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Isin EM. Unusual Biotransformation Reactions of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:413-426. [PMID: 36653118 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of drugs and drug candidates has been an area of keen interest over many decades in the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia. Although many of the enzymes and biotransformation pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and more specifically drugs have been well characterized, each drug molecule is unique and constitutes specific challenges for the biotransformation scientist. In this mini-review written for the special issue on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary celebration of Drug Metabolism and Disposition and to celebrate contributions of F. Peter Guengerich, one of the pioneers of the drug metabolism field, recently reported "unusual" biotransformation reactions are presented. Scientific and technological advances in the "toolbox" of the biotransformation scientists are summarized. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to explore therapeutic modalities different from the traditional small molecule drugs, the new challenges confronting the biotransformation scientist as well as future opportunities are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the biotransformation scientists, it is essential to share and be aware of unexpected biotransformation reactions so that they can increase their confidence in predicting metabolites of drugs in humans to ensure the safety and efficacy of these metabolites before the medicines reach large numbers of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent observations of "unusual" metabolites so that the scientists working in the area of drug metabolism can strengthen their readiness in expecting the unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre M Isin
- Translational Medicine, Servier, 25/27 Rue Eugène Vignat, 45000, Orléans, France
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Guengerich FP, Yoshimoto FK. Formation and Cleavage of C-C Bonds by Enzymatic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6573-6655. [PMID: 29932643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many oxidation-reduction (redox) enzymes, particularly oxygenases, have roles in reactions that make and break C-C bonds. The list includes cytochrome P450 and other heme-based monooxygenases, heme-based dioxygenases, nonheme iron mono- and dioxygenases, flavoproteins, radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes, copper enzymes, and peroxidases. Reactions involve steroids, intermediary metabolism, secondary natural products, drugs, and industrial and agricultural chemicals. Many C-C bonds are formed via either (i) coupling of diradicals or (ii) generation of unstable products that rearrange. C-C cleavage reactions involve several themes: (i) rearrangement of unstable oxidized products produced by the enzymes, (ii) oxidation and collapse of radicals or cations via rearrangement, (iii) oxygenation to yield products that are readily hydrolyzed by other enzymes, and (iv) activation of O2 in systems in which the binding of a substrate facilitates O2 activation. Many of the enzymes involve metals, but of these, iron is clearly predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
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Shen J, Serby M, Surber B, Lee AJ, Ma J, Badri P, Menon R, Kavetskaia O, de Morais SM, Sydor J, Fischer V. Metabolism and Disposition of Pan-Genotypic Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Ombitasvir in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1148-57. [PMID: 27179128 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ombitasvir (also known as ABT-267) is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), which has been developed in combination with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir in a three direct-acting antiviral oral regimens for the treatment of patients infected with HCV genotype 1. This article describes the mass balance, metabolism, and disposition of ombitasvir in humans without coadministration of paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir. Following the administration of a single 25-mg oral dose of [(14)C]ombitasvir to four healthy male volunteers, the mean total percentage of the administered radioactive dose recovered was 92.1% over the 192-hour sample collection in the study. The recovery from the individual subjects ranged from 91.4 to 93.1%. Ombitasvir and corresponding metabolites were primarily eliminated in feces (90.2% of dose), mainly as unchanged parent drug (87.8% of dose), but minimally through renal excretion (1.9% of dose). Biotransformation of ombitasvir in human involves enzymatic amide hydrolysis to form M23 (dianiline), which is further metabolized through cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative metabolism (primarily by CYP2C8) at the tert-butyl group to generate oxidative and/or C-desmethyl metabolites. [(14)C]Ombitasvir, M23, M29, M36, and M37 are the main components in plasma, representing about 93% of total plasma radioactivity. The steady-state concentration measurement of ombitasvir metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in human plasma following multiple doses of ombitasvir, in combination with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir, confirmed that ombitasvir is the main component (51.9% of all measured drug-related components), whereas M29 (19.9%) and M36 (13.1%) are the major circulating metabolites. In summary, the study characterized ombitasvir metabolites in circulation, the metabolic pathways, and the elimination routes of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Serby
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce Surber
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anthony J Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Junli Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Prajakta Badri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajeev Menon
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olga Kavetskaia
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sonia M de Morais
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jens Sydor
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Volker Fischer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
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Bolleddula J, Chowdhury SK. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage and formation reactions in drug metabolism and the role of metabolic enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:534-57. [PMID: 26390887 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1086781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of xenobiotics from the human body is often facilitated by a transformation to highly water soluble and more ionizable molecules. In general, oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation reactions are common biotransformation reactions that are catalyzed by various metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P450s (CYPs), non-CYPs, and conjugative enzymes. Although carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation and cleavage reactions are known to exist in plant secondary metabolism, these reactions are relatively rare in mammalian metabolism and are considered exceptions. However, various reactions such as demethylation, dealkylation, dearylation, reduction of alkyl chain, ring expansion, ring contraction, oxidative elimination of a nitrile through C-C bond cleavage, and dimerization, and glucuronidation through C-C bond formation have been reported for drug molecules. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions for drug molecules are primarily catalyzed by CYP enzymes, dimerization is mediated by peroxidases, and C-glucuronidation is catalyzed by UGT1A9. This review provides an overview of C-C bond cleavage and formation reactions in drug metabolism and the metabolic enzymes associated with these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Li P, Wang X, Li J, Meng ZY, Li SC, Li ZJ, Lu YY, Ren H, Lou YQ, Lu C, Dou GF, Zhang GL. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the novel antitumor 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative (GLB) and its metabolites using HPLC-UV and UPLC-QTOF-MS. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11906. [PMID: 26148672 PMCID: PMC4493701 DOI: 10.1038/srep11906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-based 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole (GLB) is a novel antitumor agent and belongs to glycosylated spiro-heterocyclic oxadiazole scaffold derivative. This research first reported a simple, specific, sensitive and stable high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) method for the quantitative determination of GLB in plasma. In this method, the chromatographic separation was achieved with a reversed phase C18 column. The calibration curve for GLB was linear at 300 nm. The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. The precision, accuracy and stability of the method were validated adequately. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study in rats for detection of GLB after oral administration. Moreover, the structures of parent compound GLB and its two major metabolites M1 and M2 were identified in plasma using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight- mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) method. Our results indicated that the di-hydroxylation (M1) and hydroxylation (M2) of GLB are the major metabolites. In conclusion, the present study provided valuable information on an analytical method for the determination of GLB and its metabolites in rats, can be used to support further developing of this antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yun Meng
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Shu-Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Zhong-Jun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Ying-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Ya-Qing Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals-Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gui-Fang Dou
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
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Song M, Lee D, Kim S, Bae JS, Lee J, Gong YD, Lee T, Lee S. Identification of Metabolites of N-(5-Benzoyl-2-(4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)thiazol-4-yl)pivalamide Including CYP3A4-Mediated C-Demethylation in Human Liver Microsomes with High-Resolution/High-Accuracy Tandem Mass. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Bershas DA, Ouellet D, Mamaril-Fishman DB, Nebot N, Carson SW, Blackman SC, Morrison RA, Adams JL, Jurusik KE, Knecht DM, Gorycki PD, Richards-Peterson LE. Metabolism and disposition of oral dabrafenib in cancer patients: proposed participation of aryl nitrogen in carbon-carbon bond cleavage via decarboxylation following enzymatic oxidation. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2215-24. [PMID: 24097902 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase I study was conducted to assess the metabolism and excretion of [(14)C]dabrafenib (GSK2118436; N-{3-[5-(2-amino-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-2-fluorophenyl}-2,6-difluorobenzene sulfonamide, methanesulfonate salt), a BRAF inhibitor, in four patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive tumors after a single oral dose of 95 mg (80 µCi). Assessments included the following: 1) plasma concentrations of dabrafenib and metabolites using validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry methods, 2) plasma and blood radioactivity, 3) urinary and fecal radioactivity, and 4) metabolite profiling. Results showed the mean total recovery of radioactivity was 93.8%, with the majority recovered in feces (71.1% of administered dose). Urinary excretion accounted for 22.7% of the dose, with no detection of parent drug in urine. Dabrafenib is metabolized primarily via oxidation of the t-butyl group to form hydroxy-dabrafenib. Hydroxy-dabrafenib undergoes further oxidation to carboxy-dabrafenib, which subsequently converts to desmethyl-dabrafenib via a pH-dependent decarboxylation. The half-lives for carboxy- and desmethyl-dabrafenib were longer than for parent and hydroxy-dabrafenib (18-20 vs. 5-6 hours). Based on area under the plasma concentration-time curve, dabrafenib, hydroxy-, carboxy-, and desmethyl-dabrafenib accounted for 11%, 8%, 54%, and 3% of the plasma radioactivity, respectively. These results demonstrate that the major route of elimination of dabrafenib is via oxidative metabolism (48% of the dose) and biliary excretion. Based on our understanding of the decarboxylation of carboxy-dabrafenib, a low pH-driven, nonenzymatic mechanism involving participation of the aryl nitrogen is proposed to allow prediction of metabolic oxidation and decarboxylation of drugs containing an aryl nitrogen positioned α to an alkyl (ethyl or t-butyl) side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bershas
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (D.A.B., D.B.M.-F., K.E.J., D.M.K., P.D.G., L.E.R.-P.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation (D.O., N.N.) and Department of Oncology R&D (S.W.C.), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Department of Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (S.C.B., J.L.A.); and Comprehensive Clinical Development NW, Tacoma, Washington (R.A.M)
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Lee YP, Hsu FL, Kang JJ, Chen CK, Lee SS. Metabolism of (2S)-Pterosin A: Identification of the Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Rat Urine. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1566-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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O'Driscoll D, Skrabáková Z, O'Halloran J, van Pelt FNAM, James KJ. Mussels increase xenobiotic (azaspiracid) toxicity using a unique bioconversion mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3102-3108. [PMID: 21401083 DOI: 10.1021/es103612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) is a human toxic syndrome which is associated with the consumption of bivalve shellfish. Unlike other shellfish, mussels contain a large array of azaspiracid analogs, many of which are suspected bioconversion products. These studies were conducted to elucidate the metabolic pathways of azaspiracid (AZA1) in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and revealed that the main biotransformation product was the more toxic demethyl analog, AZA3. To elucidate the mechanism of this C-demethylation, an unprecedented xenobiotic bioconversion step in shellfish, AZA1 was fed to mussels that contained no detectable azaspiracids. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) and high resolution Orbitrap MS were used to determine the uptake of AZA1 and the toxin profiles in three tissue compartments of mussels. The second most abundant bioconversion product was identified as AZA17, a carboxyl analog of AZA3, which is a key intermediate in the formation of AZA3. Also, two pairs of isomeric hydroxyl analogs, AZA4/AZA5 and AZA7/AZA8, have been confirmed as bioconversion products for the first time. Ultra high resolution (100 k) MS studies showed that the most probable structural assignment for AZA17 is 22-carboxy-AZA3 and a mechanism for its facile decarboxylation to form AZA3 has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O'Driscoll
- PROTEOBIO (Mass Spectrometry Centre), Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Havale SH, Pal M. Medicinal chemistry approaches to the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1783-802. [PMID: 19217790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Prakash C, Wang W, O'Connell T, Johnson KA. CYP2C8- and CYP3A-Mediated C-Demethylation of (3-{[(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)-(pyridine-3-sulfonyl)-amino]-methyl}-phenoxy)-acetic Acid (CP-533,536), an EP2 Receptor-Selective Prostaglandin E2 Agonist: Characterization of Metabolites by High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2093-103. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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