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Nuuttila OP, Uusitalo A, Kokkonen VP, Kyröläinen H. Self-Paced Field Running Test in Monitoring Fatigue and Training Adaptations in Recreational Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39244198 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reproducibility and sensitivity of a self-paced field running test (SFT) in monitoring positive and negative changes in endurance performance. METHODS A total of 27 (11 women) recreational runners participated in a 6-week training intervention. The intervention was divided into a 3-week baseline period, a 2-week overload period, and a 1-week recovery period. An incremental treadmill test was performed before the baseline period and a 3000-m running test before and after all periods (T1-T4). In addition, the participants performed once a week an SFT (SFT1-6), which consisted of submaximal (6 + 6 + 3-min test at perceived exertion of 9/20, 13/20, and 17/20) and maximal sections (6 × 3-min intervals at maximum sustainable effort). The associations between the incremental treadmill test and the SFT1 performance were examined with the Pearson correlation, and the intraclass correlation was analyzed for the parameters of SFT1 to SFT3 sessions during the baseline period. The repeated-measures correlation was calculated for the 3000-m speed at T1 to T4 and the corresponding speeds at SFT. RESULTS Significant associations (r = .68-.93; P < .001) were found between the speeds of the SFT and the peak and lactate threshold speeds of the incremental treadmill test. Intraclass correlations varied between .77 and .96, being the highest for the average speed of 6 × 3-minute intervals. Repeated-measures correlation was significant (P < .05) for the 9/20 (r = .24), 13/20 (r = .24), and 6 × 3-minute intervals (r = .29). CONCLUSIONS The SFT seemed a reproducible method to estimate endurance performance in recreational runners. The sensitivity to track short-term and small-magnitude changes in performance seems more limited and might require more standardized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli-Pekka Nuuttila
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Kokkonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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2
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Lamberts RP, van Erp T, Javaloyes A, Eken MM, Langerak NG, Tam N. Reliability of recovery heart rate variability measurements as part of the Lamberts Submaximal Cycle Test and the relationship with training status in trained to elite cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1659-1668. [PMID: 38198009 PMCID: PMC11130066 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if post-exercise heart rate variability, in the form of logged transformed root mean square of successive differences of the R-R intervals (LnRMSSD) can be measured reliably during the recovery from a submaximal cycle test and what the relationship of LnRMSSD is with training status of the cyclists. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists participated in the reliability part for the study, which included performing six Lamberts Submaximal Cycle Test (LSCT), during which recovery LnRMSSD was measured over 30 s (LnRMSSD30 s), 60 s LnRMSSD60 s)and 90 s LnRMSSD90 s). In addition, fifty male and twenty female cyclists completed a peak power output (PPO) test (including VO2peak) and 40 km time trial (40 km TT) before which they performed the LSCT as a standardized warm-up. Relationships between the LnRMSSD and PPO, VO2peak and 40 km TT time were studied. RESULTS Due to the design of the LSCT, submaximal heart and breathing rate were similar at the end of stage 3 of the LSCT, as well as during the recovery periods. The highest reliability was found in LnRMSSD60 s (ICC: 0.97) with a typical error of the measurement (TEM: 5.8%). In line with this the strongest correlations were found between LnRMSSD60 s and PPO (r = 0.93[male]; 0.85[female]), VO2peak (r = 0.71[male]; 0.63[female];) and 40 km TT (r = - 0.83[male]; - 0.63[female]). CONCLUSIONS LnRMSSD60 s can be measured reliably after the LSCT and can predict PPO, VO2peak and 40 km TT performance well in trained-to-elite cyclists. These findings suggest that recovery LnRMSSD can potentially play an important role in monitoring and fine-tuning training prescriptions in trained-to-elite cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Movement Science and Exercise Therapy (MSET), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Suidwal Road, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa.
| | - Teun van Erp
- Division of Movement Science and Exercise Therapy (MSET), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Suidwal Road, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Science, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maaike M Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nelleke G Langerak
- Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Tam
- On AG, Sport Science Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Rosenblat MA, Arnold J, Nelson H, Watt J, Seiler S. The Additional Effect of Training Above the Maximal Metabolic Steady State on VO2peak, Wpeak and Time-Trial Performance in Endurance-Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Reality Check. Sports Med 2024; 54:429-446. [PMID: 37737543 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve sport performance, athletes use training regimens that include exercise below and above the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS). OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to determine the additional effect of training above MMSS on VO2peak, Wpeak and time-trial (TT) performance in endurance-trained athletes. METHODS Studies were included in the review if they (i) were published in academic journals, (ii) were in English, (iii) were prospective, (iv) included trained participants, (v) had an intervention group that contained training above and below MMSS, (vi) had a comparator group that only performed training below MMSS, and (vii) reported results for VO2peak, Wpeak, or TT performance. Medline and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception until February 23, 2023. RESULTS Fourteen studies that ranged from 2 to 12 weeks were included in the review. There were 171 recreational and 128 competitive endurance athletes. The mean age and VO2peak of participants ranged from 15 to 43 years and 38 to 68 mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively. The inclusion of training above MMSS led to a 2.5 mL·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI 1.4-3.6; p < 0.01; I2 = 0%) greater improvement in VO2peak. A minimum of 81 participants per group would be required to obtain sufficient power to determine a significant effect (SMD 0.44) for VO2peak. No intensity-specific effect was observed for Wpeak or TT performance, in part due to a smaller sample size. CONCLUSION A single training meso-cycle that includes training above MMSS can improve VO2peak in endurance-trained athletes more than training only below MMSS. However, we do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that concurrent adaptation occurs for Wpeak or TT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jem Arnold
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Watt
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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4
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Coates AM, Thompson KMA, Grigore MM, Baker RE, Pignanelli C, Robertson AA, Frangos SM, Cheung CP, Burr JF. Altered carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in overreached endurance athletes is applicable to training monitoring with continuous glucose monitors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14551. [PMID: 38093477 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate whether carbohydrate utilization is altered during exercise in overreached endurance athletes and examine the utility of continuous glucose monitors (CGM) to detect overreaching status. METHODS Eleven endurance athletes (M:8, F:3) completed a 5-week training block consisting of 1 week of reduced training (PRE), 3 weeks of high-intensity overload training (POST), and 1 week of recovery training (REC). Participants completed a Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycling Test (LSCT) and 5 km time-trial at PRE, POST, and REC time points, 15 min following the ingestion of a 50 g glucose beverage with glucose recorded each minute via CGM. RESULTS Performance in the 5 km time-trial was reduced at POST (∆-7 ± 10 W, p = 0.04,η p 2 = 0.35) and improved at REC (∆12 ± 9 W from PRE, p = 0.01,η p 2 = 0.66), with reductions in peak lactate (∆-3.0 ± 2.0 mmol/L, p = 0.001,η p 2 = 0.71), peak HR (∆-6 ± 3 bpm, p < 0.001,η p 2 = 0.86), and Hooper-Mackinnon well-being scores (∆10 ± 5 a.u., p < 0.001,η p 2 = 0.79), indicating athletes were functionally overreached. The respiratory exchange ratio was suppressed at POST relative to REC during the 60% (POST: 0.80 ± 0.05, REC: 0.87 ± 0.05, p < 0.001,η p 2 = 0.74), and 80% (POST: 0.93 ± 0.05, REC: 1.00 ± 0.05, p = 0.003,η p 2 = 0.68) of HR-matched submaximal stages of the LSCT. CGM glucose was reduced during HR-matched submaximal exercise in the LSCT at POST (p = 0.047,η p 2 = 0.36), but not the 5 km time-trial (p = 0.07,η p 2 = 0.28) in overreached athletes. CONCLUSION This preliminary investigation demonstrates a reduction in CGM-derived glucose and carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise in overreached athletes. The use of CGM during submaximal exercise following standardized nutrition could be employed as a monitoring tool to detect overreaching in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Coates
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle M A Thompson
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica M Grigore
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryleigh E Baker
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Pignanelli
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa A Robertson
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara M Frangos
- Mitochondrial Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian P Cheung
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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5
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van der Zwaard S, Otter RTA, Kempe M, Knobbe A, Stoter IK. Capturing the Complex Relationship Between Internal and External Training Load: A Data-Driven Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:634-642. [PMID: 37080541 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training load is typically described in terms of internal and external load. Investigating the coupling of internal and external training load is relevant to many sports. Here, continuous kernel-density estimation (KDE) may be a valuable tool to capture and visualize this coupling. AIM Using training load data in speed skating, we evaluated how well bivariate KDE plots describe the coupling of internal and external load and differentiate between specific training sessions, compared to training impulse scores or intensity distribution into training zones. METHODS On-ice training sessions of 18 young (sub)elite speed skaters were monitored for velocity and heart rate during 2 consecutive seasons. Training session types were obtained from the coach's training scheme, including endurance, interval, tempo, and sprint sessions. Differences in training load between session types were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis or Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for training impulse and KDE scores, respectively. RESULTS Training impulse scores were not different between training session types, except for extensive endurance sessions. However, all training session types differed when comparing KDEs for heart rate and velocity (both P < .001). In addition, 2D KDE plots of heart rate and velocity provide detailed insights into the (subtle differences in) coupling of internal and external training load that could not be obtained by 2D plots using training zones. CONCLUSION 2D KDE plots provide a valuable tool to visualize and inform coaches on the (subtle differences in) coupling of internal and external training load for training sessions. This will help coaches design better training schemes aiming at desired training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
| | - Ruby T A Otter
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen,the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section of Anatomy & Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - Arno Knobbe
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
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6
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Figueiredo DH, Figueiredo DH, Bellenger C, Machado FA. Individually guided training prescription by heart rate variability and self-reported measure of stress tolerance in recreational runners: Effects on endurance performance. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2732-2740. [PMID: 36940300 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2191082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training individually guided by objective (Heart Rate Variability-HRV) or self-report measure of stress (DALDA-questionnaire) in comparison to predefined endurance training prescription for improving endurance performance in recreational runners. After a 2-week preliminary baseline period to establish resting HRV and self-reported measure of stress, thirty-six male recreational runners were randomly assigned to HRV-guided (GHRV; n = 12), DALDA-guided (GD; n = 12) or predefined training (GT; n = 12) prescription groups. Before and after 5-weeks of endurance training, participants performed a track field peak velocity (Vpeak_TF), time limit (Tlim) at 100% of Vpeak_TF and 5 km time-trial (5 km TT) tests. GD lead to higher improvements in Vpeak_TF (8.4 ± 1.8%; ES = 1.41) and 5 km TT (-12.8 ± 4.2%; ES = -1.97), than GHRV (6.6 ± 1.5% and -8.3 ± 2.8%; ES = -1.20; 1.24) and GT (4.9 ± 1.5% and -6.0 ± 3.3%; ES = -0.82; 0.68), respectively, with no differences for Tlim. Self-report measures of stress may be used to individualize endurance training prescription on a daily basis leading to better performance enhancement, which may be used with HRV for a holistic understanding of daily training-induce adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hilgemberg Figueiredo
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá,Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Diogo Hilgemberg Figueiredo
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá,Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Clint Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fabiana Andrade Machado
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá,Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil
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7
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Schaffarczyk M, Rogers B, Reer R, Gronwald T. Fractal correlation properties of HRV as a noninvasive biomarker to assess the physiological status of triathletes during simulated warm-up sessions at low exercise intensity: a pilot study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:203. [PMID: 36457040 PMCID: PMC9713969 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-linear index alpha 1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA a1) of heart rate variability, has been shown to be a marker of fatigue during endurance exercise. This report aims to explore its ability to assess the physiological status as a surrogate metric for "readiness to train" while performing simulated warm-up sessions the day after two different exercise sessions. METHODS 11 triathletes were recruited to determine the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) during a baseline assessment and to perform 10-min of cycling at 90% of VT1 (simulating a warm-up bout) before (PRE) and within 36 h after (POST) light and heavy running exercise. RR intervals were recorded for DFA a1 analysis along with neuromuscular testing to verify the effects of the performed exercise sessions. In addition to common statistical methods, magnitude-based inferences (MBI) were applied to assess the changes in true score and thus also the practical relevance of the magnitude. RESULTS Rating of perceived exertion for the heavy exercise session showed a significant higher rating as opposed to the light exercise session (p < 0.001, d = 0.89). In regard of MBIs, PRE versus POST comparisons revealed a significant reduced DFA a1 with large effect size after the heavy exercise session (p = 0.001, d = - 1.44) and a 99% chance that this negative change was clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS Despite inter-individual differences, DFA a1 offers potential to assess physiological status and guide athletes in their training as an easy-to-apply monitoring procedure during a standardized warm-up. A regular assessment including individual data history and statistical references for identification of response is recommended. Further data are necessary to confirm the results in a larger and more homogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Schaffarczyk
- grid.11500.350000 0000 8919 8412Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce Rogers
- grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Rüdiger Reer
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Department Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- grid.11500.350000 0000 8919 8412Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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Goudsmit J, Otter RTA, Stoter I, van Holland B, van der Zwaard S, de Jong J, Vos S. Co-Operative Design of a Coach Dashboard for Training Monitoring and Feedback. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9073. [PMID: 36501775 PMCID: PMC9737713 DOI: 10.3390/s22239073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Athlete development depends on many factors that need to be balanced by the coach. The amount of data collected grows with the development of sensor technology. To make data-informed decisions for training prescription of their athletes, coaches could be supported by feedback through a coach dashboard. The aim of this paper is to describe the design of a coach dashboard based on scientific knowledge, user requirements, and (sensor) data to support decision making of coaches for athlete development in cyclic sports. The design process involved collaboration with coaches, embedded scientists, researchers, and IT professionals. A classic design thinking process was used to structure the research activities in five phases: empathise, define, ideate, prototype, and test phases. To understand the user requirements of coaches, a survey (n = 38), interviews (n = 8) and focus-group sessions (n = 4) were held. Design principles were adopted into mock-ups, prototypes, and the final coach dashboard. Designing a coach dashboard using the co-operative research design helped to gain deep insights into the specific user requirements of coaches in their daily training practice. Integrating these requirements, scientific knowledge, and functionalities in the final coach dashboard allows the coach to make data-informed decisions on training prescription and optimise athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Goudsmit
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5644 HZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruby T. A. Otter
- School of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Anatomy & Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Stoter
- Innovationlab Thialf, 8443 DA Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Berry van Holland
- School of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Jong
- School of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Vos
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5644 HZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Lopes TR, Pereira HM, Silva BM. Perceived Exertion: Revisiting the History and Updating the Neurophysiology and the Practical Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114439. [PMID: 36361320 PMCID: PMC9658641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The perceived exertion construct creation is a landmark in exercise physiology and sport science. Obtaining perceived exertion is relatively easy, but practitioners often neglect some critical methodological issues in its assessment. Furthermore, the perceived exertion definition, neurophysiological basis, and practical applications have evolved since the perceived exertion construct's inception. Therefore, we revisit the careful work devoted by Gunnar Borg with psychophysical methods to develop the perceived exertion construct, which resulted in the creation of two scales: the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the category-ratio 10 (CR10). We discuss a contemporary definition that considers perceived exertion as a conscious perception of how hard, heavy, and strenuous the exercise is, according to the sense of effort to command the limbs and the feeling of heavy breathing (respiratory effort). Thus, other exercise-evoked sensations would not hinder the reported perceived exertion. We then describe the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the perceived exertion genesis during exercise, including the influence of the peripheral feedback from the skeletal muscles and the cardiorespiratory system (i.e., afferent feedback) and the influence of efferent copies from the motor command and respiratory drive (i.e., corollary discharges), as well as the interaction between them. We highlight essential details practitioners should consider when using the RPE and CR10 scales, such as the perceived exertion definition, the original scales utilization, and the descriptors anchoring process. Finally, we present how practitioners can use perceived exertion to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, individualize exercise intensity prescription, predict endurance exercise performance, and monitor athletes' responses to physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Ribeiro Lopes
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-000, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo 04037-003, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Maxwell Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Bruno Moreira Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-000, SP, Brazil
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10
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Otter RTA, Bakker AC, van der Zwaard S, Toering T, Goudsmit JFA, Stoter IK, de Jong J. Perceived Training of Junior Speed Skaters versus the Coach's Intention: Does a Mismatch Relate to Perceived Stress and Recovery? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11221. [PMID: 36141493 PMCID: PMC9517184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this observational study was to examine the differences between training variables as intended by coaches and perceived by junior speed skaters and to explore how these relate to changes in stress and recovery. During a 4-week preparatory period, intended and perceived training intensity (RPE) and duration (min) were monitored for 2 coaches and their 23 speed skaters, respectively. The training load was calculated by multiplying RPE by duration. Changes in perceived stress and recovery were measured using RESTQ-sport questionnaires before and after 4 weeks. Results included 438 intended training sessions and 378 executed sessions of 14 speed skaters. A moderately higher intended (52:37 h) versus perceived duration (45:16 h) was found, as skaters performed fewer training sessions than anticipated (four sessions). Perceived training load was lower than intended for speed skating sessions (-532 ± 545 AU) and strength sessions (-1276 ± 530 AU) due to lower RPE scores for skating (-0.6 ± 0.7) or shorter and fewer training sessions for strength (-04:13 ± 02:06 hh:mm). All training and RESTQ-sport parameters showed large inter-individual variations. Differences between intended-perceived training variables showed large positive correlations with changes in RESTQ-sport, i.e., for the subscale's success (r = 0.568), physical recovery (r = 0.575), self-regulation (r = 0.598), and personal accomplishment (r = 0.589). To conclude, speed skaters that approach or exceed the coach's intended training variables demonstrated an increased perception of success, physical recovery, self-regulation, and personal accomplishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby T. A. Otter
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Section Anatomie & Medical Physiology, Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna C. Bakker
- Department Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tynke Toering
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F. A. Goudsmit
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Science, 5612 MA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge K. Stoter
- Innovatielab Thialf, 8443 DA Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Jong
- School of Sports Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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van Erp T, Lamberts RP. Demands of professional female cycling races: influence race level and race duration (single or multi-day events). Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35938288 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study is governed by two aims: firstly, expanding the meagre knowledge store regarding the demands set by professional female road cycling and, secondly, ascertaining whether these demands vary in relation to different race-levels and race duration (single- or multi-day events). A total of 1 349 female professional road races was analyzed and demands (intensity, load and performance) were determined. Races were classified based on race level (i.e. Women's World Tour [WWT], level.1 and level.2 according to the International Cycling Federation) and race duration (single- or multi-day events). Differences were assessed with a multilevel random intercept model whilst the strength of said differences were indicated by Cohens'd (0-0.19 trivial; 0.20-0.59 small; 0.60-1.1.9 moderate; 1.20-1.99 large; ≥2.00 very large). In general, no moderate differences for load and intensity were noted for the different race levels. This result contrasts with data obtained from male road cycling. Moderate higher 3 and 5 min maximal mean power (MMP) values were noted in the WWT compared to Level.2 races. More substantial differences were found to exist between single- and multi-day races with single-day races presenting small to large higher load and intensity values. In addition, single-day races presented higher MMPs overall durations (5sec - 60 min) although these differences can be rated trivial to small. This study contributes to the limited knowledge store describing demands in professional female cycling. The reported data provide valuable insights which may aid practitioners and/or coaches in preparing female professional cyclists for races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun van Erp
- Division of Biokinetics, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Biokinetics, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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