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Chen G, Liu Y, Svirskis D, Li H, Ying M, Lu W, Wen J. Cryo-Milled β-Glucan Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:546. [PMID: 38675207 PMCID: PMC11054815 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog effective against a number of cancers. However, it has an oral bioavailability of less than 10%, due to its high hydrophilicity and low permeability through the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the oral delivery of gemcitabine to improve its oral bioavailability. In this study, gemcitabine-loaded β-glucan NPs were fabricated using a film-casting method followed by a freezer-milling technique. As a result, the NPs showed a small particle size of 447.6 ± 14.2 nm, and a high drug entrapment efficiency of 64.3 ± 2.1%. By encapsulating gemcitabine into β-glucan NPs, a sustained drug release profile was obtained, and the anomalous diffusion release mechanism was analyzed, indicating that the drug release was governed by diffusion through the NP matrix as well as matrix erosion. The drug-loaded NPs had a greater ex vivo drug permeation through the porcine intestinal epithelial membrane compared to the plain drug solution. Cytotoxicity studies showed a safety profile of the β-glucan polymers, and the IC50s of drug solution and drug-loaded β-glucan NPs were calculated as 228.8 ± 31.2 ng·mL-1 and 306.1 ± 46.3 ng·mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the LD50 of BALB/c nude mice was determined as 204.17 mg/kg in the acute toxicity studies. Notably, pharmacokinetic studies showed that drug-loaded β-glucan NPs could achieve a 7.4-fold longer T1/2 and a 5.1-fold increase in oral bioavailability compared with plain drug solution. Finally, in vivo pharmacodynamic studies showed the promising capability of gemcitabine-loaded β-glucan NPs to inhibit the 4T1 breast tumor growth, with a 3.04- and 1.74-fold reduction compared to the untreated control and drug solution groups, respectively. In conclusion, the presented freezer-milled β-glucan NP system is a suitable drug delivery method for the oral delivery of gemcitabine and demonstrates a promising potential platform for oral chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 95 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio & College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Man Ying
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhangjiang Campus of Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zhangjiang Campus of Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 95 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Matsumoto T, Masuo Y, Tanaka A, Kimura T, Ioroi T, Yamakawa T, Kitahara H, Kato Y. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for disposition of FF-10832. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abdullah RA, Ismail HK, AL-Hubaity AY. Histological Effect of Gemcitabine on the Liver and Kidney of Male Rat with and without Melatonin. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the aim of this study is to identify the toxic effect of gemcitabine on the kidney and liver tissues of rat and whether melatonin has any protective effect on these tissues.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 32 adults male Wistar rats were selected and divided into four groups. Group A was the control group that received normal saline. Group B received gemcitabine alone in a dose of 25mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally once per week for four successive weeks. Group C received gemcitabine intraperitoneally in a dose of 25mg/ kg and melatonin orally in a dose of 10mg/kg once per week for four successive weeks. Group D received only melatonin 10mg/kg once per week for four weeks.
RESULTS: The histological changes of liver of group B showed disorganization of hepatic tissue with congestion in the portal area and chronic inflammatory cells infiltration in the periportal area. Nuclei of some hepatocytes were vesicular with steatosis. In group C liver sections showed inflammatory cell infiltration with mild pyknosis of some hepatocytes. Liver sections of group D were limited to degeneration of some hepatocyte. Renal sections of group B showed degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells with thickening of blood vessel wall, congestion and thrombus formation with cystic appearance in the interstitial tissue were detected. While in group C the histological sections showed swelling of epithelial cells lining renal tubules with congestion of blood vessels. Renal sections of group D were more or less normal.
CONCLUSION: the present study concluded that gemcitabine induced toxic effect on liver and kidney of male rats and melatonin may play protective effect on the tissue of these organs.
Key wards: gemcitabine, melatonin, liver, kidney, rat
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El Moukhtari SH, Rodríguez-Nogales C, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Oral lipid nanomedicines: Current status and future perspectives in cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:238-251. [PMID: 33774117 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral anticancer drugs have earned a seat at the table, as the need for homecare treatment in oncology has increased. Interest in this field is growing as a result of their proven efficacy, lower costs and positive patient uptake. However, the gastrointestinal barrier is still the main obstacle to surmount in chemotherapeutic oral delivery. Anticancer nanomedicines have been proposed to solve this quandary. Among these, lipid nanoparticles are described to be efficiently absorbed while protecting drugs from early degradation in hostile environments. Their intestinal lymphatic tropism or mucoadhesive/penetrative properties give them unique characteristics for oral administration. Considering that chronic cancer cases are increasing over time, it is important to be able to provide treatments with low toxicity and low prices. The challenges, opportunities and therapeutic perspectives of lipid nanoparticles in this area will be discussed in this review, taking into consideration the pre-clinical and clinical progress made in the last decade.
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Yu J, Mu Q, Perazzolo S, Griffin JI, Zhu L, McConnachie LA, Shen DD, Ho RJ. Novel Long-Acting Drug Combination Nanoparticles Composed of Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel Enhance Localization of Both Drugs in Metastatic Breast Cancer Nodules. Pharm Res 2020; 37:197. [PMID: 32968837 PMCID: PMC8686529 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop drug-combination nanoparticles (DcNPs) composed of hydrophilic gemcitabine (G) and hydrophobic paclitaxel (T) and deliver both drugs to metastatic cancer cells. METHODS GT DcNPs were evaluated based on particle size and drug association efficiency (AE%). The effect of DcNP on GT plasma time-course and tissue distribution was characterized in mice and a pharmacokinetic model was developed. A GT distribution study into cancer nodules (derived from 4 T1 cells) was performed. RESULTS An optimized GT DcNP composition (d = 59.2 nm ±9.2 nm) was found to be suitable for IV formulation. Plasma exposure of G and T were enhanced 61-fold and 3.8-fold when given in DcNP form compared to the conventional formulation, respectively. Mechanism based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation show that both G and T remain highly associated to DcNPs in vivo (G: 98%, T:75%). GT DcNPs have minimal distribution to healthy organs with selective distribution and retention in tumor burdened tissue. Tumor bearing lungs had a 5-fold higher tissue-to-plasma ratio of gemcitabine in GT DcNPs compared to healthy lungs. CONCLUSIONS DcNPs can deliver hydrophilic G and hydrophobic T together to cancer nodules and produce long acting exposure, likely due to stable GT association to DcNPs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Yu
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Qingxin Mu
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Perazzolo
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - James I Griffin
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Linxi Zhu
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Lisa A McConnachie
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Danny D Shen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Rodney Jy Ho
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
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Thompson BR, Shi J, Zhu HJ, Smith DE. Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and its amino acid ester prodrug following intravenous and oral administrations in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114127. [PMID: 32603666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an intravenously administered anti-cancer nucleoside analogue. Systemic exposure following oral administration of gemcitabine is limited by extensive first-pass metabolism via cytidine deaminase (CDA) and potentially by saturation of nucleoside transporter-mediated intestinal uptake. An amino acid ester prodrug of gemcitabine, 5'-l-valyl-gemcitabine (V-Gem), was previously shown to be a substrate of the intestinally expressed peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) and stable against CDA-mediated metabolism. However, preliminary studies did not evaluate the in vivo oral performance of V-Gem as compared to parent drug. In the present study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and in vivo oral absorption of gemcitabine and V-Gem following intravenous and oral administrations in mice. These studies revealed that V-Gem undergoes rapid systemic elimination (half-life < 1 min) and has a low oral bioavailability (<1%). Most importantly, the systemic exposure of gemcitabine was not different following oral administration of equimolar doses of gemcitabine (gemcitabine bioavailability of 18.3%) and V-Gem (gemcitabine bioavailability of 16.7%). Single-pass intestinal perfusions with portal blood sampling in mice revealed that V-Gem undergoes extensive activation in intestinal epithelial cells and that gemcitabine undergoes first-pass metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, formulation of gemcitabine as the prodrug V-Gem does not increase systemic gemcitabine exposure following oral dosing, due, in part, to the instability of V-Gem in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Janas MM, Zlatev I, Liu J, Jiang Y, Barros SA, Sutherland JE, Davis WP, Liu J, Brown CR, Liu X, Schlegel MK, Blair L, Zhang X, Das B, Tran C, Aluri K, Li J, Agarwal S, Indrakanti R, Charisse K, Nair J, Matsuda S, Rajeev KG, Zimmermann T, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Xu Y, Akinc A, Fitzgerald K, Vaishnaw AK, Smith PF, Manoharan M, Jadhav V, Wu JT, Maier MA. Safety evaluation of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides in GalNAc-siRNA conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3306-3320. [PMID: 30820542 PMCID: PMC6468299 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For oligonucleotide therapeutics, chemical modifications of the sugar-phosphate backbone are frequently used to confer drug-like properties. Because 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro (2′-F) nucleotides are not known to occur naturally, their safety profile was assessed when used in revusiran and ALN-TTRSC02, two short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), of the same sequence but different chemical modification pattern and metabolic stability, conjugated to an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand for targeted delivery to hepatocytes. Exposure to 2′-F-monomer metabolites was low and transient in rats and humans. In vitro, 2′-F-nucleoside 5′-triphosphates were neither inhibitors nor preferred substrates for human polymerases, and no obligate or non-obligate chain termination was observed. Modest effects on cell viability and mitochondrial DNA were observed in vitro in a subset of cell types at high concentrations of 2′-F-nucleosides, typically not attained in vivo. No apparent functional impact on mitochondria and no significant accumulation of 2′-F-monomers were observed after weekly administration of two GalNAc–siRNA conjugates in rats for ∼2 years. Taken together, the results support the conclusion that 2′-F nucleotides can be safely applied for the design of metabolically stabilized therapeutic GalNAc–siRNAs with favorable potency and prolonged duration of activity allowing for low dose and infrequent dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Janas
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingxuan Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Xiumin Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Lauren Blair
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Biplab Das
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chris Tran
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Krishna Aluri
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Akin Akinc
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Peter F Smith
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Vasant Jadhav
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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p110γ deficiency protects against pancreatic carcinogenesis yet predisposes to diet-induced hepatotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14724-14733. [PMID: 31266893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813012116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is notorious for its poor survival and resistance to conventional therapies. PI3K signaling is implicated in both disease initiation and progression, and specific inhibitors of selected PI3K p110 isoforms for managing solid tumors are emerging. We demonstrate that increased activation of PI3K signals cooperates with oncogenic Kras to promote aggressive PDAC in vivo. The p110γ isoform is overexpressed in tumor tissue and promotes carcinogenesis via canonical AKT signaling. Its selective blockade sensitizes tumor cells to gemcitabine in vitro, and genetic ablation of p110γ protects against Kras-induced tumorigenesis. Diet/obesity was identified as a crucial means of p110 subunit up-regulation, and in the setting of a high-fat diet, p110γ ablation failed to protect against tumor development, showing increased activation of pAKT and hepatic damage. These observations suggest that a careful and judicious approach should be considered when targeting p110γ for therapy, particularly in obese patients.
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Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for gemcitabine and birinapant in pancreatic cancer xenografts. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2018; 45:733-746. [PMID: 30069744 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-9603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer effects of combined gemcitabine and birinapant were demonstrated as synergistic in PANC-1 cells in vitro. In this study, pharmacokinetic information derived from experiments and the literature was utilized to develop full physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that characterize individual drugs. The predicted intra-tumor drug concentrations were used as the driving force within a linked PBPK/PD model for treatment-mediated changes in tumor volume in a xenograft mouse model. The efficacy of the drug combination in vivo was evaluated mathematically as exhibiting additivity. The network model developed for drug effects in the in vitro cell cultures was applied successfully to link the in vivo tumor drug concentrations with tumor growth inhibition, incorporating more mechanistic features and accounting for disparate drug interaction outcomes in vitro and in vivo.
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Sand oval MA, Valdes SA, Chen Z, Lansakara-P DS, Du M, Shi Y, Cui Z. Oral 4-( N)-stearoyl gemcitabine nanoparticles inhibit tumor growth in mouse models. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89876-89886. [PMID: 29163795 PMCID: PMC5685716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of recent advances in targeted tumor therapy, systemic chemotherapy with cytotoxic agents remains a vital cancer treatment modality. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog commonly used in the treatment of various solid tumors, but an oral gemcitabine dosage form remain unavailable. Previously, we developed the 4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine solid lipid nanoparticles (GemC18-SLNs) by incorporating 4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine (GemC18), an amide prodrug of gemcitabine, into solid lipid nanoparticles. GemC18-SLNs, when administered intravenously, showed strong antitumor activity against various human and mouse tumors in mouse models. In the present study, we defined the plasma pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine when GemC18-SLNs were given orally to healthy mice and evaluated the antitumor activity of GemC18-SLNs when given orally in mouse models of lung cancer. In mice orally gavaged with GemC18-SLNs, plasma gemcitabine concentration followed an absorption phase and then clearance phase, with a Tmax of ~2 h. The absolute oral bioavailability of gemcitabine in the GemC18-SLNs was ~70% (based on AUC0-24 h values). In mice with pre-established tumors (i.e. mouse TC-1 or LLC lung cancer cells), oral GemC18-SLNs significantly inhibited the tumor growth and increased mouse survival time, as compared to the molar equivalent dose of gemcitabine hydrochloride or GemC18 in vegetable oil or in Tween 20. Immunohistostaining revealed that oral GemC18-SLNs also have significant antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and proapoptotic activity in LLC tumors. Formulating a lipophilic amide prodrug of gemcitabine into solid lipid nanoparticles may represent a viable approach toward developing a safe and efficacious gemcitabine oral dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, School of Basic Sciences, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia University, Research Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Michael A. Sand oval
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Solange A. Valdes
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, School of Basic Sciences, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dharmika S. Lansakara-P
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Maolin Du
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, School of Public Health, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanchun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, School of Basic Sciences, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, School of Basic Sciences, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, USA
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Joshi G, Kumar A, Sawant K. Enhanced bioavailability and intestinal uptake of Gemcitabine HCl loaded PLGA nanoparticles after oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 60:80-9. [PMID: 24810394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of study was to formulate PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) of Gemcitabine HCl for enhanced oral bioavailability via absorption through M cells of Peyer's patches. Commercially, the drug is available as i.v. infusion due to its short half life (8-17 min), rapid metabolism and limited tumor uptake. The NPs were prepared by multiple solvent emulsification method. Optimized formulation had particle size of 166.4±2.42 nm, and entrapment of 56.48±3.63%. TEM image revealed discrete spherical structures of NPs. DSC and FTIR studies confirmed absence of interaction between drug and polymer. In vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrated sustained release from the NPs. The enhanced absorption and uptake of NPs in Caco-2 cells and in vivo absorption in intestinal tissue after oral delivery in rats was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Transport studies in Caco-2 cells confirmed 6.37-fold permeability for NPs. In vitro antiproliferative studies confirmed marked cytotoxicity of NPs on K562 leukemia cell lines. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed 21.47-folds bioavailability enhancement from NPs. Hence, orally delivered Gemcitabine HCl loaded NPs have the potential for improving its bioavailability and avoiding side effects associated with iv infusions as well as enhancing patient compliance through "Chemotherapy at Home".
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Joshi
- TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Centre for PG Studies and Research, Pharmacy Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Abhinesh Kumar
- TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Centre for PG Studies and Research, Pharmacy Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Krutika Sawant
- TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Centre for PG Studies and Research, Pharmacy Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
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Jansen RS, Rosing H, Wijermans PW, Keizer RJ, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Decitabine triphosphate levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients receiving prolonged low-dose decitabine administration: a pilot study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 69:1457-66. [PMID: 22382880 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decitabine is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome. The compound requires intracellular conversion to its triphosphate to become active. Decitabine triphosphate has, however, never been quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients. METHOD This article describes a method for the quantitative determination of decitabine triphosphate in PBMCs using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was applied to ex vivo incubated whole blood samples and samples from three patients receiving prolonged low-dose decitabine treatment. RESULTS We successfully quantitated decitabine triphosphate in PBMCs. Considerable levels were detected in PBMCs from two patients that responded well to therapy, whereas only low levels were present in a non-responding patient. Moreover, the data show that, in contrast to plasma decitabine, intracellular decitabine triphosphate accumulates during a treatment cycle of nine infusions at a dose of 15 mg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a relationship between decitabine triphosphate levels and response to therapy. Based on the observed accumulation of decitabine triphosphate during a treatment cycle, a less intensive dose scheme could be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bapiro TE, Richards FM, Goldgraben MA, Olive KP, Madhu B, Frese KK, Cook N, Jacobetz MA, Smith DM, Tuveson DA, Griffiths JR, Jodrell DI. A novel method for quantification of gemcitabine and its metabolites 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine and gemcitabine triphosphate in tumour tissue by LC-MS/MS: comparison with (19)F NMR spectroscopy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:1243-53. [PMID: 21431415 PMCID: PMC3215866 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a sensitive analytical method to quantify gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) and its metabolites 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (dFdCTP) simultaneously from tumour tissue. METHODS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumour tissue from genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer (KP ( FL/FL ) C and KP ( R172H/+) C) was collected after dosing the mice with gemcitabine. (19)F NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS/MS protocols were optimised to detect gemcitabine and its metabolites in homogenates of the tumour tissue. RESULTS A (19)F NMR protocol was developed, which was capable of distinguishing the three analytes in tumour homogenates. However, it required at least 100 mg of the tissue in question and a long acquisition time per sample, making it impractical for use in large PK/PD studies or clinical trials. The LC-MS/MS protocol was developed using porous graphitic carbon to separate the analytes, enabling simultaneous detection of all three analytes from as little as 10 mg of tissue, with a sensitivity for dFdCTP of 0.2 ng/mg tissue. Multiple pieces of tissue from single tumours were analysed, showing little intra-tumour variation in the concentrations of dFdC or dFdU (both intra- and extra-cellular). Intra-tumoural variation was observed in the concentration of dFdCTP, an intra-cellular metabolite, which may reflect regions of different cellularity within a tumour. CONCLUSION We have developed a sensitive LC-MS/MS method capable of quantifying gemcitabine, dFdU and dFdCTP in pancreatic tumour tissue. The requirement for only 10 mg of tissue enables this protocol to be used to analyse multiple areas from a single tumour and to spare tissue for additional pharmacodynamic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashinga E. Bapiro
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frances M. Richards
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mae A. Goldgraben
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth P. Olive
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Present Address: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Basetti Madhu
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Kristopher K. Frese
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Natalie Cook
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael A. Jacobetz
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donna-Michelle Smith
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - David A. Tuveson
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R. Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Duncan I. Jodrell
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Box 278, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Koolen SLW, Witteveen PO, Jansen RS, Langenberg MHG, Kronemeijer RH, Nol A, Garcia-Ribas I, Callies S, Benhadji KA, Slapak CA, Beijnen JH, Voest EE, Schellens JHM. Phase I study of Oral gemcitabine prodrug (LY2334737) alone and in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6071-82. [PMID: 21753156 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE LY2334737 is an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of daily administration of LY2334737 with or without erlotinib. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with advanced or metastatic cancer were treated with escalating doses of LY2334737 monotherapy or in combination with continuous daily administration of 100 mg erlotinib. LY2334737 was given once daily for 14 days of a 21-day cycle. The study was extended with a bioequivalence trial to investigate a novel LY2334737 drug formulation. RESULTS A total of 65 patients were treated in this study. The MTD was 40 mg LY2334737. Fatigue was the most frequent DLT for LY2334737 monotherapy (4 patients) followed by elevated transaminase levels (2 patients), both observed at the 40- to 50-mg dose levels. Among the 10 patients in the combination arm, 2 had DLTs at the 40-mg dose level. These were fatigue and elevated liver enzyme levels. The most common adverse events were fatigue (n = 38), nausea (n = 27), vomiting (n = 24), diarrhea (n = 23), anorexia (n = 20), pyrexia (n = 18), and elevated transaminase levels (n = 14). The pharmacokinetics showed dose proportional increase in LY2334737 and gemcitabine exposure. The metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine accumulated with an accumulation index of 4.3 (coefficient of variation: 20%). In one patient, complete response in prostate-specific antigen was observed for 4 cycles, and stable disease was achieved in 22 patients overall. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the 2 investigated LY2334737 drug formulations were bioequivalent. CONCLUSIONS LY2334737 displays linear pharmacokinetics and the MTD is 40 mg with or without daily administration of 100 mg erlotinib. Signs of antitumor activity warrant further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn L W Koolen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, The Netherlands.
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15
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Jansen RS, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Deoxyuridine analog nucleotides in deoxycytidine analog treatment: secondary active metabolites? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 25:172-85. [PMID: 20199587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine analogs (dCa's) are nucleosides widely used in anticancer and anti (retro) viral therapies. Intracellularly phosphorylated dCa anabolites are considered to be their main active metabolites. This article reviews the literature on the formation and pharmacological activity of deaminated dCa nucleotides. Most dCa's are rapidly deaminated into deoxyuridine analogs (dUa's) which are only slowly phosphorylated and therefore relatively inactive. dUa nucleotides are, however, also formed via deamination of dCa monophosphates by deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase (dCMPD). dUa-monophosphates can interact with thymidylate synthase (TS), whereas dUa-triphosphates are incorporated into nucleic acids and interfere with polymerases. Administration of dCa's as monophosphate prodrugs or co-administration of the cytidine deaminase inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (THU) does not prevent dUa nucleotide formation which is, on the other hand, influenced by the dose and dCMPD activity. Taken together, these observations show that the formation of dUa nucleotides is a common phenomenon in treatment with dCa's and these compounds may play a role in treatment outcome. We conclude that more attention should be given to these relatively unknown, but potentially important metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Benyumov A, Gurvich VJ, Lis LG, Williams BW, Kirstein MN. Combinatorial pharmacologic effects of gemcitabine and its metabolite dFdU. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:457-64. [PMID: 21280228 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that the gemcitabine metabolite, dFdU, is pharmacologically active. Though less potent, dFdU has a longer half-life and could potentiate or antagonize the activity of gemcitabine. Hence, studies were undertaken to evaluate the combined effects. Following chemical synthesis, an improved purification procedure for dFdU was developed (80 % yield; >99 % purity). Zebrafish phenotype-based embryo screens revealed no acute toxicity after gemcitabine or dFdU treatment. Only gemcitabine affected zebrafish development in a dose-dependent manner. Synergy or antagonism for the combination was not observed. Antitumor effects for dFdU were dose dependent. Antagonism was tumor cell-line dependent and did not depend on formation of the intracellular active metabolite of gemcitabine, suggesting that the drug-metabolite interaction occurs later. These studies highlight a platform for testing the pharmacologic activity for anticancer agent and metabolite combinations. Such analyses are expected to provide insight into the beneficial or harmful effect(s) of metabolites towards parent drug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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17
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Phase II trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:746-52. [PMID: 20523345 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine (dFdC) administered on d 1 and 5 plus cisplatin administered on d 1 in chemonaive patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS In each combination cycle, gemcitabine was administered at a dose of 1250 mg/m(2) as a 30 min intravenous (iv) infusion on d 1 and 5 followed by cisplatin at a dose of 75 mg/m(2) as a 3 h iv infusion on d 1 every 3 weeks. There was an interval of 1 h between the two infusions. Clinical response and toxicity of the regimen were observed. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of gemcitabine (dFdC) and its metabolite (dFdU) at different time points were detected during the first cycle of infusion. Pharmacokinetic software (PKS) was used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of gemcitabine and its metabolite dFdU. RESULTS A total of 28 patients was enrolled in the study. The median age was 54 years (range 27-75 years), and most patients were in good clinical condition. Twenty-seven patients received two or more treatment cycles. The overall clinical response rate was 33.3%. The median overall survival time was 13 months. The estimated median time to tumor progression (TTP) was 6.2 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 55.6%. Toxicities were tolerated. The main toxicity was myelosuppression; 35.7% of patients had grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities and 28.6% had grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicities, which were commonly gastrointestinal responses. The pharmacokinetic parameters of dFdC and dFdU were not different between pre- and post-administration of gemcitabine on d 1 and 5. dFdU was minimal (0.729+/-0.637 microg/mL) before gemcitabine was infused on d 5, and gemcitabine was not present. CONCLUSION The regimen is active and well tolerated in chemonaive patients with advanced NSCLC. After gemcitabine was administered on d 1 and 5, the pharmacokinetic parameters of dFdC and dFdU showed no difference from those before the infusion, and dFdU was minimal before gemcitabine was administered on d 5.
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18
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Cohen S, Jordheim LP, Megherbi M, Dumontet C, Guitton J. Liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of endogenous nucleotides and nucleotide analogs used in cancer therapy: a review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1912-28. [PMID: 20558114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides play a crucial role in cell function. The determination of their levels is of fundamental interest in numerous applications such as energy metabolism, biochemical processes, or in understanding the mechanism of nucleoside analog compounds. Nucleoside analogs are widely used in anticancer therapy. Their mechanisms of action are related to their structural similarity with natural nucleotides. Numerous assays have been described for the determination of endogenous nucleotides or anticancer nucleotide analogs in different matrices such as cellular cultures, tissue or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The determination of these compounds is challenging due to the large difference of concentrations between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, the presence of numerous endogenous interferences in complex matrices and the high polarity of the molecules due to the phosphate moiety. The extraction was generally performed at low temperature and was based on protein precipitation using acid or solvent mixture. This first phase could be coupled with extraction or cleaning step of the supernatant. Liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection and based on ion-exchange chromatography using non-volatile high salt concentrations was largely described for the quantification of nucleotides. However, the development of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS during the last ten years has constituted a sensitive and specific tool. In this case, analytical column was mostly constituted by graphite or C18 stationary phase. Mobile phase was usually based on a mixture of ammonium buffer and acetonitrile and in several assays included a volatile ion-pairing agent. Mass spectrometry detection was performed either with positive or negative electrospray mode according to compounds and mobile phase components. The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the most recent chromatographic assays (over the past ten years) developed for the determination of endogenous nucleotides and nucleotide analogs used in cancer therapy. We focused on sample preparation, chromatographic separation and quantitative considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Cohen
- Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de biochimie-toxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre Bénite, France
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19
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Teusink AC, Hall PD. Toxicities of gemcitabine in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:750-4. [PMID: 20233917 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between doses of gemcitabine and absolute neutrophil count and thrombocytopenia in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction (total bilirubin > or =4.5 mg/dL), and the relationship between doses of gemcitabine in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction and nonhematologic toxicity. CASE SUMMARY A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients receiving gemcitabine at the Medical University of South Carolina from October 2006 through October 2008. Seven patients were identified who had an elevated total bilirubin level (> or =4.5 mg/dL) at the time they were receiving gemcitabine. All 7 patients received gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) throughout their treatment, regardless of liver function. Six patients did not experience significant hematologic toxicity warranting a dose reduction or a dose being held. One patient developed thrombocytopenia, warranting a dose being held. DISCUSSION Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy agent frequently used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer as well as metastatic breast, lung, and ovarian cancer. To date there is limited information on dosing of gemcitabine in patients with an elevated total bilirubin. A previous study looking at lower grades of liver dysfunction suggested empiric dose reductions be made in these patients because of increased incidence of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the possibility that no initial dose reduction is necessary for patients with liver dysfunction receiving gemcitabine; however, close monitoring of these patients is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Correll Teusink
- Medical University of South Carolina/South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Charleston, USA
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20
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Jansen RS, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Simultaneous quantification of 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine and 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine nucleosides and nucleotides in white blood cells using porous graphitic carbon chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3040-3050. [PMID: 19705384 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel assay for the simultaneous quantification of the widely used anticancer agent 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine; dFdC), its deaminated metabolite 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and their mono-, di- and triphosphates (dFdCMP, dFdCDP, dFdCTP, dFdUMP, dFdUDP and dFdUTP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is described. Separation of all eight compounds was achieved within 15 min using a porous graphitic carbon column (Hypercarb) with a gradient from 0 to 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate in acetonitrile/water (15:85, v/v). Calibration ranges in PBMC lysate from 4.29 to 429, 29.0 to 2900, 31.4 to 3140 and 36.9 to 3690 nM for dFdC, dFdCMP, dFdCDP and dFdCTP and from 42.1 to 4210, 25.4 to 2540, 43.2 to 4320 and 52.7 to 5270 nM for dFdU, dFdUMP, dFdUDP and dFdUTP, respectively, were validated. Accuracies were within 82.3-119% at the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and the precisions were less than 20.0%. At the other tested levels accuracies were within 91.4-114% and precisions less than 14.9%. Mixtures of (13)C,(15)N(2)-labeled dFdC and dFdU nucleotides were synthesized and used as internal standards. Whole blood samples showed extensive ongoing dFdC metabolism when stored at room temperature, but not on ice-water, which made the addition of enzyme inhibitors unnecessary. Stock solutions and samples were stable under all analytically relevant conditions. The method was successfully applied to clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the number of publications appearing annually regarding drug-induced liver injury (DILI), there remains a need to concisely summarize each year's new crop of case series and reports as well as the advances in mechanisms of liver injury and in the field of pharmacogenomics relating to DILI. OBJECTIVE To present an up-to-date review of the past year's most important clinical studies and reports of DILI, placing them into context of previous publications. METHODS A Medline search was conducted of all manuscripts appearing in the fields "hepatotoxicity" and "drug-induced liver injury" during the calendar year 2008. The most clinically relevant English language case reports and studies exploring mechanisms and risk factors for DILI were then chosen for review, and supplemented with older literature where appropriate. CONCLUSIONS As in past years, 2008 was replete with publications dealing with virtually all facets of DILI, including updated incidence and prevalence data, as well as the latest information regarding mechanisms of liver injury. Data from the first 300 patients in the National Institute of Health-sponsored DILI Network registry of > 100 non-acetaminophen causes were presented. Antimicrobials and CNS drugs were responsible for > 60% of cases, with herbals and dietary supplements being increasingly reported. Identification of genetic predispositions to DILI is coming of age with the FDA calling for the testing of human leukocyte antigen B(*)5701 before the use of abacavir to reduce the risk of hypersensitivity reactions. Several groups emphasized the pitfalls in utilizing Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method and other causality assessment methodologies, and an updated review appeared on the use of potentially hepatotoxic medications in patients with underlying liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Liss
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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22
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Retention studies of 2'-2'-difluorodeoxycytidine and 2'-2'-difluorodeoxyuridine nucleosides and nucleotides on porous graphitic carbon: development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3168-74. [PMID: 19237159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of a method for the separation of 2'-2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine, dFdC), 2'-2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and their mono-, di- and triphosphates using a porous graphitic carbon column (Hypercarb), without ion-pairing agent, is described. The retention of dFdC and dFdU could be controlled with an organic modifier (acetonitrile, CH(3)CN) and the retention of the anionic nucleotides with an eluting ion (bicarbonate). Separation of all analytes was achieved using a 0-25 mM ammonium bicarbonate gradient in CH(3)CN-H(2)O (15:85, v/v). Under these conditions, however, very long re-equilibration times were required. Injection of an acidic solution (100 microL 10% formic acid in H(2)O, v/v; 2.65 M) after running a gradient directly restored the separation capabilities of the column. Still, separation between the analytes slowly deteriorated over a period of months. These problems were solved by preconditioning the column with a pH buffered hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) solution (0.05% H(2)O(2) in CH(3)CN-H(2)O (15:85, v/v), pH 4) before starting an analytical run. The oxidation of the stationary phase with H(2)O(2) prevented its slow reduction, which most likely caused the decreasing retention times. The analytes were detected using tandem mass spectrometry.
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Squalenoyl nanomedicine of gemcitabine is more potent after oral administration in leukemia-bearing rats: study of mechanisms. Anticancer Drugs 2008; 19:999-1006. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3283126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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