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Matsumoto A, Ogawa A, Oshima C, Aruga R, Ikeda M, Sasaya R, Toriyama M, Irie K, Liang N. Attentional focus differentially modulates the corticospinal and intracortical excitability during dynamic and static exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:807-820. [PMID: 38357730 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although attentional focus affects motor performance, whether corticospinal excitability and intracortical modulations differ between focus strategies depending on the exercise patterns remains unclear. In the present study, using single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation, we demonstrated changes in the cortical and spinal excitability under external focus (EF) and internal focus (IF) conditions with dynamic or static exercise. Participants performed the ramp-and-hold contraction task of right index finger abduction against an object (sponge or wood) with both exercises. They were asked to concentrate on the pressure on the sponge/wood induced by finger abduction under the EF condition, and on the index finger itself under the IF condition. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) and F-wave in the premotor, phasic, or tonic phase, and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI, respectively), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) in the premotor phase were examined by recording surface electromyographic activity in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. Increments in the MEP amplitude were larger under the EF condition than under the IF condition in the dynamic, but not static, exercise. The F-wave, SICI, and LICI did not differ between focus conditions in both exercises. In the dynamic exercise, interestingly, ICF was greater under the EF condition than under the IF condition and positively correlated with the MEP amplitude. These results indicate that corticospinal excitability and intracortical modulations to attentional focus differ depending on exercise patterns, suggesting that attentional focus differentially affects the central nervous system responsible for diverse motor behaviors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated attentional focus-dependent corticospinal and intracortical modulations in dynamic or static exercise. The corticospinal excitability was modulated differentially depending on the focus of attention during dynamic, but not static exercise. Although the reduction of intracortical GABAergic inhibition was comparable between focus conditions in both exercises, intracortical facilitation was smaller when focusing on the internal environments in the dynamic exercise, resulting in lower activation of the corticospinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiri Matsumoto
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akari Ogawa
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Oshima
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rieko Aruga
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Ikeda
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ren Sasaya
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miyabi Toriyama
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Irie
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nan Liang
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yamada M, Lohse KR, Rhea CK, Schmitz RJ, Raisbeck LD. Do attentional focus cues affect the type or number of explicit rules? Proof of concepts of the self-invoking trigger or explicit knowledge hypotheses. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102547. [PMID: 37832211 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Internal focus has been shown to be detrimental to performance by disrupting the motor system, whereas external focus enhances performance by promoting automaticity. One hypothesis, which explains the underlying mechanism of the disruption of the motor system, proposes that internal focus affects the type of thoughts (explicit rules) by invoking self-conscious, evaluative thoughts (McKay et al., 2015). In contrast, another hypothesis proposes that internal focus increases the number of explicit rules, loading working memory (Poolton et al., 2006). To examine the competing hypotheses, neurotypical young adults (22.98 ± 4.46 years old, n = 20 males, n = 40 females) were assigned to one of three groups: external focus (n = 20), internal focus (n = 20), and control (n = 20) groups, and practiced a reciprocal aiming task for two days with retention/transfer tests. Between trials, participant's thoughts were evaluated by an open-ended questionnaire. The type of explicit rules was analyzed using a chi-square test, and the number of explicit rules was analyzed using a mixed-effect Poisson regression. The results showed that external focus resulted in a greater proportion of explicit rules about the task and a lesser proportion of self-evaluative thoughts. The number of explicit rules did not differ between groups. Our results suggest that external focus may strengthen focus on task-relevant features, while internal focus moves people's attention away from important features, potentially explaining why the motor system is disrupted by internal focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- The Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States; The Department of Kinesiology, Whittier College, Whittier, CA, United States.
| | - K R Lohse
- Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, United States
| | - C K Rhea
- The Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States; College of Health Science, Old Dominion University, United States
| | - R J Schmitz
- The Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States
| | - L D Raisbeck
- The Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States
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Park-Braswell K, Shultz SJ, Ross SE, Sunnassee D, Grooms DR, Schmitz RJ. The Impact of Differential Knee Laxity on Brain Activation During Passive Knee Joint Loading. J Orthop Res 2023; 42:10.1002/jor.25664. [PMID: 37442639 PMCID: PMC10851619 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Although higher anterior knee laxity is an established risk factor of ACL injury, underlying mechanisms are uncertain. While decreased proprioception and altered movement patterns in individuals with anterior knee laxity have been identified, the potential impact of higher laxity on brain activity is not well understood. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the impact of different magnitudes of knee laxity on brain function during anterior knee joint loading. Twenty-seven healthy and active female college students without any previous severe lower leg injuries volunteered for this study. Anterior knee laxity was measured using a knee arthrometer KT-2000 to assign participants to a higher laxity (N=15) or relatively lower laxity group (N=12). Functional magnetic resonance images were obtained during passive anterior knee joint loading in a task-based design using a 3T MRI scanner. Higher knee laxity individuals demonstrated diminished cortical activation in the left superior parietal lobe during passive anterior knee joint loading. Less brain activation in the regions associated with awareness of bodily movements in females with higher knee laxity may indicate a possible connection between brain activity and knee laxity. The results of this study may help researchers and clinicians develop effective rehabilitation programs for individuals with increased knee laxity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra J. Shultz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott E. Ross
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Devdass Sunnassee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dustin R. Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy & Division of Athletic Training, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Randy J. Schmitz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- Gateway MRI Center University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Sherman DA, Baumeister J, Stock MS, Murray AM, Bazett-Jones DM, Norte GE. Brain activation and single-limb balance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 149:88-99. [PMID: 36933325 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare brain activity between individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and controls during balance. To determine the influence of neuromodulatory interventions (external focus of attention [EF] and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS]) on cortical activity and balance performance. METHODS Individuals with ACLR (n = 20) and controls (n = 20) performed a single-limb balance task under four conditions: internal focus (IF), object-based-EF, target-based-EF, and TENS. Electroencephalographic signals were decomposed, localized, and clustered to generate power spectral density in theta and alpha-2 frequency bands. RESULTS Participants with ACLR had higher motor-planning (d = 0.5), lower sensory (d = 0.6), and lower motor activity (d = 0.4-0.8), while exhibiting faster sway velocity (d = 0.4) than controls across all conditions. Target-based-EF decreased motor-planning (d = 0.1-0.4) and increased visual (d = 0.2), bilateral sensory (d = 0.3-0.4), and bilateral motor (d = 0.4-0.5) activity in both groups compared to all other conditions. Neither EF conditions nor TENS changed balance performance. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ACLR exhibit lower sensory and motor processing, higher motor planning demands, and greater motor inhibition compared to controls, suggesting visual-dependence and less automatic balance control. Target-based-EF resulted in favorable reductions in motor-planning and increases in somatosensory and motor activity, transient effects in line with impairments after ACLR. SIGNIFICANCE Sensorimotor neuroplasticity underlies balance deficits in individuals with ACLR. Neuromodulatory interventions such as focus of attention may induce favorable neuroplasticity along with performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sherman
- Live4 Physical Therapy and Wellness, Acton, MA, USA; Dept. of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, College of Health & Rehabilitation Science: Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Exercise Science & Neuroscience Unit, Department of Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Matt S Stock
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Amanda M Murray
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - David M Bazett-Jones
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Grant E Norte
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Chen TT, Mak TCT, Ng SSM, Wong TWL. Attentional Focus Strategies to Improve Motor Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4047. [PMID: 36901070 PMCID: PMC10002377 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous literature shows the beneficial effects of an external focus of attention on various sports skills in young adults. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of external and internal focus of attention on motor performance in healthy older adults. The literature search was conducted in five electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science). Eighteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Most of the motor tasks targeting older adults were related to postural control and gait. Over 60% of the included studies reported that the effect of an external focus was superior to that of an internal focus on motor performance in older adults. An external focus generally results in better motor performance than an internal focus among healthy older adults. However, the advantage of an external focus on locomotion may not be as significant as those illustrated in previous attentional focus studies. A challenging cognitive task may allow more automatic motor control than an external focus. Practitioners might provide clear instruction cues guiding performers to divert their attention away from their body and towards the movement effect for better performance, particularly in balancing tasks.
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Warming Up With a Dynamic Moment of Inertia Bat Can Increase Bat Swing Speed in Competitive Baseball Players. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:1-8. [PMID: 35894920 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While most baseball players' warm-up with a weighted bat/donut, there is evidence to suggest the swing speed decreases after the warm-up even though the bat feels lighter. Warming up with a dynamic moment of inertia bat may not decrease the swing speed and therefore improve the performance of baseball players. The hypothesis is that a dynamic moment of inertia bat will negate the effect of the kinesthetic illusion observed with a weighted bat. OBJECTIVE To measure the difference in bat swing speed between warming up with the dynamic moment of inertia bat compared with a weighted bat. METHODS Thirty-nine competitive baseball players participated in the study. All players were randomly assigned a warm-up tool that could be either a dynamic moment of inertia bat or a weighted bat. After the players' warm-up, they swung their normal bat, and the bat swing speed was measured using a high-speed camera. We used motion analysis software to calculate the swing speed which measured the linear displacement during the last 15 frames before ball contact. The process was then repeated so that each player had the chance to try both warm-up bats. RESULTS The post warm-up swing speeds using the dynamic moment of inertia bat were significantly faster compared with a weighted bat warm-up. There was a 0.56 (0.78) m/s (1.26 [1.74] mph) increase in swing speed when using the dynamic moment of inertia bat (P = .0001), which is an average increase of 2.10% compared with a weighted bat warm-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that using a dynamic moment of inertia bat before an at-bat can increase swing speed compared with a weighted warm-up. Future studies are needed to determine if using a dynamic moment of inertia bat as part of rehabilitation can facilitate returning to competition after injury by focusing on swing speed.
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External and internal focus of attention differentially modulate corticospinal excitability in anticipatory postural adjustments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22385. [PMID: 36572719 PMCID: PMC9792519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether attentional focus modulates the corticospinal excitability of the lower limb muscles in anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) when performing a ballistic movement of the upper limb remains unclear. The present study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the corticospinal excitability of the lower limb muscles along with the kinematic profiles during dart throwing with different attentional foci, external focus (EF) and internal focus (IF). In 13 healthy participants, TMS was applied immediately before electromyographic onset of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, and the motor evoked potential (MEP) was recorded in the TA and soleus (SOL) muscles. The performance accuracy was significantly higher in the EF condition than in the IF condition. In both EF and IF conditions, MEP amplitude in the TA muscle, but not the SOL muscle, was significantly higher immediately before TA muscle onset (- 100, - 50, and 0 ms) compared to the control. In particular, the MEP increment in the TA muscle before TA muscle onset (- 50 and 0 ms) was significantly larger in the EF condition than in the IF condition. Our findings provide the first evidence for the modulation of corticospinal excitability in APA by changing attentional focus.
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Park-Braswell K, Grooms D, Shultz S, Raisbeck L, Rhea C, Schmitz R. Sex-Specific Brain Activations during Single-Leg Exercise. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:1249-1258. [PMID: 36518825 PMCID: PMC9718712 DOI: 10.26603/001c.40367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Females have an increased incidence of musculoskeletal injuries compared to males. Sex differences in neuromuscular control has been widely studied regarding the dynamics and muscle activity during preplanned movements. While muscle activation patterns and movement biomechanics are understood to differ between sexes, it is not well understood how sex influences brain activity for lower extremity movement. Since the brain plays a vital role for voluntary movement and joint stability, it is important to understand the sex differences in brain function in order to better understand neuromuscular control associated with increased musculoskeletal injury risk in female. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the differences in brain activation patterns between sexes during a simple active knee extension-flexion movement. It was hypothesized that females would demonstrate higher cortical activation in the somatosensory areas compared to males as a compensatory strategy. Study Design Cross-Sectional Study. Methods Thirteen males and seventeen females who were healthy and physically active participated in this study (Male: 23.7±3.8 years, 74.5±13.5 kg, 172.3±6.4 cm; Female: 20.6±1.6 years, 65.4±12.8 kg, 163±6.1 cm). Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained during a simple left knee extension-flexion exercise with their own leg weight while lying on the MRI table. The blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals were compared between sexes. Results There was significantly greater activation in the visual cortices and premotor cortex in females compared to males during the studied movement. Males demonstrated significantly greater activation in the right cerebellum. Conclusion The results revealed sex differences in BOLD signal during simple knee extension-flexion movement. The results suggest that sex may be a biological factor in understanding brain activity associated with knee motor control. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute Ohio University
- Division of Physical Therapy & Division of Athletic Training, College of Health Sciences and Professions Ohio University
| | - Sandra Shultz
- Department of Kinesiology University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Louisa Raisbeck
- Department of Kinesiology University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Christopher Rhea
- Department of Kinesiology University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Randy Schmitz
- Department of Kinesiology University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Gateway MRI Center University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Preliminary brain-behavioral neural correlates of anterior cruciate ligament injury risk landing biomechanics using a novel bilateral leg press neuroimaging paradigm. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272578. [PMID: 35951584 PMCID: PMC9371272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk reduction strategies primarily focus on biomechanical factors related to frontal plane knee motion and loading. Although central nervous system processing has emerged as a contributor to injury risk, brain activity associated with the resultant ACL injury-risk biomechanics is limited. Thus, the purposes of this preliminary study were to determine the relationship between bilateral motor control brain activity and injury risk biomechanics and isolate differences in brain activity for those who demonstrate high versus low ACL injury risk. Thirty-one high school female athletes completed a novel, multi-joint leg press during brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize bilateral motor control brain activity. Athletes also completed an established biomechanical assessment of ACL injury risk biomechanics within a 3D motion analysis laboratory. Knee abduction moments during landing were modelled as a covariate of interest within the fMRI analyses to identify directional relationships with brain activity and an injury-risk group classification analysis, based on established knee abduction moment cut-points. Greater landing knee abduction moments were associated with greater lingual gyrus, intracalcarine cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus activity when performing the bilateral leg press (all z > 3.1, p < .05; multiple comparison corrected). In the follow-up injury-risk classification analysis, those classified as high ACL injury-risk had greater activity in the lingual gyrus, parietal cortex and bilateral primary and secondary motor cortices relative to those classified as low ACL injury-risk (all z > 3.1, p < .05; multiple comparison corrected). In young female athletes, elevated brain activity for bilateral leg motor control in regions that integrate sensory, spatial, and attentional information were related to ACL injury-risk landing biomechanics. These data implicate crossmodal visual and proprioceptive integration brain activity and knee spatial awareness as potential neurotherapeutic targets to optimize ACL injury-risk reduction strategies.
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Han S, Lee H, Hopkins JT. Acute effects of external visual feedback using cross-line laser on landing neuromechanics and postural control in chronic ankle instability. Sports Biomech 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35678240 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2085620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although neuromuscular training (NMT) programmes positively enhance clinical deficits in chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients, the effectiveness of NMTs in restoring movement patterns during jump landing is still questionable. Before developing new prolonged motor-learning interventions, it is important to determine the immediate effects of intervention on movement patterns during jump-landing in patients with CAI. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether real-time external feedback using a crossline laser device changes the movement patterns during jump-landing and balance tasks in patients with CAI. Eighteen patients with CAI completed three successful single-leg jump-landing tasks and single-leg balance tasks under the conditions of with and without external feedback. Lower-extremity joint angles, moments, and EMG activation of six muscles were collected during the single leg jump-landing task and centre of pressure data were collected during the single-leg balance test. Real-time external feedback allowed to change neuromechanical characteristics in the entire lower-extremity (i.e., ankle, knee, and hip joints) during jump-landing. However, there were no differences in static postural control between the two conditions. Clinicians should carefully consider incorporating a cost-effective laser device into an augmented NMT programme of longer duration to improve movement patterns during functional tasks in patients with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunguk Han
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jon Tyson Hopkins
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Best Evidence, Mechanisms, and Theory for Treating the Unseen in Clinical Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:717-735. [PMID: 34883466 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) impedes the recovery of muscle function following joint injury, and in a broader sense, acts as a limiting factor in rehabilitation if left untreated. Despite a call to treat the underlying pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction more than three decades ago, the continued widespread observations of post-traumatic muscular impairments are concerning, and suggest that interventions for AMI are not being successfully integrated into clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To highlight the clinical relevance of AMI, provide updated evidence for the use of clinically accessible therapeutic adjuncts to treat AMI, and discuss the known or theoretical mechanisms for these interventions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for articles that investigated the effectiveness or efficacy of interventions to treat outcomes relevant to AMI. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS 122 articles that investigated an intervention used to treat AMI among individuals with pathology or simulated pathology were retrieved from 1986 to 2021. Additional articles among uninjured individuals were considered when discussing mechanisms of effect. CONCLUSION AMI contributes to the characteristic muscular impairments observed in patients recovering from joint injuries. If left unresolved, AMI impedes short-term recovery and threatens patients' long-term joint health and well-being. Growing evidence supports the use of neuromodulatory strategies to facilitate muscle recovery over the course of rehabilitation. Interventions should be individualized to meet the needs of the patient through shared clinician-patient decision-making. At a minimum, we propose to keep the treatment approach simple by attempting to resolve inflammation, pain, and effusion early following injury.
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Schoech L, Allie K, Salvador P, Martinez M, Rivas E. Sex Differences in Thermal Comfort, Perception, Feeling, Stress and Focus During Exercise Hyperthermia. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:969-987. [PMID: 33730933 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether men and women perceive thermal stress differently when changes in intestinal temperature (ΔTin) and metabolic heat production (MHprod) are matched between sexes during exercise hyperthermia. This study tested the hypothesis that females have enhanced sensitivity to comfort and perception of thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia in these conditions. We had 22 healthy active adults (11 males, 11 females; M age = 22.4 years, SD = 4.9; M height = 169 cm, SD = 7.6; M weight = 68.3 kg, SD = 13) exercise in random order, separated by at least three days at similar MHprod (M = 7.0 W/kg, SD = 1.5; p = 0.32) for 60 minutes on a cycle ergometer in cool (M = 24.00C, SD = 0.0; M = 14.4%Rh, SD = 3.6) and hot (M = 42.3°C, SD = 0.2; M = 10-60%Rh) environments with a progressive increase in humidity conditions. We measured ΔTin, and thermal stress indices for sensation (TS), comfort (TC), pleasantness (TP), and stickiness (S), feeling (FS scale), stress (visual analogue stress scale, VAS), focus (F) and felt arousal (FAS scale). We examined environmental conditions as wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT). Males and females had similar increases in ΔTin (ME: WBGT; p < 0.0001), and both groups reported increased TS and TC and decreased TP (ME: WBGT, p ≤ 0.01). However, females reported that TS, TC, and TP, felt hotter overall, more uncomfortable, and more unpleasant, compared to males (ME: Sex; p < 0.04). Overall, females felt worse and were more stressed compared to males (ME: Sex; p ≤ 0.05). Females also reported greater internal focus as WBGT increased compared to males (I: WBGT × Sex; p < 0.003). Knowing that females perceive thermal stress during exercise hyperthermia to be hotter, more uncomfortable, more unpleasant, and more stressful compared to males can help coaches/trainers plan different exercise routines for exercisers of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schoech
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Kyleigh Allie
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Paolo Salvador
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Mauricio Martinez
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States
| | - Eric Rivas
- Exercise & Thermal Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States.,KBR, Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations Laboratory, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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Targeted Application of Motor Learning Theory to Leverage Youth Neuroplasticity for Enhanced Injury-Resistance and Exercise Performance: OPTIMAL PREP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-020-00085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bodkin SG, Bruce AS, Hertel J, Diduch DR, Saliba SA, Novicoff WM, Hart JM. Visuomotor therapy modulates corticospinal excitability in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized crossover trial. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 81:105238. [PMID: 33234323 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticospinal adaptations have been observed following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction around the time of returning to activity. These measures have been related to quadriceps strength deficits. Visuomotor therapy, combining motor control tasks with visual biofeedback, has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability. The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate changes of corticospinal excitability following a single session of visuomotor therapy in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS This was a single blinded, sham-controlled crossover study. Ten patients following ACLR (8 Female, 26.1(6.2) years) completed assessments of quadriceps strength at approximately 4- and 6-months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. At 6-months, quadriceps motor evoked potentials were assessed at 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, and 150% of the patient's active motor threshold. Patients were randomized to receive a single session of visuomotor therapy(active) or passive motion(sham). Quadriceps motor evoked potentials were reassessed for treatment effect. Following a one-week washout period, all patients received the crossover intervention. FINDINGS Moderate to large increases in motor response following visuomotor therapy 90%(P = .008, r = 0.60), 110%(P = .038, r = 0.46), 120%(P = .021, r = 0.52), 130%(P = .021, r = 0.52), 140%(P = .008, r = 0.60) and 150%(P = .021, r = 0.52) of the active motor threshold were found. Moderate increases in motor response was observed following the passive motion at 80% of the active motor threshold(P = .028, r = 0.49). INTERPRETATION A single session of visuomotor therapy was found to increase quadriceps corticospinal motor response greater than the response to sham therapy. Visuomotor therapy is a potential supplement to quadriceps rehabilitation programs when upregulation of corticospinal excitability is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan G Bodkin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Amelia S Bruce
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David R Diduch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Susan A Saliba
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wendy M Novicoff
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joe M Hart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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15
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VALIDITY OF AN MRI-COMPATIBLE MOTION CAPTURE SYSTEM FOR USE WITH LOWER EXTREMITY NEUROIMAGING PARADIGMS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:936-946. [PMID: 33344010 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emergent linkages between musculoskeletal injury and the nervous system have increased interest to evaluate brain activity during functional movements associated with injury risk. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a sophisticated modality that can be used to study brain activity during functional sensorimotor control tasks. However, technical limitations have precluded the precise quantification of lower-extremity joint kinematics during active brain scanning. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a new, MRI-compatible motion tracking system relative to a traditional multi-camera 3D motion capture system for measuring lower extremity joint kinematics. Methods Fifteen subjects (9 females, 6 males) performed knee flexion-extension and leg press movements against guided resistance while laying supine. Motion tracking data were collected simultaneously using the MRI-compatible and traditional multi-camera 3D motion systems. Participants' sagittal and frontal plane knee angles were calculated from data acquired by both multi-camera systems. Resultant range of angular movement in both measurement planes were compared between both systems. Instrument agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results The system demonstrated excellent validity in the sagittal plane (ICCs>0.99) and good to excellent validity in the frontal plane (0.84 < ICCs < 0.92). Mean differences between corresponding range of angular movement measurements ranged from 0.186 ° to 0.295 °. Conclusions The present data indicate that this new, MRI-compatible system is valid for measuring lower extremity movements when compared to the gold standard 3D motion analysis system. As there is growing interest regarding the neural substrates of lower extremity movement, particularly in relation to injury and pathology, this system can now be integrated into neuroimaging paradigms to investigate movement biomechanics and its relation to brain activity. Level of Evidence 3.
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16
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Nagano K, Hata M, Nagano Y. Effects of an external foci of attention at different distances on standing long jump in non-athletes. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:524-528. [PMID: 32884174 PMCID: PMC7443543 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] External focus (EF) instructions demonstrate a learning effect on motor
performance enhancement. However, the effective EF distance during standing long jump
performance of non-athletes has not been clarified. This study aimed to determine the
effects of EF at different distances on jumping performance. [Participants and Methods] A
total of 40 non-athlete participants were randomly divided among four groups. The no
attention line group performed a standing long jump without the attention line on the
floor; those in the −20-cm EF group, the ± 0-cm EF group, and +20-cm EF group performed
the jump attention line with an attention line 20-cm posterior, at ± 0 cm, and 20-cm
anterior as the reference jump distances, respectively. [Results] The mean rate of
increase between the first to second jump distances in the +20-cm EF group was higher than
that in the no attention line group. The rates at which the jumpers reached the attention
line in the ± 0-cm EF group and the +20-cm EF group were lower than the rate in the −20-cm
EF group. [Conclusion] Instructions are more effective when the distance to the attention
line exceeds jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagano
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University: 56 Egami-cho 13-1, Fukui City, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Mika Hata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kameda Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yumi Nagano
- Department of Nursing Care, Medical Care Co., Ltd., Japan
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17
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Anand M, Diekfuss JA, Slutsky-Ganesh AB, Bonnette S, Grooms DR, Myer GD. Graphical interface for automated management of motion artifact within fMRI acquisitions: INFOBAR. SOFTWAREX 2020; 12:100598. [PMID: 33447655 PMCID: PMC7806167 DOI: 10.1016/j.softx.2020.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Independent Component Analysis-based Automatic Removal of Motion Artifacts (ICA-AROMA; Pruim et al., 2015) is a robust approach to remove brain activity related to head motion within functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets. However, ICA-AROMA requires command line implementation and customized code to batch process large datasets. We developed a cross-platform, open-source graphical user Interface for Batch processing fMRI datasets using ICA-AROMA (INFOBAR). INFOBAR allows a user to search directories, identify appropriate datasets, and batch execute ICA-AROMA. INFOBAR also has additional data processing options and visualization features to support all researchers interested in mitigating head motion artifact in post-processing using ICA-AROMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Anand
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jed A. Diekfuss
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Scott Bonnette
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dustin R. Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences & Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, College of Health Sciences & Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Diekfuss JA, Grooms DR, Bonnette S, DiCesare CA, Thomas S, MacPherson RP, Ellis JD, Kiefer AW, Riley MA, Schneider DK, Gadd B, Kitchen K, Barber Foss KD, Dudley JA, Yuan W, Myer GD. Real-time biofeedback integrated into neuromuscular training reduces high-risk knee biomechanics and increases functional brain connectivity: A preliminary longitudinal investigation. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13545. [PMID: 32052868 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prospective evidence indicates that functional biomechanics and brain connectivity may predispose an athlete to an anterior cruciate ligament injury, revealing novel neural linkages for targeted neuromuscular training interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a real-time biofeedback system for altering knee biomechanics and brain functional connectivity. Seventeen healthy, young, physically active female athletes completed 6 weeks of augmented neuromuscular training (aNMT) utilizing real-time, interactive visual biofeedback and 13 served as untrained controls. A drop vertical jump and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging were separately completed at pre- and posttest time points to assess sensorimotor adaptation. The aNMT group had a significant reduction in peak knee abduction moment (pKAM) compared to controls (p = .03, d = 0.71). The aNMT group also exhibited a significant increase in functional connectivity between the right supplementary motor area and the left thalamus (p = .0473 after false discovery rate correction). Greater percent change in pKAM was also related to increased connectivity between the right cerebellum and right thalamus for the aNMT group (p = .0292 after false discovery rate correction, r2 = .62). No significant changes were observed for the controls (ps > .05). Our data provide preliminary evidence of potential neural mechanisms for aNMT-induced motor adaptations that reduce injury risk. Future research is warranted to understand the role of neuromuscular training alone and how each component of aNMT influences biomechanics and functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed A Diekfuss
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dustin R Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.,Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Scott Bonnette
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christopher A DiCesare
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Staci Thomas
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ryan P MacPherson
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan D Ellis
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam W Kiefer
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Exercise Science and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Cognition, Action & Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Riley
- Center for Cognition, Action & Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Brooke Gadd
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katie Kitchen
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim D Barber Foss
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Dudley
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weihong Yuan
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- The SPORT Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
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