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Pimenta R, Correia JP, Vaz JR, Veloso AP, Herzog W. Hamstrings passive and active shear modulus: Implications of conventional static stretching and warmup. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:415-421. [PMID: 38448345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compares the acute effects of a static stretching and a warmup protocol on the active and passive shear modulus of the hamstring muscles. METHODS Muscle shear modulus was assessed at rest and during isometric contractions at 20 % of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). RESULTS After stretching, the passive shear modulus pattern was not altered, while at 20 % MVIC the biceps femoris short head (BFsh) and semimembranosus showed a shear modulus increase and decrease, respectively, which resulted on BFsh-SM pair differences (pre: 3.8 ± 16.8 vs. post: 39.3 ± 25.1 kPa; p < 0.001; d = 1.66) which was accompanied by a decrease of 18.3 % on MVIC. Following the warmup protocol, passive shear modulus remained unchanged, while active shear modulus was decreased for the semitendinosus (pre: 65.3 ± 13.5 vs. post: 60.3 ± 12.3 kPa; p = 0.035; d = 0.4). However, this difference was within the standard error of measurement (10.54 kPa), and did not impact the force production, since it increased only 1.4 % after the warmup. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the passive and active shear modulus responses of the individual hamstring muscles to static stretching are muscle-specific and that passive and active hamstring shear modulus are not changed by a standard warmup intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pimenta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Research Center of the Polytechnic Institute of Maia (N2i), Maia Polytechnic Institute (IPMAIA), Portugal; Futebol Clube Famalicão - Futebol SAD, Department of Rehabilitation and Performance, Portugal.
| | - José P Correia
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Portugal
| | - António P Veloso
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada
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2
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Satkunskiene D, Skarbalius A, Kniubaite A, Mickevicius M, Snieckus A, Rutkauskas S, Kamandulis S. Hamstring stiffness and injury risk factors during the handball season in female players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:190-198. [PMID: 37820386 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the muscle mechanical properties and functions of female athletes throughout their training season is relevant to understand the relationships between these factors and to predict noncontact injuries, which are prevalent among female athletes. The first aim of this study was to determine whether female handball players' passive stiffness of the hamstring muscles is associated with hamstring extensibility, strength of knee flexors and extensors, and lower limb stiffness. Additionally, the study monitored fluctuations in these factors over 25 weeks. The study utilized an isokinetic dynamometer to record hamstring passive stiffness, extensibility, and hamstring and quadriceps strength of 18 young handball players. Lower limb stiffness was determined from a countermovement vertical jump conducted on a force plate. The countermovement jump involved the calculation of the peak force during the eccentric phase and the mean force during the concentric phase. The results showed a positive correlation between hamstring passive stiffness and lower limb stiffness (r = 0.660, p < 0.01), knee flexion and extension strength (r = 0.592, p < 0.01 and r = 0.497, p < 0.05, respectively), and eccentric peak force (r = 0.587, p < 0.01) during jumping. The strength of knee extensors increased significantly after 6 weeks, and hamstring stiffness after 12 weeks of training. In conclusion, the increased hamstring stiffness following training did not match other factors associated with injury risk. Therefore, preventing multifactorial injury risk requires a comprehensive approach, and monitoring one factor alone is insufficient to predict noncontact injuries in female handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Skarbalius
- Department of Coaching ScienceLithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audinga Kniubaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Rutkauskas
- Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Drigny J, Reboursière E, Praz C, Guermont H, Hulet C, Gauthier A. Changes in passive hamstring stiffness after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A prospective study with comparison of healthy controls. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 112:106168. [PMID: 38219455 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical properties of knee flexors muscles contribute to reducing anterior cruciate ligament loading. This case-control study evaluated the passive knee flexors stiffness after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with comparison of healthy controls. METHODS After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 88 participants (24.5 [8.6] years, 56,8% males) had two isokinetic tests at 4 and 8 postoperative months with measurement of the passive resistive torque of knee flexors and extensors/flexors strength. In the control group, 44 participants (24.5 [4.3] years, 56,8% males) had one visit with the same procedures. Passive knee flexors stiffness was calculated as the slope of the passive torque-angle curve on the last 10° of knee extension (Nm/°). We investigated the impact of timing and type of surgery (autograft and combined meniscus repair) and persistent knee extension deficits on knee flexors stiffness. FINDINGS At 4 and 8 postoperative months, passive knee flexors stiffness was lower on the operated limb than on the non-operated limb (P < 0.001) but both limbs had significant lower values than controls (P < 0.001). Stiffness was positively correlated with knee flexors strength (P < 0.010), and knee flexors stiffness at 4 months was lower in individuals who underwent surgery <6 months from injury (P = 0.040). Knee extension deficit or the type of surgery did not have a significant influence on knee flexors stiffness. INTERPRETATION Similarly to neuromuscular factors that are traditionally altered after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, evaluating passive knee flexors stiffness changes over time could provide supplementary insights into postoperative muscle recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Drigny
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU de Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France.
| | | | - Cesar Praz
- Département d'orthopédie et de traumatologie, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Henri Guermont
- Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU de Caen Normandie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Christophe Hulet
- Département d'orthopédie et de traumatologie, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Antoine Gauthier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
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4
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Li M, Meng X, Guan L, Kim Y, Kim S. Comparing the Effects of Static Stretching Alone and in Combination with Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Squat Jump Performance at Different Knee Starting Angles. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:769-777. [PMID: 38045747 PMCID: PMC10690507 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of isolated static stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds) and its combined form with 10 repetitive drop jumps on lower limb performance during squat jumps at different knee joint starting angles (60°, 90°, and 120°). Thirteen participants completed three randomly ordered experimental visits, each including a standardized warm-up and squat jumps at three angles, apart from the intervention or control. Information was gathered through a three-dimensional movement tracking system, electromyography system, and force platform. The electromyography data underwent wavelet analysis to compute the energy values across the four wavelet frequency bands. The average power (Pavg), peak power (Ppeak), peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), peak center of mass velocity (Vpeak), and force-velocity relationship at peak power (SFv) were extracted from the force and velocity-time data. The results revealed no significant influence of isolated static stretching, or its combined form with drop jumps, on the energy values across the frequency bands of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, or the Pavg or Ppeak (P > 0.05). However, at 120°, static stretching reduced the GRFpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.86) and SFv (P < 0.001, d = 1.12), and increased the Vpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.5). The GRFpeak, Pavg, Ppeak, and SFv increased with an increase in the joint angle (P < 0.05), whereas the Vpeak decreased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that static stretching does not diminish power output during squat jumps at the three angles; however, it alters GRFpeak, Vpeak, and the relative contributions of force and velocity to peak power at 120°, which can be eliminated by post-activation performance enhancement. Moreover, compared to 60° and 90°, 120° was more favorable for power and peak force output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
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Matsuo S, Iwata M, Miyazaki M, Fukaya T, Yamanaka E, Nagata K, Tsuchida W, Asai Y, Suzuki S. Acute and Prolonged Effects of 300 sec of Static, Dynamic, and Combined Stretching on Flexibility and Muscle Force. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:626-636. [PMID: 38045743 PMCID: PMC10690505 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and combined stretching (CS; i.e., DS+SS) are commonly performed as warm-up exercises. However, the stretching method with the greatest effect on flexibility and performance remains unclear. This randomized crossover trial examined acute and prolonged effects of SS, DS, and CS on range of motion (ROM), peak passive torque (PPT), passive stiffness, and isometric and concentric muscle forces. Twenty healthy young men performed 300 sec of active SS, DS, or CS (150-sec SS followed by 150-sec DS and 150-sec DS followed by 150-sec SS) of the right knee flexors on four separate days, in random order. Subsequently, we measured ROM, PPT, and passive stiffness during passive knee extension. We also measured maximum voluntary isometric and concentric knee flexion forces and surface electromyographic activities during force measurements immediately before, immediately after, and 20 and 60 min after stretching. All stretching methods significantly increased ROM and PPT, while significantly decreasing isometric knee flexion force (all p < 0.05). These changes lasted 60 min after all stretching methods; the increases in ROM and PPT and the decreases in isometric muscle force were similar. All stretching methods also significantly decreased passive stiffness immediately after stretching (all p < 0.05). Decreases in passive stiffness tended to be longer after CS than after SS or DS. Concentric muscle force was decreased after SS and CS (all p < 0.05). On the other hand, concentric muscle force was unchanged after DS, while the decreases in surface electromyographic activities during concentric force measurements after all stretching methods were similar. Our results suggest that 300 sec of SS, DS, and CS have different acute and prolonged effects on flexibility and muscle force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Manabu Miyazaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science for Health, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Narashino, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagata
- Department of International Affairs, Project Division, Japanese Physical Therapy Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsuchida
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Asai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Fukaya T, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:465-475. [PMID: 37711702 PMCID: PMC10499138 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching can increase the range of motion of a joint. Muscle-tendon unit stiffness (MTS) is potentially one of the main factors that influences the change in the range of motion after static stretching. However, to date, the effects of acute and long-term static stretching on MTS are not well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of acute and long-term static stretching training on MTS, in young healthy participants. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before January 6, 2023, were searched and finally, 17 papers were included in the meta-analysis. Main meta-analysis was performed with a random-effect model and subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex and female) and muscle (hamstrings vs. plantar flexors) were also performed. Furthermore, a meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on MTS. For acute static stretching, the result of the meta-analysis showed a moderate decrease in MTS (effect size = -0.772, Z = -2.374, 95% confidence interval = -1.409 - -0.325, p = 0.018, I2 = 79.098). For long-term static stretching, there is no significant change in MTS (effect size = -0.608, Z = -1.761, 95% CI = -1.284 - 0.069, p = 0.078, I2 = 83.061). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (long-term, p = 0.209) or muscle (acute, p =0.295; long-term, p = 0.427). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between total stretching duration and MTS in acute static stretching (p = 0.011, R2 = 0.28), but not in long-term stretching (p = 0.085, R2 < 0.01). Whilst MTS decreased after acute static stretching, only a tendency of a decrease was seen after long-term stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Saga, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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Reiner MM, Gabriel A, Tilp M, Konrad A. The Acute Effects of Pectoralis Major Foam Ball Rolling on Shoulder Extension Range of Motion, Isometric Contraction Torque, and Muscle Stiffness. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:51-57. [PMID: 36876179 PMCID: PMC9982538 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that foam rolling (FR) of the lower extremities can increase the range of motion (ROM) of a joint while likely having no detrimental effect on muscle performance, to date, this is not clear if this is the case for the upper body. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a 2-min FR intervention of the pectoralis major (PMa) muscle on muscle stiffness of the PMa, shoulder extension ROM, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque. Thirty-eight (n = 15 females) healthy, physically active participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (n = 18) or a control group (n = 20). The intervention group performed a 2-min foam ball rolling (FBR) intervention of the PMa muscle (FB-PMa-rolling), while the control group rested for 2 min. Before and after the intervention, muscle stiffness of the PMa was measured with shear wave elastography, while shoulder extension ROM was recorded with a 3D-motion capture system, and shoulder flexion MVIC peak torque was measured with a force sensor. MVIC peak torque decreased in both groups (time effect: p = 0.01; η2 = 0.16), without any difference between groups (interaction effect: p = 0.49, η2 = 0.013). ROM (p = 0.24; η2 = 0.04) and muscle stiffness (FB-PMa-rolling p = 0.86; Z = -0.38; control group p = 0.7, Z = -0.17) did not change due to the intervention. The lack of changes in ROM and muscle stiffness following the FBR intervention might be explained by the small area of applied pressure with the FBR on the PMa muscle. Moreover, the decrease in MVIC peak torque is likely more related to the uncommon test situation of the upper limbs, rather than the FBR intervention itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Gabriel
- Professorship of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Department of Sport and Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sports and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Gutierrez-Coronado J, López-Bueno L, Cardero-Durán MDLA, Albornoz-Cabello M, Toledo-Marhuenda JV, Hernández-Sánchez S, Dueñas L, Marques-Sule E, Morral A, Espejo-Antúnez L. The Clinical Benefits of a Dynamic vs. Static Component as Part of a Comprehensive Warm-Up for Recreational Sports Players with Clinical Histories of Hamstring Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:744. [PMID: 36613065 PMCID: PMC9819227 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Few previous studies have analyzed the effects of certain specific static and dynamic warm-up components on recreational sports players with a previous hamstring injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze changes in some modifiable and external risk factors after (immediately and in a follow-up assessment after 10 min) a static or dynamic warm-up program on recreational sports players with a previous hamstring injury. Methods: A total of 62 participants were randomized into 2 groups: static warm-up (SW) (n = 31) or dynamic warm-up (DW) (n = 31). Range of movement (RoM), perceived pain, the pressure−pain threshold, and joint position sense were assessed at baseline, immediately after the intervention and 10 min afterwards. The intervention for the SW (hot pack procedures in both hamstring muscles) lasted 20 min. The DW intervention consisted of a running exercise performed on a treadmill for 10 min. Results: Both groups showed statistically significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) in the primary outcomes (perceived pain and the pressure−pain threshold) at the three measurement times (this was also true for RoM for the SW group, with statistically significant differences only between times from the baseline to the 10-min follow-up; p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.23). The intra-group secondary outcome showed no statistically significant changes (p > 0.05) in both groups (except for the period from the baseline−immediately after in the DW group; p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.53). The comparison between groups showed no statistically significant differences for any of the variables analyzed. (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that both specific warm-up modalities seem to positively influence perceived pain on stretching and the pressure threshold; however, the significant reduction in the joint repositioning error and the larger effect sizes observed in the DW group suggest that this method has a greater beneficial impact in recreational sports players with clinical histories of hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gutierrez-Coronado
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Laura López-Bueno
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Gascó Oliag Street, 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María de los Angeles Cardero-Durán
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel Albornoz-Cabello
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physical Therapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, C/Avicena, 6, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Vicente Toledo-Marhuenda
- Department of Pathology and Surgery (Area of Physiotherapy), Medicine Faculty, Miguel Hernández University, Ctra Alicante-Valencia Km 8,7—N 332, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery (Area of Physiotherapy), Medicine Faculty, Miguel Hernández University, Ctra Alicante-Valencia Km 8,7—N 332, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lirios Dueñas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Gascó Oliag Street, 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Speciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Marques-Sule
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Gascó Oliag Street, 5, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antoni Morral
- Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Ramon Llull University, Carrer de Claravall, 1, 3, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Espejo-Antúnez
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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9
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Matsuo S, Akizuki K, Mizuno T. Effects of Speed and Amplitude of Dynamic Stretching on the Flexibility and Strength of the Hamstrings. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:608-615. [PMID: 36523896 PMCID: PMC9741718 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic stretching for more than 90 seconds is useful for improving muscle strength, although dynamic stretching for 30 seconds or less is commonly used in sports settings. The effects of dynamic stretching are influenced by the speed and amplitude of stretching, but no study examined these factors for 30 seconds of dynamic stretching. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of speed (fast- or slow-speed) and amplitude (normal- or wide amplitude) of dynamic stretching for 30 seconds on the strength (peak torque during maximum isokinetic concentric contraction) and flexibility (range of motion, passive torque at maximum knee extension angle, and muscle-tendon unit stiffness) of the hamstrings. The passive torque and muscle-tendon unit stiffness reflect stretching tolerance and viscoelastic properties of the hamstrings, respectively. Fifteen healthy participants performed 4 types of 30 seconds of dynamic stretching. The muscle strength and flexibility were measured before and immediately after the dynamic stretching. The range of motion did not change after dynamic stretching at low speed and normal amplitude (p = 0.12, d = 0.59, 103.3%), but it was increased by other interventions (p < 0.01, d = 0.90-1.25, 104.5-110.1%). In all interventions, the passive torque increased (main effect for time, p < 0.01, d = 0.51 - 0.74, 111.0 - 126.9%), and muscle-tendon unit stiffness did not change. The muscle strength increased only after dynamic stretching at fast speed with normal amplitude (p < 0.01, d = 0.79, 107.1%). The results of the present study indicated that 30 seconds of dynamic stretching at fast speed and with normal amplitude can be beneficial for the measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, 9-1-6 Koyocho-naka, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0032, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Saga, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akizuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Mejiro University, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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10
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Zhu Y, Feng Y, Huang F, Li Y, Wang W, Wang X, Cao X, Zhang Z. Changes in stiffness of the specific regions of knee extensor mechanism after static stretching. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:958242. [PMID: 36046676 PMCID: PMC9420945 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.958242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased muscle stiffness could reduce musculotendinous injury risk in sports and rehabilitation settings. Static stretching (SS) has been used to increase the flexibility of muscles and reduce muscle stiffness, but the effects of SS on the stiffness of specific regions of the knee extensor mechanism are unclear. The quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon are essential components of the knee extensor mechanism and play an important role in knee motion. Therefore, we explored the acute and prolonged effects of SS on the stiffness of the quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon and knee flexion range of motion (ROM). Thirty healthy male subjects participated in the study. Three 60-s SS with 30-s intervals were conducted in right knee flexion with 30° hip extension. We measured the ROM and stiffness of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) and the proximal-(PPT), middle-(MPT), and distal-(DPT) region stiffness of the patellar tendon before and immediately after SS intervention, or 5 and 10 min after SS. The stiffness of the quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon were measured using MyotonPRO, and the knee flexion ROM was evaluated using a medical goniometer. Our outcomes showed that the ROM was increased after SS intervention in all-time conditions (p < 0.01). Additionally, the results showed that the stiffness of RF (p < 0.01) and PPT (p = 0.03) were decreased immediately after SS intervention. These results suggested that SS intervention could be useful to increase knee flexion ROM and temporarily reduce the stiffness of specific regions of the knee extensor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchun Zhu
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangchao Huang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Cao
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijie Zhang,
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11
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Nakamura M, Suzuki Y, Yoshida R, Kasahara K, Murakami Y, Hirono T, Nishishita S, Takeuchi K, Konrad A. The Time-Course Changes in Knee Flexion Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Rate of Force Development After Static Stretching. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917661. [PMID: 35721554 PMCID: PMC9201101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that longer-duration static stretching (SS) interventions can cause a decrease in muscle strength, especially explosive muscle strength. Furthermore, force steadiness is an important aspect of muscle force control, which should also be considered. However, the time course of the changes in these variables after an SS intervention remains unclear. Nevertheless, this information is essential for athletes and coaches to establish optimal warm-up routines. The aim of this study was to investigate the time course of changes in knee flexion range of motion (ROM), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), rate of force development (RFD), and force steadiness (at 5 and 20% of MVIC) after three 60-s SS interventions. Study participants were sedentary healthy adult volunteers (n = 20) who performed three 60-s SS interventions of the knee extensors, where these variables were measured before and after SS intervention at three different periods, i.e., immediately after, 10 min, and 20 min the SS intervention (crossover design). The results showed an increase in ROM at all time points (d = 0.86-1.01). MVIC was decreased immediately after the SS intervention (d = -0.30), but MVIC showed a recovery trend for both 10 min (d = -0.17) and 20 min (d = -0.20) after the SS intervention. However, there were significant impairments in RFD at 100 m (p = 0.014, F = 6.37, ηp 2 = 0.101) and 200 m (p < 0.01, F = 28.0, ηp 2 = 0.33) up to 20 min after the SS intervention. Similarly, there were significant impairments in force steadiness of 5% (p < 0.01, F = 16.2, ηp 2 = 0.221) and 20% MVIC (p < 0.01, F = 16.0, ηp 2 = 0.219) at 20 min after the SS intervention. Therefore, it is concluded that three 60-s SS interventions could increase knee flexion ROM but impair explosive muscle strength and muscle control function until 20 min after the SS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan,*Correspondence: Masatoshi Nakamura, ; Andreas Konrad,
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan,S/PARK Business Planning Group, MIRAI Technology Institute, R&D Integrated Operation Department, Shiseido Co, Ltd., Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan,Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Masatoshi Nakamura, ; Andreas Konrad,
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12
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Reiner MM, Tilp M, Guilhem G, Morales-Artacho A, Konrad A. Comparison of A Single Vibration Foam Rolling and Static Stretching Exercise on the Muscle Function and Mechanical Properties of the Hamstring Muscles. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:287-297. [PMID: 35719228 PMCID: PMC9157528 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Knee extension and hip flexion range of motion (ROM) and functional performance of the hamstrings are of great importance in many sports. The aim of this study was to investigate if static stretching (SS) or vibration foam rolling (VFR) induce greater changes in ROM, functional performance, and stiffness of the hamstring muscles. Twenty-five male volunteers were tested on two appointments and were randomly assigned either to a 2 min bout of SS or VFR. ROM, counter movement jump (CMJ) height, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque, passive resistive torque (PRT), and shear modulus of semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM), and biceps femoris (BFlh), were assessed before and after the intervention. In both groups ROM increased (SS = 7.7%, P < 0.01; VFR = 8.8%, P < 0.01). The MVIC values decreased after SS (-5.1%, P < 0.01) only. Shear modulus of the ST changed for -6.7% in both groups (VFR: P < 0.01; SS: P < 0.01). Shear modulus decreased in SM after VFR (-6.5%; P = 0.03) and no changes were observed in the BFlh in any group (VFR = -1%; SS = -2.9%). PRT and CMJ values did not change following any interventions. Our findings suggest that VFR might be a favorable warm-up routine if the goal is to acutely increase ROM without compromising functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Maren Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio Morales-Artacho
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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13
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Konrad A, Bernsteiner D, Reiner MM, Nakamura M, Tilp M. An Intense Warm-Up Does Not Potentiate Performance Before or After a Single Bout of Foam Rolling. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:145-152. [PMID: 35719234 PMCID: PMC9157522 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Foam rolling (FR) is a common intervention used as a warm-up to increase the range of motion (ROM) of a joint, without changes in subsequent performance. It has been shown that, in similar techniques (e.g., stretching), an additional intense warm-up can lead to performance potentiation. However, to date, it is not clear if this also holds true for FR, and if this effect is similar in both sexes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an intense warm-up either before or after FR with the effects of FR without any additional intense warm-up, in both females and males. In total, 27 volunteers (14 male, 13 female) visited the laboratory on three separate days. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of the three interventions. ROM was assessed with a Sit n' Reach box, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height with a force plate, both before and after the interventions. In addition, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque and maximum voluntary dynamic contraction (MVDC) peak torque were assessed with a dynamometer. ROM increased to the same extent following the interventions in all groups, with a large magnitude of change (P < 0.001; d = 1.12 to 1.83). In addition, male participants showed significantly higher increases in ROM when the intense warm-up was performed after FR (P < 0.001; d = 1.44), but not without the intense warm-up (P = 0.45; d = 0.57) or when the intense warm-up was performed before FR (P = 0.24; d = 0.69). No significant changes in CMJ height, MVIC peak torque, or MVDC peak torque were observed (P > 0.05). We therefore conclude that the time-efficient athlete might skip further intense warm-up, besides FR, when the goal is to increase ROM and to sustain performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Austria, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Bernsteiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Austria
| | - Marina Maren Reiner
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Austria
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Austria
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14
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Hatano G, Matsuo S, Asai Y, Suzuki S, Iwata M. Effects of High-Intensity Stretch with Moderate Pain and Maximal Intensity Stretch without Pain on Flexibility. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:171-181. [PMID: 35719229 PMCID: PMC9157514 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify the time course effects of different intensities of static stretch (SST) (maximal intensity without pain vs. high-intensity with moderate pain) on flexibility. This study included 16 healthy students (8 men and 8 women) who performed 1) 5-minute SST at 100%, 2) 110%, and 3) 120% intensity, as well as 4) no stretching (control) in a random sequence on four separate days. Static passive torque (SPT), hamstring electromyography (EMG), and pain intensity were continuously recorded during SST. We assessed markers of stiffness, range of motion (ROM), and maximal dynamic passive torque (DPTmax) before SST and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes after SST. Stiffness decreased and ROM and DPTmax increased significantly immediately after SST at the three different intensity levels (p < 0.05). The effects of SST at 120% intensity were stronger and lasted longer than the effects of SST at 110% and 100% intensity (stiffness: -17%, -9%, and -7%, respectively; ROM: 14%, 10%, and 6%, respectively; DPTmax: 15%, 15%, and 9%, respectively). SPT decreased after SST at all intensities (p < 0.05). SST at 120% intensity caused a significantly greater reduction in SPT than SST at 100% intensity (p < 0.05). Pain intensity and EMG activity increased immediately after the onset of SST at 120% intensity (p < 0.05), although these responses were attenuated over time. Stretching intensity significantly correlated with the degree of change in ROM and stiffness (p < 0.05). These results support our hypothesis that stretch-induced flexibility is amplified and prolonged with an increase in stretch intensity beyond the pain threshold. Additional studies with more participants and different demographics are necessary to examine the generalizability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Hatano
- Institute of Sport Science, ASICS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Yuji Asai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
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15
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Okinaka M, Wada T. The effect of static stretching on key hits and subjective fatigue in eSports. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:891-897. [PMID: 34873369 PMCID: PMC8636918 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To explore the effects of static stretching for 20 s on key hits and
subjective fatigue in an eSports-like setting. [Participants and Methods] The participants
comprised of 15 healthy males who were instructed to hit a particular key on a computer
keyboard using the left ring finger to achieve the maximum number of hits possible over a
period of 30 s. Subjective fatigue of the forearm was assessed using a visual analog scale
(VAS) before the experiment and after each trial. Trials 1, 2, and 3 were conducted in
succession, with an inter-trial interval of 60 s to ensure a loaded state. Static
stretching for 20 s preceded Trial 4. [Results] Over the first three trials, the number of
key hits in the first 10 s gradually decreased, while the feeling of subjective fatigue
gradually increased. After stretching, the number of key hits in the first 10 s of Trial 4
was similar to that observed in Trial 1, and there was no increase in subjective fatigue.
[Conclusion] Static stretching for 20 s restored the number of key hits for 10 s after
stretching to that before the load application and suppressed the increase in subjective
fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyono Okinaka
- Degree Programs in Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba: 1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Wada
- Degree Programs in Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba: 1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
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16
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Time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257367. [PMID: 34520498 PMCID: PMC8439484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching. Methods Fourteen healthy men (20.9 ± 0.7 years, 169.1 ± 7.5cm, 61.6 ± 6.5kg) received static stretching for 60 seconds at two different intensities based on the point of discomfort (100%POD and 120%POD) of each participant, in random order. To evaluate the time course of changes in the flexibility of the hamstrings, the knee extension range of motion (ROM), passive torque at end ROM, and muscle-tendon unit stiffness were measured pre-stretching, post-stretching, and at both 10 and 20 minutes after static stretching. Results For both intensities, ROM and passive torque at pre-stretching were significantly smaller than those at post-stretching (p < 0.01 in both intensities), 10 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities). The muscle-tendon unit stiffness at pre-stretching was significantly higher than that at post-stretching (p < 0.01), 10 minutes (p < 0.01), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01) only in the 120%POD, but it showed no change in the 100%POD. Conclusion The results showed that ROM and passive torque increased in both intensities, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching regardless of stretching intensity. However, the muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings decreased only after static stretching at the intensity of 120%POD, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching.
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17
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Intra- and inter-rater reliability of joint range of motion tests using tape measure, digital inclinometer and inertial motion capturing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243646. [PMID: 33301541 PMCID: PMC7728246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In clinical practice range of motion (RoM) is usually assessed with low-cost devices such as a tape measure (TM) or a digital inclinometer (DI). However, the intra- and inter-rater reliability of typical RoM tests differ, which impairs the evaluation of therapy progress. More objective and reliable kinematic data can be obtained with the inertial motion capture system (IMC) by Xsens. The aim of this study was to obtain the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the TM, DI and IMC methods in five RoM tests: modified Thomas test (DI), shoulder test modified after Janda (DI), retroflexion of the trunk modified after Janda (DI), lateral inclination (TM) and fingertip-to-floor test (TM). Methods Two raters executed the RoM tests (TM or DI) in a randomized order on 22 healthy individuals while, simultaneously, the IMC data (Xsens MVN) was collected. After 15 warm-up repetitions, each rater recorded five measurements. Findings Intra-rater reliabilities were (almost) perfect for tests in all three devices (ICCs 0.886–0.996). Inter-rater reliability was substantial to (almost) perfect in the DI (ICCs 0.71–0.87) and the IMC methods (ICCs 0.61–0.993) and (almost) perfect in the TM methods (ICCs 0.923–0.961). The measurement error (ME) for the tests measured in degree (°) was 0.9–3.3° for the DI methods and 0.5–1.2° for the IMC approaches. In the tests measured in centimeters the ME was 0.5–1.3cm for the TM methods and 0.6–2.7cm for the IMC methods. Pearson correlations between the results of the DI or the TM respectively with the IMC results were significant in all tests except for the shoulder test on the right body side (r = 0.41–0.81). Interpretation Measurement repetitions of either one or multiple trained raters can be considered reliable in all three devices.
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18
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Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:67-94. [PMID: 33175242 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whereas a variety of pre-exercise activities have been incorporated as part of a "warm-up" prior to work, combat, and athletic activities for millennia, the inclusion of static stretching (SS) within a warm-up has lost favor in the last 25 years. Research emphasized the possibility of SS-induced impairments in subsequent performance following prolonged stretching without proper dynamic warm-up activities. Proposed mechanisms underlying stretch-induced deficits include both neural (i.e., decreased voluntary activation, persistent inward current effects on motoneuron excitability) and morphological (i.e., changes in the force-length relationship, decreased Ca2+ sensitivity, alterations in parallel elastic component) factors. Psychological influences such as a mental energy deficit and nocebo effects could also adversely affect performance. However, significant practical limitations exist within published studies, e.g., long-stretching durations, stretching exercises with little task specificity, lack of warm-up before/after stretching, testing performed immediately after stretch completion, and risk of investigator and participant bias. Recent research indicates that appropriate durations of static stretching performed within a full warm-up (i.e., aerobic activities before and task-specific dynamic stretching and intense physical activities after SS) have trivial effects on subsequent performance with some evidence of improved force output at longer muscle lengths. For conditions in which muscular force production is compromised by stretching, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms would aid development of mitigation strategies. However, these mechanisms are yet to be perfectly defined. More information is needed to better understand both the warm-up components and mechanisms that contribute to performance enhancements or impairments when SS is incorporated within a pre-activity warm-up.
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19
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Fukaya T, Matsuo S, Iwata M, Yamanaka E, Tsuchida W, Asai Y, Suzuki S. Acute and chronic effects of static stretching at 100% versus 120% intensity on flexibility. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:513-523. [PMID: 33151438 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The acute effects of static stretching have been frequently studied, but the chronic effects have not been studied concurrently. Thus, this study aimed to investigate both the acute and chronic effects of static stretching at different intensities on flexibility. METHODS Twenty-three healthy men were randomly assigned to perform 1 min of static stretching 3 days/week for 4 weeks at 100% intensity (n = 12) or 120% intensity (n = 11). The acute effects of stretching were assessed by measuring the range of motion (ROM), peak passive torque, and passive stiffness before and after every stretching session; the chronic effects of stretching were assessed by measuring these outcomes at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of stretching. RESULTS Compared with the 100% intensity group, the 120% intensity group had significantly greater acute increases in ROM after all 12 sessions, a significantly greater decrease in passive stiffness after 11 of 12 sessions, and a significantly greater increase in peak passive torque after six of 12 sessions. Regarding the chronic effects, ROM was significantly increased in both groups after 2 and 4 weeks of stretching. Peak passive torque significantly increased in the 100% intensity group after 2 and 4 weeks of stretching, and after 4 weeks in the 120% intensity group. CONCLUSION Stretching at 120% intensity resulted in significantly greater acute improvements in ROM, peak passive torque, and stiffness than stretching at 100% intensity. Four weeks of stretching increased ROM and peak passive torque but did not decrease passive stiffness, regardless of the stretching intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, 10 Karahashirajoumon-cho, Minami-ku, Kyoto, 601-8453, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, 26-2 Higashihaemi-cho, Handa, Aichi, 475-0012, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, 26-2 Higashihaemi-cho, Handa, Aichi, 475-0012, Japan
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, 4-4-1 Yatsu, Narashino, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsuchida
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Asai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, 26-2 Higashihaemi-cho, Handa, Aichi, 475-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
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20
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Palmer TB, Farrow AC, Agu-Udemba CC, Mitchell EA. The time course of passive stiffness responses following an acute bout of static stretching in healthy, elderly men. Physiother Theory Pract 2020; 38:695-703. [PMID: 32579051 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2020.1783729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The time course of passive stiffness responses following an acute bout of static stretching has received little research attention, particularly in older adults. OBJECTIVE To determine the time course of the acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness of the hamstrings in healthy, elderly men. METHODS Fifteen elderly men (age = 70 ± 7 years) underwent two randomized conditions that included a control treatment and an experimental treatment of four, 15-s straight-leg raise static stretches. Passive stiffness was calculated as the slopes of the initial and final phases of the angle-torque curve at pre-treatment (Pre) and post-treatment time points of zero (Post0), five (Post5), and ten (Post10) minutes. RESULTS Passive stiffness collapsed across phase was lower at Post0 (P= .029, d= 0.64) and Post5 (P= .042, d= 0.54) but not Post10 (P> .999, d= 0.15) compared to Pre for the stretching treatment. There were no significant differences in passive stiffness (collapsed across phase) between any of the time points (P> .999, d≤ 0.14) for the control. CONCLUSIONS An acute bout of static stretching produced significant decreases in the passive stiffness characteristics of elderly men; however, these decreases returned to baseline values within 5 to 10 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ahalee C Farrow
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chinonye C Agu-Udemba
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ethan A Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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21
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The acute and prolonged effects of 20-s static stretching on muscle strength and shear elastic modulus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228583. [PMID: 32027694 PMCID: PMC7004320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Static stretching (SS) is commonly performed as part of warm-up routine. However, only few previous studies have reported on the effects of short-duration SS, which is often used in the sports field. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and prolonged effects of 20-s SS on isokinetic contraction muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), and the shear elastic modulus. Method Twenty male volunteers participated in this study. The ROM and both concentric and eccentric contraction muscle strengths were measured using a dynamometer. In addition, the shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius muscle in dominant leg was measured by ultrasonic shear wave elastography. The participants visited the laboratory on four occasions each separated by >3 days. The first visit was a familiarization trial, and the subsequent three visits included the following experimental conditions in a random order. All measurements were performed prior to and immediately after SS or 5 min and 10 min after 20-s SS. Results The results of this study showed that the ROM was significantly increased SS intervention in all conditions compared with prior to SS intervention. In addition, ROM was significantly higher post SS and 5 min after SS than 10 min after SS. However, there were no significant interaction effects for isokinetic contraction muscle strength and the shear elastic modulus Conclusion In the sports field, from the point of performance, a 20-s SS intervention could be a useful technique before exercise because it increases ROM and does not decrease maximum torque.
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Effect of Rest Duration Between Static Stretching on Passive Stiffness of Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle In Vivo. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 29:578-582. [PMID: 31094610 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In clinical and sports settings, static stretching (SS) is usually performed to increase range of motion (ROM) and decrease passive muscle stiffness. Recently, the shear elastic modulus was measured by ultrasonic shear wave elastography as an index of muscle stiffness. Previous studies reported that the shear elastic modulus measured by ultrasound shear wave elastography decreased after SS, and the effects of SS on shear elastic modulus were likely affected by rest duration between sets of SS. OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute effects of SS with different rest durations on ROM and shear elastic modulus of gastrocnemius and to clarify whether the rest duration between sets of SS decreases the shear elastic modulus. DESIGN A randomized, repeated-measures experimental design. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen healthy males volunteered to participate in the study (age 21.3 [0.8] y; height 171.8 [5.1] cm; weight 63.1 [4.5] kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Each participant underwent 3 different rest interval durations during SS (ie, long rest duration: 90 s; normal rest duration: 30 s; and short rest duration: 10 s). This SS technique was repeated 10 times, thus lasting a total of 300 seconds with different rest durations in each protocol. The dorsiflexion ROM and shear elastic modulus were measured before and after SS. RESULTS Our results revealed that dorsiflexion ROM and shear elastic modulus were changed after 300-second SS; however, no effects of the rest duration between sets of SS were observed. CONCLUSIONS In terms of decreasing the shear elastic modulus, clinicians and coaches should not focus on the rest duration when SS intervention is performed.
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Effects of ankle position during static stretching for the hamstrings on the decrease in passive stiffness. J Biomech 2019; 96:109358. [PMID: 31640847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Static stretching is frequently performed to improve flexibility of the hamstrings, although the ankle position during hamstring stretching has not been fully investigated. We investigated the effects of ankle position during hamstring stretching on the decrease in passive stiffness. Fourteen healthy men performed static stretching for the hamstrings with the ankle dorsiflexed and plantar-flexed in a randomized order on different days. The hip was passively flexed to the maximum angle which could be tolerated without stretch pain with the knee fully extended; this was maintained for 5 min, with 1-min stretching performed in 5 sessions. Final angles and passive stiffness were measured before and after stretching. The final angle was defined as that formed by the tibia and horizontal plane when the knee was passively extended from hip and knee angles at 90° flexion to the maximum extension angle which could be tolerated without stretch pain. Passive stiffness was determined by the slope of torque-angle curve during the measurement of the final angle. The final angle significantly increased after stretching with the ankle dorsiflexed and plantar-flexed, whereas passive stiffness significantly decreased only after stretching with the ankle planter-flexed. The results suggest that passive stiffness decreases after stretching with the ankle planter-flexed but not after stretching with the ankle dorsiflexed, although the range of joint motion increases regardless of the ankle position during 5-min stretching for the hamstrings. These results indicate that static stretching should be performed with the ankle plantar-flexed when aiming to decrease passive stiffness of the hamstrings.
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Chesterton P, Evans W, Livadas N, McLaren SJ. Time-course changes associated with PA lumbar mobilizations on lumbar and hamstring range of motion: a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Man Manip Ther 2019; 27:73-82. [PMID: 30935338 PMCID: PMC6484504 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2018.1542558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the post-intervention time-course changes in active knee extension (AKE) and active lumbar flexion (ALF) range of motion in response to unilateral posterior-anterior (UPA) mobilizations of the lumbar spine (L4/5 zygapophyseal). METHODS Twenty-four asymptomatic participants (maleness: 0.58, age [mean ± standard deviation]: 32 ± 8 years, body mass index 25.9 ± 2.6 kg m2) were recruited to a fully controlled crossover trial. Following either the intervention (L4/5 zygapophyseal mobilizations) or control, participants immediately performed the AKE and ALF tests, which were also performed at baseline. Subsequent tests were made at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 and 60 min. RESULTS After adjustment for baseline (mean AKE: 37.2° from full extension, mean ALF: 14.37 cm), sex and age, UPA lumbar mobilizations had a most likely moderate effect on AKE (9.8° closer to full extension; ±1.9) and a likely moderate effect on ALF (1.34 cm; ±90% confidence limits 0.43). The magnitude of the AKE effect became most likely small 20-min posttreatment (5.3; ±1.7) and possibly small/possibly trivial 60-min posttreatment (2.1; ±1.4). For ALF, the magnitude of the effect became most likely small 15-min posttreatment (0.76; ±0.25), possibly small/possibly trivial 25-min posttreatment (0.38; ±0.18) and likely trivial 60-min posttreatment (0.26; ±1.8). DISCUSSION UPA lumbar mobilizations increased lumbar Range of Motion and hamstring extensibility by a moderate magnitude, with the effect reducing after 10-20-min posttreatment. Clinicians should consider these time-course changes when applying UPA lumbar mobilizations. Clinical Trials Registry: NCT03273400 Evidence Level: 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chesterton
- Department of Physiotherapy, Sport Rehabilitation, Dietetics and Leadership, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - William Evans
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, Sunderland University, UK
| | - Nick Livadas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Sport Rehabilitation, Dietetics and Leadership, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Shaun J. McLaren
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
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