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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Clopidogrel and Its Four Relevant Metabolites for CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 Drug–Drug–Gene Interaction Predictions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050915. [PMID: 35631502 PMCID: PMC9145019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiplatelet agent clopidogrel is listed by the FDA as a strong clinical index inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 and weak clinical inhibitor of CYP2B6. Moreover, clopidogrel is a substrate of—among others—CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. This work presents the development of a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of clopidogrel including the relevant metabolites, clopidogrel carboxylic acid, clopidogrel acyl glucuronide, 2-oxo-clopidogrel, and the active thiol metabolite, with subsequent application for drug–gene interaction (DGI) and drug–drug interaction (DDI) predictions. Model building was performed in PK-Sim® using 66 plasma concentration-time profiles of clopidogrel and its metabolites. The comprehensive parent-metabolite model covers biotransformation via carboxylesterase (CES) 1, CES2, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7. Moreover, CYP2C19 was incorporated for normal, intermediate, and poor metabolizer phenotypes. Good predictive performance of the model was demonstrated for the DGI involving CYP2C19, with 17/19 predicted DGI AUClast and 19/19 predicted DGI Cmax ratios within 2-fold of their observed values. Furthermore, DDIs involving bupropion, omeprazole, montelukast, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rifampicin showed 13/13 predicted DDI AUClast and 13/13 predicted DDI Cmax ratios within 2-fold of their observed ratios. After publication, the model will be made publicly accessible in the Open Systems Pharmacology repository.
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Morikawa Y, Shibata A, Sasajima Y, Suenami K, Sato K, Takekoshi Y, Endo S, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Sibutramine facilitates apoptosis and contraction of aortic smooth muscle cells through elevating production of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 841:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sibutramine provokes apoptosis of aortic endothelial cells through altered production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 314:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bhateria M, Ramakrishna R, Puttrevu SK, Saxena AK, Bhatta RS. Enantioselective inhibition of Cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism by a novel antithrombotic agent, S002-333: Major effect on CYP2B6. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:257-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Siramshetty VB, Nickel J, Omieczynski C, Gohlke BO, Drwal MN, Preissner R. WITHDRAWN--a resource for withdrawn and discontinued drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D1080-6. [PMID: 26553801 PMCID: PMC4702851 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-marketing drug withdrawals can be associated with various events, ranging from safety issues such as reported deaths or severe side-effects, to a multitude of non-safety problems including lack of efficacy, manufacturing, regulatory or business issues. During the last century, the majority of drugs voluntarily withdrawn from the market or prohibited by regulatory agencies was reported to be related to adverse drug reactions. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity is of utmost importance for current and future drug discovery. Here, we present WITHDRAWN, a resource for withdrawn and discontinued drugs publicly accessible at http://cheminfo.charite.de/withdrawn. Today, the database comprises 578 withdrawn or discontinued drugs, their structures, important physico-chemical properties, protein targets and relevant signaling pathways. A special focus of the database lies on the drugs withdrawn due to adverse reactions and toxic effects. For approximately one half of the drugs in the database, safety issues were identified as the main reason for withdrawal. Withdrawal reasons were extracted from the literature and manually classified into toxicity types representing adverse effects on different organs. A special feature of the database is the presence of multiple search options which will allow systematic analyses of withdrawn drugs and their mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal B Siramshetty
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, ECRC Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janette Nickel
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Omieczynski
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bjoern-Oliver Gohlke
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata N Drwal
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany BB3R - Berlin Brandenburg 3R Graduate School, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Han S, Jeon S, Hong T, Lee J, Bae SH, Park WS, Park GJ, Youn S, Jang DY, Kim KS, Yim DS. Exposure-response model for sibutramine and placebo: suggestion for application to long-term weight-control drug development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5185-94. [PMID: 26392753 PMCID: PMC4573071 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No wholly successful weight-control drugs have been developed to date, despite the tremendous demand. We present an exposure–response model of sibutramine mesylate that can be applied during clinical development of other weight-control drugs. Additionally, we provide a model-based evaluation of sibutramine efficacy. Data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study were used (N=120). Subjects in the treatment arm were initially given 8.37 mg sibutramine base daily, and those who lost <2 kg after 4 weeks’ treatment were escalated to 12.55 mg. The duration of treatment was 24 weeks. Drug concentration and body weight were measured predose and at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks after treatment initiation. Exposure and response to sibutramine, including the placebo effect, were modeled using NONMEM 7.2. An asymptotic model approaching the final body weight was chosen to describe the time course of weight loss. Extent of weight loss was described successfully using a sigmoidal exposure–response relationship of the drug with a constant placebo effect in each individual. The placebo effect was influenced by subjects’ sex and baseline body mass index. Maximal weight loss was predicted to occur around 1 year after treatment initiation. The difference in mean weight loss between the sibutramine (daily 12.55 mg) and placebo groups was predicted to be 4.5% in a simulation of 1 year of treatment, with considerable overlap of prediction intervals. Our exposure–response model, which included the placebo effect, is the first example of a quantitative model that can be used to predict the efficacy of weight-control drugs. Similar approaches can help decision-making during clinical development of novel weight-loss drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegon Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-su Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gab-jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Youn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Yeon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea ; Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Seochogu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Oberholzer HM, Van Der Schoor C, Taute H, Bester MJ. A descriptive study to provide evidence of the teratogenic and cellular effects of sibutramine and ephedrine on cardiac- and liver-tissue of chick embryos. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:737-46. [PMID: 26138360 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to drugs during pregnancy is a major concern, as some teratogenic compounds can influence normal foetal development. Although the use of drugs during pregnancy should generally be avoided, exposure of the developing foetus to teratogens may occur unknowingly since these compounds may be hidden in products that are being marketed as "all natural." The aim of the current study was to investigate the possible teratogenic and cellular effects of sibutramine-a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of obesity-on the heart and liver tissue of chick embryos. Ephedrine was used as a positive control. The chick embryo model was chosen because it has been used in studying developmental and experimental biology and teratology with great success. The embryos were exposed to three different concentrations of sibutramine and ephedrine respectively. The results obtained revealed that both compounds exhibited embryotoxicity when compared to the control groups. Liver and heart tissue of the exposed embryos was severely affected by these compounds in a dose-related manner. Morphology similar to that of muscle dystrophy was observed in the heart, where the muscle tissue was infiltrated by adipose and connective tissue. Severe liver steatosis was also noted. A more in-depth investigation into the molecular pathways involved might provide more information on the exact mechanism of toxicity of these products influencing embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciska Van Der Schoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Helena Taute
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Megan Jean Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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Wang ZY, Chen M, Zhu LL, Yu LS, Zeng S, Xiang MX, Zhou Q. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with clopidogrel: updated review and risk management in combination therapy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:449-67. [PMID: 25848291 PMCID: PMC4373598 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s80437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coprescribing of clopidogrel and other drugs is common. Available reviews have addressed the drug–drug interactions (DDIs) when clopidogrel is as an object drug, or focused on combination use of clopidogrel and a special class of drugs. Clinicians may still be ignorant of those DDIs when clopidogrel is a precipitant drug, the factors determining the degree of DDIs, and corresponding risk management. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to analyze the pharmacokinetic DDIs of clopidogrel and new P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Results Clopidogrel affects the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin, repaglinide, ferulic acid, sibutramine, efavirenz, and omeprazole. Low efficacy of clopidogrel is anticipated in the presence of omeprazole, esomeprazole, morphine, grapefruit juice, scutellarin, fluoxetine, azole antifungals, calcium channel blockers, sulfonylureas, and ritonavir. Augmented antiplatelet effects are anticipated when clopidogrel is coprescribed with aspirin, curcumin, cyclosporin, St John’s wort, rifampicin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The factors determining the degree of DDIs with clopidogrel include genetic status (eg, cytochrome P540 [CYP]2B6*6, CYP2C19 polymorphism, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1G, and CYP1A2-163C.A), species differences, and dose strength. The DDI risk does not exhibit a class effect, eg, the effects of clopidogrel on cerivastatin versus other statins, the effects of proton pump inhibitors on clopidogrel (omeprazole, esomeprazole versus pantoprazole, rabeprazole), the effects of rifampicin on clopidogrel versus ticagrelor and prasugrel, and the effects of calcium channel blockers on clopidogrel (amlodipine versus P-glycoprotein-inhibiting calcium channel blockers). The mechanism of the DDIs with clopidogrel involves modulating CYP enzymes (eg, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4), paraoxonase-1, hepatic carboxylesterase 1, P-glycoprotein, and organic anion transporter family member 1B1. Conclusion Effective and safe clopidogrel combination therapy can be achieved by increasing the awareness of potential changes in efficacy and toxicity, rationally selecting alternatives, tailoring drug therapy based on genotype, checking the appropriateness of physician orders, and performing therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- VIP Care Ward, Division of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Shan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Xiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Nirogi R, Palacharla RC, Mohammed AR, Manoharan A, Ponnamaneni RK, Bhyrapuneni G. Evaluation of metabolism dependent inhibition of CYP2B6 mediated bupropion hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by monoamine oxidase inhibitors and prediction of potential as perpetrators of drug interaction. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 230:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Subramanian M, Kurawattimath V, Pocha K, Freeden C, Rao I, Thanga Mariappan T, Marathe PH, Vikramadithyan RK, Abraham P, Kulkarni CP, Katnapally P, Nutakki R, Paruchury S, Bhutani P, Mandlekar S. Role of hepatic blood flow and metabolism in the pharmacokinetics of ten drugs in lean, aged and obese rats. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1108-16. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.932470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Park K, Lee BM, Hyun KH, Lee DH, Choi HH, Kim H, Chong W, Kim KB, Nam SY. Discovery of 3-(4-methanesulfonylphenoxy)-N-[1-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-5-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-benzamide as a novel glucokinase activator (GKA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2280-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Direct sequencing and comprehensive screening of genetic polymorphisms on CYP2 family genes (CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2E1) in five ethnic populations. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:115-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Hwang IC, Park JY, Ahn HY, Kim KK, Suh HS, Ko KD, Kim KA. Effects of CYP3A5, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 on the clinical efficacy and adverse outcomes of sibutramine therapy: A crucial role for the CYP2B6*6 allele. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 428:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Shinde DD, Kim MJ, Jeong ES, Kim YW, Lee JW, Shin JG, Kim DH. Enantioselective N-demethylation and hydroxylation of sibutramine in human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome p-450 isoforms. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1419-1430. [PMID: 25343291 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.951758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective metabolism of sibutramine was examined using human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoforms. This drug is metabolized to N-mono-desmethyl- (M1) and N,N-di-desmethylsibutramine (M2), and subsequent hydroxylation results in hydroxyl M1 (HM1) and hydroxyl M2 (HM2). No significant difference was noted in formation of M1from sibutramine between R- and S-sibutramine in HLM. However, S-enantiomers of M1 and M2 were preferentially metabolized to M2, HM1, and HM2compared to R-enantiomers in HLM, and intrinsic clearance (Clint) ratios of S-enantiomers/R-enantiomers were 1.97, 4.83, and 9.94 for M2, HM1, and HM2, respectively. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were only involved in the formation of M1, whereas CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 were responsible for all metabolic reactions of sibutramine. CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 displayed catalytic preference for S-sibutramine to S-M1, whereas CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 showed little or no stereoselectivity in metabolism of sibutramine to M1. In the case of M2 formation, CYP2B6 metabolized S-M1 more rapidly than R-M1 with a Clint ratio of 2.14. However, CYP2C19 catalyzed less S-M1 than R-M1 and the Clint ratio of S-M1 to R-M1 was 0.65. The most significant enantioselectivity was observed in formation of HM1 from M1, and HM2 from M2. CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 exhibited preferential catalysis of formation of hydroxyl metabolites from S-enantiomers rather than R-enantiomers. These results indicate that S-sibutramine was more rapidly metabolized by CYP isoforms than R-sibutramine, and that enantioselective metabolism needs to be considered in drug interactions involving sibutramine and co-administered drugs.
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Potent inhibition of cytochrome P450 2B6 by sibutramine in human liver microsomes. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vrzal R, Knoppová B, Bachleda P, Dvořák Z. Effects of oral anorexiant sibutramine on the expression of cytochromes P450s in human hepatocytes and cancer cell lines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:515-21. [PMID: 24038852 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that was used for weight-loss management in obese patients. Even though it was officially withdrawn from the market in 2010, it is still present in some tainted weight-loss pills (as reported by US Food and Drug Administration). Thus, it is still reasonable to study the effects of this compound. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of sibutramine to induce CYP1A1/CY3A4 in human cancer cell lines and CYP1A1/2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes, a competent model of metabolically active cells. The levels of mRNA and protein of CYP1A1/1A2/3A4/2A6/2B6 were compared with the typical inducers, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and rifampicin (RIF) for CYP1A1/2 and for other CYPs, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of all genes in either cancer cell lines or human hepatocytes were induced when treated with typical inducers but not with sibutramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Shinde DD, Kim HS, Choi JS, Pan W, Bae SK, Yeo CW, Shon JH, Kim DH, Shin JG. Different effects of clopidogrel and clarithromycin on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of sibutramine and its active metabolites in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:550-8. [PMID: 23381968 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the effects of clopidogrel and clarithromycin, known CYP2B6 and CYP3A inhibitors, respectively, on the enantioselective disposition of racemic sibutramine in conjunction with CYP2B6 polymorphisms in humans. Sibutramine showed enantioselective plasma profiles with consistently higher concentrations of R-enantiomers. Clopidogrel and clarithromycin significantly increased the sibutramine plasma concentration, but their effects differed between enantiomers; a 2.2-fold versus 4.1-fold increase in the AUC in S-enantiomer and 1.8-fold versus 2.0-fold for the R-enantiomer, respectively. The AUCs of S- and R-desmethyl metabolites changed significantly during the clopidogrel phase (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) but not during the clarithromycin phase (P = .099 and P = .090, respectively). Exposure to sibutramine was higher in subjects with the CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype, but no statistical difference was observed among the CYP2B6 genotypes. These results suggest that the enantioselective disposition of sibutramine and its active metabolites are influenced by the altered genetic and environmental factors of CYP2B6 and CYP3A activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay D Shinde
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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18
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O'Connor A, Swick AG. Interface between Pharmacotherapy and Genes in Human Obesity. Hum Hered 2013; 75:116-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000349975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Pan W, Bae SK, Shim EJ, Park SE, Lee SS, Park SJ, Yeo CW, Zhou HH, Shon JH, Shin JG. Effects of clopidogrel and clarithromycin on the disposition of sibutramine and its active metabolites M1 and M2 in relation to CYP2B6*6 polymorphism. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:211-8. [PMID: 22830954 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.706722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of sibutramine and its two active metabolites after single oral dose of sibutramine were determined in Korean healthy male subjects with different CYP2B6 genotypes (CYP2B6*1/*1, *1/*6 and *6/*6), either alone or after four-day pretreatment with clopidogrel or clarithromycin. The pretreatment with clopidogrel and clarithromycin raised the mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of sibutramine by 163% and 255%, respectively. Co-administration of clarithromycin, combined with CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype, led to highest concentration of sibutramine. The molar sum AUC (M1 + M2) was raised by 35% in the clopidogrel phase but not significantly affected by clarithromycin or CYP2B6 genotype. The CYP2B6*6/*6 subjects in the clopidogrel phase showed the highest molar AUC (M1 + M2) among three genotype groups throughout the three phases. The exposure of sibutramine and its metabolites seemed to be associated with the CYP2B6 genotype. The treatment of clopidogrel significantly altered the disposition of active metabolites as well as sibutramine, but clarithromycin only affects the disposition of sibutramine. These results suggest that the perturbation of CYP2B6 activity may contribute to the inter-individual variation of sibutramine drug responses although the clinical relevance is remained to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics, Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Zhang W, Roederer MW, Chen WQ, Fan L, Zhou HH. Pharmacogenetics of drugs withdrawn from the market. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:223-31. [PMID: 22256871 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of candidate compounds are critical factors during the development of drugs, and most drugs have been withdrawn from the market owing to severe adverse reactions. Individuals/populations with different genetic backgrounds may show significant differences in drug metabolism and efficacy, which can sometimes manifest as severe adverse drug reactions. With an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying abnormal drug effects caused by genetic mutations, pharmacogenetic studies may enhance the safety and effectiveness of drug use, provide more comprehensive delineations of the scope of usage, and change the fates of drugs withdrawn from the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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21
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Mössner LD, Schmitz A, Theurillat R, Thormann W, Mevissen M. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in ketamine metabolism by use of liver microsomes and specific cytochrome P450 enzymes from horses, dogs, and humans. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1505-13. [PMID: 22023129 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.11.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) responsible for the metabolism of racemic ketamine in 3 mammalian species in vitro by use of chemical inhibitors and antibodies. SAMPLE Human, canine, and equine liver microsomes and human single CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 and their canine orthologs. PROCEDURES Chemical inhibitors selective for human CYP enzymes and anti-CYP antibodies were incubated with racemic ketamine and liver microsomes or specific CYPs. Ketamine N-demethylation to norketamine was determined via enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS The general CYP inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole almost completely blocked ketamine metabolism in human and canine liver microsomes but not in equine microsomes. Chemical inhibition of norketamine formation was dependent on inhibitor concentration in most circumstances. For all 3 species, inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 diminished N-demethylation of ketamine. Anti-CYP3A4, anti-CYP2C9, and anti-CYP2B6 antibodies also inhibited ketamine N-demethylation. Chemical inhibition was strongest with inhibitors of CYP2A6 and CYP2C19 in canine and equine microsomes and with the CYP3A4 inhibitor in human microsomes. No significant contribution of CYP2D6 to ketamine biotransformation was observed. Although the human CYP2C9 inhibitor blocked ketamine N-demethylation completely in the canine ortholog CYP2C21, a strong inhibition was also obtained by the chemical inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP2B6. Ketamine N-demethylation was stereoselective in single human CYP3A4 and canine CYP2C21 enzymes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Human-specific inhibitors of CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 diminished ketamine N-demethylation in dogs and horses. To address drug-drug interactions in these animal species, investigations with single CYPs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone D Mössner
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Bello NT, Liang NC. The use of serotonergic drugs to treat obesity--is there any hope? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2011; 5:95-109. [PMID: 21448447 PMCID: PMC3063114 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s11859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Surgical interventional strategies for the treatment of obesity are being implemented at an increasing rate. The safety and feasibility of these procedures are questionable for most overweight or obese individuals. The use of long-term pharmacotherapy options, on the other hand, can target a greater portion of the obese population and provide early intervention to help individuals maintain a healthy lifestyle to promote weight loss. Medications that act on the central serotonergic pathways have been a relative mainstay for the treatment of obesity for the last 35 years. The clinical efficacy of these drugs, however, has been encumbered by the potential for drug-associated complications. Two drugs that act, albeit by different mechanisms, on the central serotonergic system to reduce food intake and decrease body weight are sibutramine and lorcaserin. Sibutramine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, whereas lorcaserin is a selective 5HT2C receptor agonist. The recent worldwide withdrawal of sibutramine and FDA rejection of lorcaserin has changed the landscape not only for serotonin-based therapeutics specifically, but for obesity pharmacotherapy in general. The purpose of this review is to focus on the importance of the serotonergic system in the control of feeding and its potential as a target for obesity pharmacotherapy. Advances in refining and screening more selective receptor agonists and a better understanding of the potential off-target effects of serotonergic drugs are needed to produce beneficial pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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23
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Bae JW, Choi CI, Jang CG, Lee SY. Simultaneous determination of sibutramine and its active metabolites in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Bae
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon; 440-746; Korea
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Bae JW, Jang CG, Lee SY. Effects of clopidogrel on the pharmacokinetics of sibutramine and its active metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 51:1704-11. [PMID: 21209232 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010388651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine is metabolized by the enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 into 2 active metabolites, M1 (mono-desmethyl sibutramine) and M2 (di-desmethyl sibutramine). Clopidogrel is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2B6 and CYP2C19. In this study, 13 extensive metabolizers of CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 were evaluated to clarify whether clopidogrel inhibits the formation of the active metabolites of sibutramine. In the control phase, each subject received a 15-mg oral dose of sibutramine. After a washout period of 2 weeks, in the clopidogrel phase, the subjects received 300 mg of clopidogrel on the first day and then 75-mg once daily for 6 days. One hour after the last dosing of clopidogrel, all subjects received 15-mg of sibutramine. Compared with the control phase, the mean sibutramine and M1 plasma concentrations were higher after clopidogrel treatment. Clopidogrel significantly increased the half-life (242% of control phase) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC(inf)) (227% of control phase) of sibutramine and decreased the apparent oral clearance (31% of control phase) of sibutramine. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed significant increases in the AUC(inf) (162% of control phase) of M1. The CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 inhibitor clopidogrel significantly inhibited the formations of M1 from sibutramine and M2 from sibutramine by 37% and 64%, respectively. Therefore, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are in vivo catalysts for the formation of the 2 active metabolites of sibutramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-dong, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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25
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Koyama N, Yamazoe Y. Development of Two-dimensional Template System for the Prediction of CYP2B6-mediated Reaction Sites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:309-30. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Contrasting effects of systemic and central sibutramine administration on the intake of a palatable diet in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2010; 484:30-4. [PMID: 20705119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate is the only centrally active weight-modifying agent currently approved by the FDA for long-term use in the treatment of obesity. Systemic sibutramine treatment has been shown to reduce food intake in humans and rodent models in a manner that is consistent with the enhancement of satiety mechanisms. Although it is generally assumed that the hypophagic effects of the drug are mediated by actions within the brain, the locus or loci of these effects remains unclear. These experiments compared the effects of systemic and intracranial injections of sibutramine on the intake of a palatable diet in non-deprived animals. Consistent with prior reports, systemic injections of sibutramine hydrochloride (at 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0mg/kg sibutramine i.p.) dose-dependently reduced feeding on a high fat/high sucrose diet across a 2-h feeding session, but did not alter water intake or locomotor activity. In contrast, bilateral injections of sibutramine (at 0.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 10.0μg/0.5μl/side) into either the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) or the medial nucleus accumbens shell (ACb) significantly and dose-dependently increased food intake of the sweetened fat diet. ACb treatment also modestly inhibited locomotor behavior; intracranial injections had no effect on water consumption. These experiments are the first to suggest that sibutramine treatment may have distinct actions upon separate neural circuits that modulate food intake behavior in the rat.
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27
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Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of sibutramine in rat. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:267-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Reiser M, Eickmann S, Haverkamp T, Finckh U. Variegate porphyria in a 46-year-old patient taking sibutramine for weight loss. Obes Rev 2010; 11:329-31. [PMID: 19845869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The acute hepatic porphyrias can cause life-threatening attacks of neurovisceral symptoms that mimic other acute medical conditions. Variegate porphyria caused by mutations in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) gene is a latent disorder characterized by exacerbations induced by fasting, alcohol consumption or certain drugs. We describe the case of a 46-year-old female patient presenting with a first episode of symptomatic porphyria after 10 d of sibutramine treatment for weight loss. Genetic analysis showed a heterozygous R168H hot spot mutation in the PPOX gene. A putative effect of sibutramine on the hepatic haem biosynthetic pathway and reduced food intake have likely caused this exacerbation of a porphyria attack. Although this may be the first case report of this kind, the risk of acute porphyria should be considered in patients using pharmacotherapy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reiser
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Klinikum Vest GmbH - Paracelsus-Klinik Marl, Marl, Germany.
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29
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Chung JY, Jang SB, Lee YJ, Park MS, Park K. Effect of CYP2B6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of sibutramine and active metabolites in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 51:53-9. [PMID: 20350955 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010362906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a pharmacologic intervention for the treatment of obesity. The effect of CYP2B6 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of sibutramine and its active metabolites (desmethylsibutramine [M1] and didesmethylsibutramine [M2]) was evaluated in 57 healthy subjects. Each subject received a single oral dose of 10 or 15 mg sibutramine, and blood samples were collected up to 72 hours after dosing. The relationship between the genotypes and the pharmacokinetics of sibutramine, M1, and M2 was examined. A statistically significant difference in the elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of sibutramine M1 was found among the 3 genotype groups (P = .0006), between the *1/*1 and *1/*6 groups (P = .0001), and between the *1/*4 and *1/*6 groups (P = .012). The mean value of M1 t(1/2) in *1/*6 (33.3 ± 10.5 hours) was about 58% and 61% greater than that of the *1/*1 group (21.0 ± 7.4 hours) and the *1/*4 group (20.7 ± 9.8 hours), respectively. No significant differences in area under the concentration-time curve or maximum plasma drug concentration were observed between the groups. The CYP2B6*6 allele may be associated with a lower metabolic clearance of the M1 metabolite of sibutramine in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Sungsan-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Talbot PS, Bradley S, Clarke CP, Babalola KO, Philipp AW, Brown G, McMahon AW, Matthews JC. Brain serotonin transporter occupancy by oral sibutramine dosed to steady state: a PET study using (11)C-DASB in healthy humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:741-51. [PMID: 19890256 PMCID: PMC3055601 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a centrally acting monoamine reuptake inhibitor prescribed as an appetite suppressant in the management of obesity. Its effects are mostly attributable to serotonin and norepinephrine transporter (SERT and NET, respectively) inhibition by its potent metabolites mono-desmethylsibutramine (M1) and di-desmethylsibutramine (M2). However, there is a paucity of in vivo data in humans about mechanisms underlying both clinical efficacy and the dose-independent non-response observed in a minority of patients. Twelve healthy male patients (mean age 41 years) completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover investigation of brain SERT occupancy by sibutramine 15 mg daily at steady state. Correlations were measured between occupancy and (i) plasma concentrations of sibutramine, M1 and M2; (ii) appetite suppression. (11)C-DASB PET scans were performed on the HRRT camera. Binding potentials (BP(ND)) were calculated by the Logan reference tissue (cerebellum) method. SERT occupancy was modest (mean 30+/-10%), was similar across brain regions, but varied widely across subjects (15-46%). Occupancy was correlated positively (p=0.09) with M2 concentration, but not with sibutramine or M1. No significant appetite suppression was seen at <25% occupancy and greatest suppression was associated with highest occupancy (25-46%). However, several subjects with occupancy (36-39%) in the higher range had no appetite suppression. SERT occupancy by clinical doses of sibutramine is of modest magnitude and may be mediated predominantly by M2 in humans. 5-HT reuptake inhibition may be necessary but is not sufficient for sibutramine's efficacy in humans, supporting preclinical data suggesting that the hypophagic effect requires the co-inhibition of both SERT and NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Talbot
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | - Kola O Babalola
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Gavin Brown
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam W McMahon
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julian C Matthews
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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31
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Association of CYP2B6, CYP3A5, and CYP2C19 Genetic Polymorphisms With Sibutramine Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Korean Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:511-8. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Walsky RL, Obach RS. Measurement of in vitro cytochrome P450 2B6 activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 4:Unit4.27. [PMID: 23045012 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0427s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutically relevant drugs and environmental chemicals. While not as frequently involved in xenobiotic metabolism as other more commonly studied P450 enzymes such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, or CYP2C9, its importance is becoming increasingly realized. Bupropion hydroxylase activity is an excellent indicator of in vitro CYP2B6 activity, and the metabolite formed is easily measured by HPLC/MS/MS. This assay allows the use of very low concentrations of human liver microsomes or recombinant enzyme, and it represents a selective, sensitive approach to assessing in vitro CYP2B6 activity, with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Walsky
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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33
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The monoterpenoids citral and geraniol are moderate inhibitors of CYP2B6 hydroxylase activity. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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