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Jones KM, Wallace ES, Otto SR. Centre of pressure golf swing movement strategies are better defined using a continuous approach than by segregated styles. J Sports Sci 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37149899 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2210852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between movement style and golf performance have been well researched, but the premise of segregated movement styles has not been fully examined. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the postulation that centre of pressure data are not best described by segregated styles but instead by a continuum and to determine relationships between centre of pressure, handicap and clubhead speed using a continuous approach. Centre of pressure paths of driver and 5-iron shots from 104 amateur golfers were analysed using discrete and continuous methods. Discrete methods used different cluster evaluation criteria which result in two-cluster and twenty-cluster solutions being considered "optimum". The two-cluster solution showed the characteristics of "front-foot" and "reverse" centre of pressure styles. However, a continuous principal component analysis method revealed that the clusters were not well separated and provided support for a multidimensional continuum. The principal components had a high correlation with handicap and clubhead speed. Lower handicap and higher swing speed golfers tended to display a centre of pressure with a "front-foot" style and a fast transition towards the front foot at the start of the downswing. A continuous characterisation of centre of pressure styles has more utility than the segregated styles previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Jones
- Equipment Standards, R&A Rules Ltd, St Andrews, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - Eric S Wallace
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - Steve R Otto
- Equipment Standards, R&A Rules Ltd, St Andrews, UK
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Li B, Kim Y, Tang X, Hu Z, Wu C, Li H, Kim S. Effect of slope change on kinematics of amateur golfers' full swing. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:271-282. [PMID: 37066928 DOI: 10.3233/thc-236023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golf courses are designed with uneven terrain. These factors are especially important when facing (slope), players need to straighten the posture of each part of the body in order to complete the swing on an inclined surface such as flat ground. Amateur players may be more likely to change the movement patterns of their shots due to uneven terrain. Therefore, it may be necessary to clarify the shot characteristics of amateur players and provide reference materials for technical improvement. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of slope on amateur golfers' swing kinematics by analyzing the variation of time variables, body center of gravity (COG), and shot parameters of amateur golfers' swing at different ground slopes. METHODS Six male amateur golfers participated in the experiment. The 7-iron was used for 5 swings each at three slopes: flat ground (FG, 0∘), ball below foot (BBF, +10∘), and foot below ball (FBB, -10∘). The OptiTrack-Motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data, and the three-dimensional motion data will be transmitted to Visual3D software for subsequent data analysis such as golf swing division and body COG changes. Shot parameters (carry, swing speed, ball speed, and smash factor) were recorded for each swing using the Caddie SC300 radar monitoring device. RESULTS The results showed that there was no difference in the overall swing time and the time required for each interval at different slopes (p> 0.05) there is no significant difference in the change of the COG of the body in the forward and backward directions (p> 0.05). The three slopes of swing speed, ball speed, carry and smash factor were not significantly different (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION The rhythm of the amateur golfer's swing was not affected by the slope, but the slope restricts the movement of the body's COG, which may affect the weight movement, and ultimately cause the performance parameters to not reach the level of the FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairan Li
- Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
- Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea
| | - Chaojie Wu
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea
| | - Han Li
- Department of Physical Education, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sukwon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk, Korea
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Li B, Wang J, Wu C, Hu Z, Li J, Nam SC, Zhang Z, Ryu JK, Kim Y. Effects of Ground Slopes on Erector Spinae Muscle Activities and Characteristics of Golf Swing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1176. [PMID: 36673931 PMCID: PMC9858818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: 'Slope' refers to the position faced by golfers on the course. Research on the recruitment strategies of thoracolumbar erector spinae during golf swings on different slopes may help us to understand some underlying mechanisms of lower back pain. (2) Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to assess electromyography (EMG) patterns of the erector spinae muscles (ES) and the kinematics of the trunk and swing parameters while performing golf swings on three different ground slopes: (1) no slope where the ball is level with the feet (BLF), (2) a slope where the ball is above the feet (BAF), and (3) a slope where the ball is below the feet (BBF). Furthermore, the present study evaluates the effect of slope on the kinematics of the trunk, the X-factor angle, and the hitting parameters. (3) Methods: Eight right-handed recreational male golfers completed five swings using a seven-iron for each ground slope. Surface electromyograms from the left and right sides of the ES thoracolumbar region (T8 and L3 on the spinous process side) were evaluated. Each golf swing was divided into five phases. Kinematics of the shoulder, trunk, and spine were evaluated, and the ball speed, swing speed, carry, smash factor, launch angle, and apex were measured using Caddie SC300. (3) Results: The muscle activity of the BAF and BBF slopes was significantly lower than that of the BLF slope during the early follow-through phase of the thoracic ES on the lead side (i.e., left side) and during the acceleration and early follow-through phases of the lumbar ES on the lead side. The lead and trail side (i.e., right side) lumbar ES were more active during acceleration than the thoracic ES. Additionally, the trends of the lead and trail sides of the thoracolumbar regions on the three slopes were found to be the same across the five phases. Trunk angle and X-factor angles had no significant differences in address, top of backswing, or ball impact. The maximum separation angles of the X-factor appeared in the early phase of the downswing for all the three slopes. Regarding smash factor and launch angle, there were no significant differences between the three slopes. The ball speed, swing speed, carry, and apex were higher on BLF than on BAF and BBF slopes. (4) Conclusion: The findings suggest that amateur golfers face different slopes with altered muscle recruitment strategies. Specifically, during the acceleration phase of the golf swing, the BAF and the BBF slopes, compared with the BLF slope, significantly underactivated the lead side thoracolumbar erector spinae muscles, thereby increasing the risk of back injury. Changes in muscle activity during critical periods may affect neuromuscular deficits in high-handicap players and may have implications for the understanding and development of golf-related lower back pain. In addition, the X-factor angle was not affected by the slope, however, it can be found that the hitting parameters on the BLF slope are more dominant than on the other slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairan Li
- Department of Physical Education, Putian University, Putian 351100, China
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsig Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, KyungHee University, Youngin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaojie Wu
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe Hu
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheul Nam
- College of Physical Education, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyun Ryu
- Department of Coaching, KyungHee University, Youngin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Coaching, KyungHee University, Youngin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Golf Swing Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations for Kinematics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060091. [PMID: 35736831 PMCID: PMC9227529 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate golf swing performance in both preventing injury and injury occurrence. The objective of this review was to describe state-of-the-art golf swing biomechanics, with a specific emphasis on movement kinematics, and when possible, to suggest recommendations for research methodologies. Keywords related to biomechanics and golf swings were used in scientific databases. Only articles that focused on golf-swing kinematics were considered. In this review, 92 articles were considered and categorized into the following domains: X-factor, crunch factor, swing plane and clubhead trajectory, kinematic sequence, and joint angular kinematics. The main subjects of focus were male golfers. Performance parameters were searched for, but the lack of methodological consensus prevented generalization of the results and led to contradictory results. Currently, three-dimensional approaches are commonly used for joint angular kinematic investigations. However, recommendations by the International Society of Biomechanics are rarely considered.
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Hiley MJ, Bajwa Z, Liang Y, Blenkinsop GM. The effect of uphill and downhill slopes on centre of pressure movement, alignment and shot outcome in mid-handicap golfers. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:781-797. [PMID: 31070109 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1601250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine changes in centre of pressure (COP) movement, alignment and shot outcome during golf shots from flat, uphill, and downhill slopes by mid-handicap golfers. Twelve male golfers hit balls with a six-iron from the flat and 5° slopes while kinematics and kinetics of the swing were collected. A launch monitor measured performance outcomes. A shift in the COP was found during the backswing when playing on a slope, but disappeared during the downswing. Golfers attempted to align the body perpendicular to the slope at the start of the swing resulting in COP movement towards the lower foot, but were not able to maintain this throughout the swing, like low handicap golfers. There was no significant difference in stance width, but golfers placed the ball closer to the uphill foot on a slope. Ball speed was not significantly affected by the slope, but launch angle and ball spin were. Golfers were more likely to hit shots to the left from an uphill slope and to the right for a downhill slope. No consistent compensatory adjustments in alignment at address were found, with differences in final ball position due to lateral spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hiley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Zarthast Bajwa
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Glen M Blenkinsop
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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