave half-longitudinal design during a sports season (time point one [T1] to time point two [T2]). The sample consisted of 217 elite youth athletes (47% male; mean age = 16.98 years, standard deviation = 0.88) who competed in team sports (43%; N = 93; basketball, floorball, handball, and ice hockey) and individual sports (57%; N = 124; alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, swimming, and tennis). The participants were recruited from eight Norwegian sports academy high schools that provide extracurricular, higher-level training and specialization for youth athletes. Results from structural equation modeling analysis indicated that dietary supplement acceptance (T2) mediated the positive relationship between supplement use (T1) and doping attitudes (T2) when accounting for prior levels of the mediator and the outcome variable. These findings suggest that when young athletes used dietary supplements at the start of the season to improve their performance, they were more likely to view the use of supplements as acceptable and to report more favorable attitudes toward doping at the end of the season six months later. For those seeking to prevent doping in youth sports, targeting athletes' views on the acceptable use of dietary supplements may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Åge Kristensen
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Child and Youth Sport Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy Haugen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Yngvar Ommundsen
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Child and Youth Sport Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Brown FSA, Fields JB, Jagim AR, Baker RE, Jones MT. Analysis of In-Season External Load and Sport Performance in Women's Collegiate Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:318-324. [PMID: 37820260 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brown, FSA, Fields, JB, Jagim, AR, Baker, RE, and Jones, MT. Analysis of in-season external load and sport performance in women's collegiate basketball. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 318-324, 2024-Quantifying and monitoring athlete workload throughout a competitive season is a means to manage player readiness. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to quantify practice and game external loads and to assess the relationship between such loads and basketball-specific performance metrics across a women's collegiate basketball season. Thirteen National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women basketball athletes (age 20.08 ± 1.55 years) wore Global Positioning Systems sensors equipped with triaxial accelerometers for 29 games and 66 practices during the 2019-20 season. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess differences in external load between high- and low-minute players and across quarters within games ( p < 0.05). Bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients were run to determine relationships between external loads and metrics of basketball performance. Findings indicated that high- and low-minute athletes experienced different loads during games and practices ( p < 0.001). External loads differed by quarter, such that player load (PL) was highest in Q4 ( p = 0.007), PL·min -1 was highest in Q1 and lowest in Q4 ( p < 0.001), and explosive ratio (i.e., ratio of PL and explosive efforts) was lowest in Q3 ( p = 0.45). Relationships existed between PL·min -1 and field goals ( r = 0.41; p = 0.02) and between the explosive ratio and free throws ( r = 0.377 p = 0.04). These results can be used to inform design of training sessions with the intent to prepare athletes for the demands of the competitive season. It is recommended that future research continue to explore the relationship of sport-specific performance metrics and athlete external load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith S A Brown
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Robert E Baker
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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García F, Castellano J, Vicens-Bordas J, Vázquez-Guerrero J, Ferioli D. Impact of a 6-Day Official Tournament on Physical Demands, Perceptual-Physiological Responses, Well-Being, and Game Performance of Under-18 Basketball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1109-1115. [PMID: 37308139 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of a 6-day basketball tournament on the physical demands, perceptual-physiological responses, well-being, and game statistics of elite under-18 (years of age) players. METHODS Physical demands (player load [PL], steps, impacts, and jumps, all normalized by playing time), perceptual-physiological responses (heart rate and rating of perceived exertion), well-being (Hooper index), and game statistics of 12 basketball players were monitored during 6 consecutive games. Linear mixed models and Cohen d effect sizes were used to assess differences among games. RESULTS Significant changes were found for PL per minute, steps per minute, impacts per minute, peak heart rate, and Hooper index over the tournament. Pairwise comparisons showed that PL per minute was higher in game #1 than in games #4 (P = .011, large), #5 (P < .001, very large), and #6 (P < .001, very large). PL per minute recorded during game #5 was also lower than in games #2 (P = .041, large) and #3 (P = .035, large). The number of steps per minute was higher in game #1 than in all other games (all P < .05, large to very large). Impacts per minute were significantly higher in game #3 than in games #1 (P = .035, large) and #2 (P = .004, large). The only physiological variable that varied significantly was peak heart rate (higher in game #3 than in game #6; P = .025, large). The Hooper index gradually increased throughout the tournament, indicating poorer player well-being as the tournament advanced. Game statistics did not significantly change among games. CONCLUSIONS The average intensities of each game and the players' well-being gradually decreased throughout the tournament. Conversely, physiological responses were mostly unaffected, and game statistics were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc García
- INEFC (Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya), Barcelona,Spain
- Sports Performance Area, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,Spain
- GIzartea, Kirola eta Ariketa Fisikoa Ikerkuntza Taldea/Society, Sports, and Exercise Research Group (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,Spain
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG) and Sport and Physical Activity Studies Center (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona,Spain
| | - Jairo Vázquez-Guerrero
- Sports Performance Area, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona,Spain
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Sansone P, Conte D, Li F, Tessitore A. Investigating the effects of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent training loads in basketball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:957-963. [PMID: 37259497 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basketball players' external and internal training loads have been extensively monitored. However, no study has evaluated if pre-training athlete-reported conditions influence them. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent external load intensity, perceived exertion scores and their ratio (efficiency index) in youth basketball training. METHODS The external load (EL) intensity (EL∙min-1), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and efficiency index (EL∙min-1:RPE) of 15 youth basketball players (age: 15.2±0.3 years) were monitored during team-based training sessions. Before each session, players reported their levels of perceived recovery (using a modified 10-point Total Quality Recovery, TQR, scale), fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, mood, and stress. Statistical analyses were performed via linear mixed models. RESULTS EL∙min-1 was higher when player reported better pre-training recovery (P= 0.001). Higher RPE scores and lower efficiency indexes were registered in players reporting better pre-training conditions, respectively. Specifically, RPE scores were higher when players reported better TQR, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress scores (all P<0.05), while training efficiency was, conversely, lower in correspondence of better TQR and sleep (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified influences of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent external intensity, RPE and efficiency index in youth basketball players. Recovery and well-being indicators could be monitored seen their influence on subsequent training loads. Current findings can be considered by basketball sport scientist when selecting athlete monitoring questionnaires and when interpreting training load outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Sansone
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain -
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain -
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Feng Li
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Laxdal A, Ivarsson A, Sigurgeirsson O, Haugen T. Are the playoffs different from the regular season? A comparison of in-game statistics in Icelandic elite handball. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aron Laxdal
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Center of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | | | - Tommy Haugen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Palmer JA, Bini R, Wundersitz D, Kingsley M. Training and match demands differ between the regular season and finals in semi-professional basketball. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:970455. [PMID: 36091868 PMCID: PMC9452649 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.970455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basketball competitions often include a scheduled regular season followed by knock-out finals. Understanding training and match demands through the season can help optimize performance and reduce injury risk. This study investigated whether training and/or match demands differed between the regular season and finals, and whether these differences were dependent on player role. Average session intensity and volume and durations of relative exercise intensities (inactive, light, moderate-vigorous, maximal, supramaximal) were quantified during training sessions and matches using accelerometry in two semi-professional basketball teams (n = 23; 10 women, 13 men). Training and match demands were compared between the regular season (training: 445 observations; matches: 387 observations) and finals (training: 113 observations, matches: 75 observations) with consideration of player role (starters, in-rotation bench, out-rotation bench). During finals matches, starters received 4.4 min more playing time (p = 0.03), performed 14% more absolute maximal activity (p < 0.01) and had 8% less relative inactive time (p = 0.02) when compared to the regular season. Out-rotation bench players received 2.1 min less playing time (p < 0.01), performed 33% less absolute maximal activity (p = 0.01) and 57% less absolute supramaximal activity (p < 0.01) in finals when compared to the regular season. During finals training sessions, average training intensity was 5% higher (p = 0.02), absolute moderate-vigorous activity was 3% higher (p = 0.04), relative maximal activity was 12% higher (p < 0.01), and relative inactive time was 5% lower (p = 0.03) when compared to the regular season. These findings suggest starters need to be physically prepared for greater match demands during finals, while out-rotation bench players should supplement their training during finals with extra supramaximal activity to maintain their conditioning levels for matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie A. Palmer
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Michael Kingsley
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Pernigoni M, Conte D, Calleja-González J, Boccia G, Romagnoli M, Ferioli D. The Application of Recovery Strategies in Basketball: A Worldwide Survey. Front Physiol 2022; 13:887507. [PMID: 35784884 PMCID: PMC9243427 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.887507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the perceived usefulness, actual use and barriers to the implementation of recovery strategies among basketball practitioners. 107 participants (strength and conditioning coaches, sport scientists, performance specialists) from different countries and competitive levels completed an online survey. Most participants rated recovery strategies as either extremely (46%) or very important (49%). Active recovery, massage, foam rolling, and stretching were perceived as most useful (80, 73, 72 and 59% of participants, respectively) and were most frequently adopted (68, 61, 72 and 67%, respectively). Participants mentioned lack of devices and facilities (51%), excessive cost (51%), lack of time (27%), players’ negative perception (25%) and lack of sufficient evidence (16%) as barriers to the implementation of recovery strategies. The present findings reveal that some dissociation between scientific evidence and perceived effectiveness was present among the study participants. A possible solution would be to ensure that scientific evidence-based guidelines are followed when considering the application of recovery strategies. Regarding actual use, participants favored easily implementable strategies (e.g. active recovery, stretching), rather than evidence-supported, but expensive and/or impractical strategies (e.g. whole-body cryotherapy). Possible solutions may include the use of practical tools that don’t need specific facilities, the development and validation of new low-cost recovery devices, the promotion of players education regarding recovery strategies, and conducting further research to increase the scientific knowledge in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pernigoni
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Faculty of Science of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Davide Ferioli
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Davide Ferioli,
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11
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Caparrós T, Peña J, Baiget E, Borràs-Boix X, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Rodas G. Influence of Strength Programs on the Injury Rate and Team Performance of a Professional Basketball Team: A Six-Season Follow-Up Study. Front Psychol 2022; 12:796098. [PMID: 35178009 PMCID: PMC8845446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine possible associations between strength parameters, injury rates, and performance outcomes over six seasons in professional basketball settings. Thirty-six male professional basketball players [mean ± standard deviation (SD): age, 30.5 ± 4.7 years; height, 199.5 ± 9.5 cm; body mass, 97.9 ± 12.9 kg; BMI 24.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2] participated in this retrospective observational study, conducted from the 2008-09 to the 2013-14 season. According to their epidemiological records, each player followed an individual plan designed within different strength training programs: Functional (n = 16), Eccentric (n = 8), or Resistance (n = 12). Seven hundred and fourteen valid records were obtained from 170 individual strength tests during 31 sessions. Tests performed were leg press, squat, and jerk. Parameters recorded were force, power, velocity, peak velocity, and time to peak velocity for strength; time loss injury and muscle injury for injury rate; and games won, games lost, and championships for performance outcomes. All the strength variables and injuries are independent of the strength programs (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed very significant relationships between muscular injuries and time to peak velocity (r = 0.94; p < 0.01), significant relationships between force and games lost (r = 0.85; p < 0.05), and muscular injuries with games lost (r = -0.81; p < 0.05) per season. Mean values per season described a possible association of force, time to peak velocity, and muscular injuries with performance outcomes (R 2 = 0.96; p < 0.05). In this specific context, strength variables and injury rate data show no association with a single type of strength training program in this cohort of high-performance basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Caparrós
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Xantal Borràs-Boix
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Universitat de Vic – Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- FC Barcelona Medical Services, Sant Joan Despí, Spain
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Hedt C, McCulloch PC, Harris JD, Lambert BS. Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Rehabilitation and Return to Sport: The Paradox of Proximal Performance. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e51-e63. [PMID: 35141536 PMCID: PMC8811501 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood flow restriction (BFR) within rehabilitation is rapidly increasing as further research is performed elucidating purported benefits such as improved muscular strength and size, neuromuscular control, decreased pain, and increased bone mineral density. Interestingly, these benefits are not isolated to structures distal to the occlusive stimulus. Proximal gains are of high interest to rehabilitation professionals, especially those working with patients who are limited due to pain or postsurgical precautions. The review to follow will focus on current evidence and ongoing hypotheses regarding physiologic responses to BFR, current clinical applications, proximal responses to BFR training, potential practical applications for rehabilitation and injury prevention, and directions for future research. Interestingly, benefits have been found in musculature proximal to the occlusive stimulus, which may lend promise to a greater variety of patient populations and conditions. Furthermore, an increasing demand for BFR use in the sports world warrants further research for performance research and recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin Hedt
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | | | - Joshua D. Harris
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
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13
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Pernigoni M, Ferioli D, Butautas R, La Torre A, Conte D. Assessing the External Load Associated With High-Intensity Activities Recorded During Official Basketball Games. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668194. [PMID: 33927675 PMCID: PMC8076679 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Load monitoring in basketball is fundamental to develop training programs, maximizing performance while reducing injury risk. However, information regarding the load associated with specific activity patterns during competition is limited. This study aimed at assessing the external load associated with high-intensity activities recorded during official basketball games, with respect to different (1) activity patterns, (2) playing positions, and (3) activities performed with or without ball. Eleven male basketball players (six backcourt, five frontcourt, age: 20.5 ± 1.1 years, stature: 191.5 ± 8.7 cm, body mass: 86.5 ± 11.3 kg; experience: 8.5 ± 2.4 years) competing in the Lithuanian third division were recruited for this study. Three in-season games were assessed via time-motion analysis and microsensors. Specifically, the high-intensity activities including sprints, high-intensity specific movements (HSM) and jumps were identified and subsequently the external load [PlayerLoad™ (PL) and PlayerLoad™/min (PL/min)] of each activity was determined. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences in PL, PL/min and mean duration between activity pattern, playing positions and activities performed with or without ball. Results revealed PL was lower in jumps compared to sprints [p < 0.001, effect size (ES) = 0.68] and HSMs (p < 0.001, ES = 0.58), while PL/min was greater in sprints compared to jumps (p = 0.023, ES = 0.22). Jumps displayed shorter duration compared to sprints (p < 0.001, ES = 1.10) and HSMs (p < 0.001, ES = 0.81), with HSMs lasting longer than sprints (p = 0.002, ES = 0.17). Jumps duration was longer in backcourt than frontcourt players (p < 0.001, ES = 0.33). When considering activity patterns combined, PL (p < 0.001, ES = 0.28) and duration (p < 0.001, ES = 0.43) were greater without ball. Regarding HSMs, PL/min was higher with ball (p = 0.036, ES = 0.14), while duration was longer without ball (p < 0.001, ES = 0.34). The current findings suggest that external load differences in high-intensity activities exist among activity patterns and between activities performed with and without ball, while no differences were found between playing positions. Practitioners should consider these differences when designing training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pernigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Ramūnas Butautas
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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