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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38686544 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Detection of 7-Dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 Derivatives in Honey. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112583. [PMID: 32498437 PMCID: PMC7321140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (20(OH)D3) is an endogenous metabolite produced by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of vitamin D3 (D3). 20(OH)D3 can be further hydroxylated by CYP11A1, CYP27A1, CYP24A1 and/or CYP27B1 to several hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 also hydroxylates D3 to 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), which is detectable in the epidermis. 20-Hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol (20(OH)-7DHC) has been detected in the human epidermis and can be phototransformed into 20(OH)D3 following the absorption of ultraviolet B (UVB) energy by the B-ring. 20(OH)D3 and its hydroxyderivatives have anti-inflammatory, pro-differentiation and anti-proliferative effects, comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Since cytochromes P450 with 20- or 25-hydroxylase activity are found in insects participating in ecdysone synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), we tested whether D3-hydroxyderivatives are present in honey, implying their production in bees. Honey was collected during summer in the Birmingham area of Alabama or purchased commercially and extracted and analyzed using LC-MS. We detected a clear peak of m/z = 423.324 [M + Na]+ for 20(OH)D3 corresponding to a concentration in honey of 256 ng/g. We also detected peaks of m/z = 383.331 [M + H − H2O]+ for 20(OH)-7DHC and 25(OH)D3 with retention times corresponding to the standards. We further detected species with m/z = 407.329 [M + Na]+ corresponding to the RT of 7DHC, D3 and lumisterol3 (L3). Similarly, peaks with m/z = 399.326 [M + H − H2O]+ were detected at the RT of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20(OH)2D3). Species corresponding to 20-monohydroxylumisterol3 (20(OH)L3), 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,23(OH)2D3), 20,24/25/26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,24/25/26(OH)2D3) and 1,20,23/24/25/26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20,23/24/25/26(OH)3D3) were not detectable above the background. In conclusion, the presence of 7DHC and D3 and of species corresponding to 20(OH)-7DHC, 20(OH)D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in honey implies their production in bees, although the precise biochemistry and photochemistry of these processes remain to be defined.
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Slominski AT, Chaiprasongsuk A, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Stefan J, Slominski RM, Hanumanthu VS, Raman C, Qayyum S, Song Y, Song Y, Panich U, Crossman DK, Athar M, Holick MF, Jetten AM, Zmijewski MA, Zmijewski J, Tuckey RC. Photoprotective Properties of Vitamin D and Lumisterol Hydroxyderivatives. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:165-180. [PMID: 32441029 PMCID: PMC7347247 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described new pathways of vitamin D3 activation by CYP11A1 to produce a variety of metabolites including 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. These can be further hydroxylated by CYP27B1 to produce their C1α-hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 similarly initiates the metabolism of lumisterol (L3) through sequential hydroxylation of the side chain to produce 20(OH)L3, 22(OH)L3, 20,22(OH)2L3 and 24(OH)L3. CYP11A1 also acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) producing 22(OH)7DHC, 20,22(OH)27DHC and 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP) which can be converted to the D3 and L3 configurations following exposure to UVB. These CYP11A1-derived compounds are produced in vivo and are biologically active displaying anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pro-differentiation properties. Since the protective role of the classical form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) against UVB-induced damage is recognized, we recently tested whether novel CYP11A1-derived D3- and L3-hydroxyderivatives protect against UVB-induced damage in epidermal human keratinocytes and melanocytes. We found that along with 1,25(OH)2D3, CYP11A1-derived D3-hydroxyderivatives and L3 and its hydroxyderivatives exert photoprotective effects. These included induction of intracellular free radical scavenging and attenuation and repair of DNA damage. The protection of human keratinocytes against DNA damage included the activation of the NRF2-regulated antioxidant response, p53-phosphorylation and its translocation to the nucleus, and DNA repair induction. These data indicate that novel derivatives of vitamin D3 and lumisterol are promising photoprotective agents. However, detailed mechanisms of action, and the involvement of specific nuclear receptors, other vitamin D binding proteins or mitochondria, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA.
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Al, USA.
| | - Anyamanee Chaiprasongsuk
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jaroslaw Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Zmijewski MA, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Mason RS, Jetten AM, Guroji P, Reichrath J, Elmets C, Athar M. The Role of Classical and Novel Forms of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:257-283. [PMID: 32918223 PMCID: PMC7490773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers including basal and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC and BCC) represent a significant clinical problem due to their relatively high incidence, imposing an economic burden to healthcare systems around the world. It is accepted that ultraviolet radiation (UVR: λ = 290-400 nm) plays a crucial role in the initiation and promotion of BCC and SCC with UVB (λ = 290-320 nm) having a central role in this process. On the other hand, UVB is required for vitamin D3 (D3) production in the skin, which supplies >90% of the body's requirement for this prohormone. Prolonged exposure to UVB can also generate tachysterol and lumisterol. Vitamin D3 itself and its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 hydroxyderivatives show photoprotective functions in the skin. These include regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, induction of anti-oxidative responses, inhibition of DNA damage and induction of DNA repair mechanisms, and anti-inflammatory activities. Studies in animals have demonstrated that D3 hydroxyderivatives can attenuate UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancerogenesis and inhibit growth of SCC and BCC. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action have been suggested. In addition, vitamin D3 itself inhibits hedgehog signaling pathways which have been implicated in many cancers. Silencing of the vitamin D receptor leads to increased propensity to develop UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancers. Other targets for vitamin D compounds include 1,25D3-MARRS, retinoic orphan receptors α and γ, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and Wnt signaling. Most recently, photoprotective effects of lumisterol hydroxyderivatives have been identified. Clinical trials demonstrated a beneficial role of vitamin D compounds in the treatment of actinic keratosis. In summary, recent advances in vitamin D biology and pharmacology open new exciting opportunities in chemoprevention and treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Purushotham Guroji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Brożyna AA, Żmijewski MA, Xu H, Sutter TR, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM, Crossman DK. Differential and Overlapping Effects of 20,23(OH)₂D3 and 1,25(OH)₂D3 on Gene Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes: Identification of AhR as an Alternative Receptor for 20,23(OH)₂D3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103072. [PMID: 30297679 PMCID: PMC6213311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pathway of vitamin D activation by CYP11A has previously been elucidated. To define the mechanism of action of its major dihydroxy-products, we tested the divergence and overlap between the gene expression profiles of human epidermal keratinocytes treated with either CYP11A1-derived 20,23(OH)2D3 or classical 1,25(OH)2D3. Both secosteroids have significant chemical similarity with the only differences being the positions of the hydroxyl groups. mRNA was isolated and examined by microarray analysis using Illumina’s HumanWG-6 chip/arrays and subsequent bioinformatics analyses. Marked differences in the up- and downregulated genes were observed between 1,25(OH)2D3- and 20,23(OH)2D3-treated cells. Hierarchical clustering identified both distinct, opposite and common (overlapping) gene expression patterns. CYP24A1 was a common gene strongly activated by both compounds, a finding confirmed by qPCR. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified VDR/RXR signaling as the top canonical pathway induced by 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, the top canonical pathway induced by 20,23(OH)2D3 was AhR, with VDR/RXR being the second nuclear receptor signaling pathway identified. QPCR analyses validated the former finding by revealing that 20,23(OH)2D3 stimulated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression, effects located downstream of AhR. Similar stimulation was observed with 20(OH)D3, the precursor to 20,23(OH)2D3, as well as with its downstream metabolite, 17,20,23(OH)3D3. Using a Human AhR Reporter Assay System we showed marked activation of AhR activity by 20,23(OH)2D3, with weaker stimulation by 20(OH)D3. Finally, molecular modeling using an AhR LBD model predicted vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives to be good ligands for this receptor. Thus, our microarray, qPCR, functional studies and molecular modeling indicate that AhR is the major receptor target for 20,23(OH)2D3, opening an exciting area of investigation on the interaction of different vitamin D3-hydroxyderivatives with AhR and the subsequent downstream activation of signal transduction pathways in a cell-type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Michal A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Thomas R Sutter
- Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory/Cell Biology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David K Crossman
- Howell and Elizabeth Heflin Center for Human Genetics, Genomic Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Skobowiat C, Zmijewski MA, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Oak AS, Jozwicki W, Jetten AM, Mason RS, Elmets C, Li W, Hoffman RM, Tuckey RC. On the role of classical and novel forms of vitamin D in melanoma progression and management. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:159-170. [PMID: 28676457 PMCID: PMC5748362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a significant clinical problem affecting a large segment of the population with a relatively high incidence and mortality rate. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important etiological factor in malignant transformation of melanocytes and melanoma development. UVB, while being a full carcinogen in melanomagenesis, is also necessary for the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 (D3). Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) and novel CYP11A1-derived hydroxyderivatives of D3 show anti-melanoma activities and protective properties against damage induced by UVB. The former activities include inhibitory effects on proliferation, plating efficiency and anchorage-independent growth of cultured human and rodent melanomas in vitro, as well as the in vivo inhibition of tumor growth by 20(OH)D3 after injection of human melanoma cells into immunodeficient mice. The literature indicates that low levels of 25(OH)D3 are associated with more advanced melanomas and reduced patient survivals, while single nucleotide polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor or the D3 binding protein gene affect development or progression of melanoma, or disease outcome. An inverse correlation of VDR and CYP27B1 expression with melanoma progression has been found, with low or undetectable levels of these proteins being associated with poor disease outcomes. Unexpectedly, increased expression of CYP24A1 was associated with better melanoma prognosis. In addition, decreased expression of retinoic acid orphan receptors α and γ, which can also bind vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives, showed positive association with melanoma progression and shorter disease-free and overall survival. Thus, inadequate levels of biologically active forms of D3 and disturbances in expression of the target receptors, or D3 activating or inactivating enzymes, can affect melanomagenesis and disease progression. We therefore propose that inclusion of vitamin D into melanoma management should be beneficial for patients, at least as an adjuvant approach. The presence of multiple hydroxyderivatives of D3 in skin that show anti-melanoma activity in experimental models and which may act on alternative receptors, will be a future consideration when planning which forms of vitamin D to use for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | | | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Allen S Oak
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Wojciech Jozwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Bosch Institute & School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - We Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Cyclodextrin-Steroid Interactions and Applications to Pharmaceuticals, Food, Biotechnology and Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76162-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Hobrath JV, Oak ASW, Tang EKY, Tieu EW, Li W, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM. Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as "biased" agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on RORα and RORγ. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:42-56. [PMID: 27693422 PMCID: PMC5373926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical pathway of vitamin D activation follows the sequence D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3 with the final product acting on the receptor for vitamin D (VDR). An alternative pathway can be started by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of D3, primarily producing 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3. Some of these metabolites are hydroxylated by CYP27B1 at C1α, by CYP24A1 at C24 and C25, and by CYP27A1 at C25 and C26. The products of these pathways are biologically active. In the epidermis and/or serum or adrenals we detected 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 17,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20,22(OH)3D3, 20,24(OH)2D3, 1,20,24(OH)3D3, 20,25(OH)2D3, 1,20,25(OH)3D3, 20,26(OH)2D3 and 1,20,26(OH)3D3. 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 are non-calcemic, while the addition of an OH at C1α confers some calcemic activity. Molecular modeling and functional assays show that the major products of the pathway can act as "biased" agonists for the VDR with high docking scores to the ligand binding domain (LBD), but lower than that of 1,25(OH)2D3. Importantly, cell based functional receptor studies and molecular modeling have identified the novel secosteroids as inverse agonists of both RORα and RORγ receptors. Specifically, they have high docking scores using crystal structures of RORα and RORγ LBDs. Furthermore, 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 have been tested in a cell model that expresses a Tet-on RORα or RORγ vector and a RORE-LUC reporter (ROR-responsive element), and in a mammalian 2-hybrid model that test interactions between an LBD-interacting LXXLL-peptide and the LBD of RORα/γ. These assays demonstrated that the novel secosteroids have ROR-antagonist activities that were further confirmed by the inhibition of IL17 promoter activity in cells overexpressing RORα/γ. In conclusion, endogenously produced novel D3 hydroxy-derivatives can act both as "biased" agonists of the VDR and/or inverse agonists of RORα/γ. We suggest that the identification of large number of endogenously produced alternative hydroxy-metabolites of D3 that are biologically active, and of possible alternative receptors, may offer an explanation for the pleiotropic and diverse activities of vitamin D, previously assigned solely to 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/metabolism
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Vitamins/metabolism
- Vitamins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
| | | | - Judith V Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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10
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Characterization of a new pathway that activates lumisterol in vivo to biologically active hydroxylumisterols. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11434. [PMID: 28900196 PMCID: PMC5595834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using LC/qTOF-MS we detected lumisterol, 20-hydroxylumisterol, 22-hydroxylumisterol, 24-hydroxylumisterol, 20,22-dihydroxylumisterol, pregnalumisterol, 17-hydroxypregnalumisterol and 17,20-dihydroxypregnalumisterol in human serum and epidermis, and the porcine adrenal gland. The hydroxylumisterols inhibited proliferation of human skin cells in a cell type-dependent fashion with predominant effects on epidermal keratinocytes. They also inhibited melanoma proliferation in both monolayer and soft agar. 20-Hydroxylumisterol stimulated the expression of several genes, including those associated with keratinocyte differentiation and antioxidative responses, while inhibiting the expression of others including RORA and RORC. Molecular modeling and studies on VDRE-transcriptional activity excludes action through the genomic site of the VDR. However, their favorable interactions with the A-pocket in conjunction with VDR translocation studies suggest they may act on this non-genomic VDR site. Inhibition of RORα and RORγ transactivation activities in a Tet-on CHO cell reporter system, RORα co-activator assays and inhibition of (RORE)-LUC reporter activity in skin cells, in conjunction with molecular modeling, identified RORα and RORγ as excellent receptor candidates for the hydroxylumisterols. Thus, we have discovered a new biologically relevant, lumisterogenic pathway, the metabolites of which display biological activity. This opens a new area of endocrine research on the effects of the hydroxylumisterols on different pathways in different cells and the mechanisms involved.
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11
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Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management. J Transl Med 2017; 97:706-724. [PMID: 28218743 PMCID: PMC5446295 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB), in addition to having carcinogenic activity, is required for the production of vitamin D3 (D3) in the skin which supplies >90% of the body's requirement. Vitamin D is activated through hydroxylation by 25-hydroxylases (CYP2R1 or CYP27A1) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) to produce 1,25(OH)2D3, or through the action of CYP11A1 to produce mono-di- and trihydroxy-D3 products that can be further modified by CYP27B1, CYP27A1, and CYP24A1. The active forms of D3, in addition to regulating calcium metabolism, exert pleiotropic activities, which include anticarcinogenic and anti-melanoma effects in experimental models, with photoprotection against UVB-induced damage. These diverse effects are mediated through an interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or as most recently demonstrated through action on retinoic acid orphan receptors (ROR)α and RORγ. With respect to melanoma, low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with thicker tumors and reduced patient survival. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VDR and the vitamin D-binding protein (VDP) genes affect melanomagenesis or disease outcome. Clinicopathological analyses have shown positive correlation between low or undetectable expression of VDR and/or CYP27B1 in melanoma with tumor progression and shorter overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) times. Paradoxically, this correlation was reversed for CYP24A1 (inactivating 24-hydroxylase), indicating that this enzyme, while inactivating 1,25(OH)2D3, can activate other forms of D3 that are products of the non-canonical pathway initiated by CYP11A1. An inverse correlation has been found between the levels of RORα and RORγ expression and melanoma progression and disease outcome. Therefore, we propose that defects in vitamin D signaling including D3 activation/inactivation, and the expression and activity of the corresponding receptors, affect melanoma progression and the outcome of the disease. The existence of multiple bioactive forms of D3 and alternative receptors affecting the behavior of melanoma should be taken into consideration when applying vitamin D management for melanoma therapy.
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12
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Noyola-Martínez N, Halhali A, Zaga-Clavellina V, Olmos-Ortiz A, Larrea F, Barrera D. A time-course regulatory and kinetic expression study of steroid metabolizing enzymes by calcitriol in primary cultured human placental cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:98-105. [PMID: 27871977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (calcitriol), is a secoesteroid involved in several placental functions. In particular, we and others showed that calcitriol regulates peptides, proteins, cytokines and hormones production in human trophoblastic cells. On the other hand, calcitriol modifies the activity and expression of some steroidogenic enzymes, a process that is considered tissue-specific. However, the effects of calcitriol on the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids in placental tissue have not yet been entirely studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of calcitriol upon gene expression of several steroid enzymes such as cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), type 1 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(3β-HSDI), 17β-HSD3, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) and aromatase (CYP19A1) in primary cultures of human placental cells. Cell cultures were performed using placentas obtained immediately after delivery by caesarean section from normotensive healthy women and calcitriol effects were evaluated, at level of transcription, by qPCR. The results showed that: 1) from basal expression values of the five genes studied, 3β-HSDI was the most expressed gene (P<0.05); 2) basal expression of all enzymes was significantly higher in cultured syncytiotrophoblast than in cytotrophoblasts (P<0.05); 3) the presence of calcitriol in cultured trophoblast cells generally resulted in a stimulatory effect of CYP11A1, CYP19A1 and 17β-HSD3 gene expression at 3h of treatment whereas 3β-HSDI was induced at 6h (P<0.05). However, a time-dependent variable was also observed; 4) protein expression of CYP11A1 and 3β-HSDI were not modified significantly by calcitriol, however that of CYP19A1 was regulated in similar fashion as gene expression. In conclusion, calcitriol affected in a time-dependent manner the expression of steroids metabolizing enzymes in human placental cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Noyola-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales No. 800, Miguel Hidalgo 11000, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, México, D.F. 14080, Mexico.
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13
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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14
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Slominski AT, Li W, Kim TK, Semak I, Wang J, Zjawiony JK, Tuckey RC. Novel activities of CYP11A1 and their potential physiological significance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:25-37. [PMID: 25448732 PMCID: PMC4757911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP11A1, found only in vertebrates, catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis where cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone. The purified enzyme, also converts desmosterol and plant sterols including campesterol and β-sitosterol, to pregnenolone. Studies, initially with purified enzyme, reveal that 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), ergosterol, lumisterol 3, and vitamins D3 and D2 also serve as substrates for CYP11A1, with 7DHC being better and vitamins D3 and D2 being poorer substrates than cholesterol. Adrenal glands, placenta, and epidermal keratinocytes can also carry out these conversions and 7-dehydropregnenolone has been detected in the epidermis, adrenal glands, and serum, and 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 was detected in human serum and the epidermis. Thus, this metabolism does appear to occur in vivo, although its quantitative importance and physiological role remain to be established. CYP11A1 action on 7DHC in vivo is further supported by detection of Δ(7)steroids in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. The activity of CYP11A1 is affected by the structure of the substrate with sterols having steroidal or Δ(7)-steroidal structures undergoing side chain cleavage following hydroxylations at C22 and C20. In contrast, metabolism of vitamin D involves sequential hydroxylations that start at C20 but do not lead to cleavage. Molecular modeling using the crystal structure of CYP11A1 predicts that other intermediates of cholesterol synthesis could also serve as substrates for CYP11A1. Finally, CYP11A1-derived secosteroidal hydroxy-derivatives and Δ(7)steroids are biologically active when administered in vitro in a manner dependent on the structure of the compound and the lineage of the target cells, suggesting physiological roles for these metabolites. This article is part of a special issue entitled 'SI: Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Rheumatology of the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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15
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Mosa A, Neunzig J, Gerber A, Zapp J, Hannemann F, Pilak P, Bernhardt R. 2β- and 16β-hydroxylase activity of CYP11A1 and direct stimulatory effect of estrogens on pregnenolone formation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:1-10. [PMID: 25746800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of steroid hormones in vertebrates is initiated by the cytochrome P450 CYP11A1, which performs the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol thereby producing pregnenolone. In this study, we report a direct stimulatory effect of the estrogens estradiol and estrone onto the pregnenolone formation in a reconstituted in vitro system consisting of purified CYP11A1 and its natural redox partners. We demonstrated the formation of new products from 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during the in vitro reaction catalyzed by CYP11A1. In addition, we also established an Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalytic system consisting of CYP11A1 and its redox partners to obtain sufficient yields of products for NMR-characterization. Our results indicate that CYP11A1, in addition to the previously described 6β-hydroxylase activity, possesses a 2β-hydroxylase activity towards DOC and androstenedione as well as a 16β-hydroxylase activity towards DHEA. We also showed that CYP11A1 is able to perform the 6β-hydroxylation of testosterone, a reaction that has been predominantly attributed to CYP3A4. Our results are the first evidence that sex hormones positively regulate the overall production of steroid hormones suggesting the need to reassess the role of CYP11A1 in steroid hormone biosynthesis and its substrate-dependent mechanistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mosa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - A Gerber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Zapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - F Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - P Pilak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - R Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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16
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Tieu EW, Li W, Chen J, Kim TK, Ma D, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Metabolism of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat and human CYP24A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:153-65. [PMID: 25727742 PMCID: PMC4380815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1 hydroxylates vitamin D3 producing 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3] and 20S,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,23(OH)2D3] as the major and most characterized metabolites. Both display immuno-regulatory and anti-cancer properties while being non-calcemic. A previous study indicated 20(OH)D3 can be metabolized by rat CYP24A1 to products including 20S,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24(OH)2D3] and 20S,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, with both producing greater inhibition of melanoma colony formation than 20(OH)D3. The aim of this study was to characterize the ability of rat and human CYP24A1 to metabolize 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. Both isoforms metabolized 20(OH)D3 to the same dihydroxyvitamin D species with no secondary metabolites being observed. Hydroxylation at C24 produced both enantiomers of 20,24(OH)2D3. For rat CYP24A1 the preferred initial site of hydroxylation was at C24 whereas the human enzyme preferred C25. 20,23(OH)2D3 was initially metabolized to 20S,23,24-trihydroxyvitamin D3 and 20S,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat and human CYP24A1 as determined by NMR, with both isoforms showing a preference for initial hydroxylation at C25. CYP24A1 was able to further oxidize these metabolites in a series of reactions which included the cleavage of C23-C24 bond, as indicated by high resolution mass spectrometry of the products, analogous to the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3 via the C24-oxidation pathway. Similar catalytic efficiencies were observed for the metabolism of 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 by human CYP24A1 and were lower than for the metabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. We conclude that rat and human CYP24A1 metabolizes 20(OH)D3 producing only dihydroxyvitamin D3 species as products which retain biological activity, whereas 20,23(OH)2D3 undergoes multiple oxidations which include cleavage of the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South College, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dejian Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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17
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Slominski AT, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Wasilewski P, Rosas S, Hanna S, Sayre RM, Dowdy JC, Li W, Tuckey RC. Novel non-calcemic secosteroids that are produced by human epidermal keratinocytes protect against solar radiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:52-63. [PMID: 25617667 PMCID: PMC4369786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1 hydroxylates the side chain of vitamin D3 (D3) in a sequential fashion [D3→20S(OH)D3→20,23(OH)2D3→17,20,23(OH)3D3], in an alternative to the classical pathway of activation [D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3]. The products/intermediates of the pathway can be further modified by the action of CYP27B1. The CYP11A1-derived products are biologically active with functions determined by the lineage of the target cells. This pathway can operate in epidermal keratinocytes. To further define the role of these novel secosteroids we tested them for protective effects against UVB-induced damage in human epidermal keratinocytes, melanocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes, cultured in vitro. The secosteroids attenuated ROS, H2O2 and NO production by UVB-irradiated keratinocytes and melanocytes, with an efficacy similar to 1,25(OH)2D3, while 25(OH)D3 had lower efficacy. These attenuations were also seen to some extent for the 20(OH)D3 precursor, 20S-hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol. These effects were accompanied by upregulation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for defense against oxidative stress. Using immunofluorescent staining we observed that the secosteroids reduced the generation cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in response to UVB and enhanced expression of p53 phosphorylated at Ser-15, but not at Ser-46. Additional evidence for protection against DNA damage in cells exposed to UVB and treated with secosteroids was provided by the Comet assay where DNA fragmentation was markedly reduced by 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. In conclusion, novel secosteroids that can be produced by the action of CYP11A1 in epidermal keratinocytes have protective effects against UVB radiation. This article is part of a special issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Piotr Wasilewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sofia Rosas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sherie Hanna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - John C Dowdy
- Rapid Precision Testing Laboratories, Cordova, TN, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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18
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Wasiewicz T, Szyszka P, Cichorek M, Janjetovic Z, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA. Antitumor effects of vitamin D analogs on hamster and mouse melanoma cell lines in relation to melanin pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6645-67. [PMID: 25811927 PMCID: PMC4424981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16046645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated melanogenesis is involved in melanomagenesis and melanoma progression and resistance to therapy. Vitamin D analogs have anti-melanoma activity. While the hypercalcaemic effect of the active form of Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) limits its therapeutic use, novel Vitamin D analogs with a modified side chain demonstrate low calcaemic activity. We therefore examined the effect of secosteroidal analogs, both classic (1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3), and novel relatively non-calcemic ones (20(OH)D3, calcipotriol, 21(OH)pD, pD and 20(OH)pL), on proliferation, colony formation in monolayer and soft-agar, and mRNA and protein expression by melanoma cells. Murine B16-F10 and hamster Bomirski Ab cell lines were shown to be effective models to study how melanogenesis affects anti-melanoma treatment. Novel Vitamin D analogs with a short side-chain and lumisterol-like 20(OH)pL efficiently inhibited rodent melanoma growth. Moderate pigmentation sensitized rodent melanoma cells towards Vitamin D analogs, and altered expression of key genes involved in Vitamin D signaling, which was opposite to the effect on heavily pigmented cells. Interestingly, melanogenesis inhibited ligand-induced Vitamin D receptor translocation and ligand-induced expression of VDR and CYP24A1 genes. These findings indicate that melanogenesis can affect the anti-melanoma activity of Vitamin D analogs in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasiewicz
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Szyszka
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Miroslawa Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Michal A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1a, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
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19
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Li W, Yi AK, Postlethwaite A, Tuckey RC. The role of CYP11A1 in the production of vitamin D metabolites and their role in the regulation of epidermal functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:28-39. [PMID: 24176765 PMCID: PMC4002668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research over the last decade has revealed that CYP11A1 can hydroxylate the side chain of vitamin D3 at carbons 17, 20, 22 and 23 to produce at least 10 metabolites, with 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 17,20(OH)2D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3 being the main products. However, CYP11A1 does not act on 25(OH)D3. The placenta, adrenal glands and epidermal keratinocytes have been shown to metabolize vitamin D3 via this CYP11A1-mediated pathway that is modified by the activity of CYP27B1, with 20(OH)D3 (the major metabolite), 20,23(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3 being detected, defining these secosteroids as endogenous regulators/natural products. This is supported by the detection of a mono-hydroxyvitamin D3 with the retention time of 20(OH)D3 in human serum. In new work presented here we demonstrate that the CYP11A1-initiated pathways also occurs in Caco-2 colon cells. Our previous studies show that 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 are non-calcemic at pharmacological doses, dependent in part on their lack of a C1α hydroxyl group. In epidermal keratinocytes, 20(OH)D3, 20(OH)D2 and 20,23(OH)2D3 inhibited cell proliferation, stimulated differentiation and inhibited NF-κB activity with potencies comparable to 1,25(OH)2D3, acting as partial agonists on the VDR. 22(OH)D3 and 20,22(OH)2D3, as well as secosteroids with a short or no side chain, showed antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects, however, with lower potency than 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. The CYP11A1-derived secosteroids also inhibited melanocyte proliferation while having no effect on melanogenesis, and showed anti-melanoma activities in terms of inhibiting proliferation and the ability to grow in soft agar. Furthermore, 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 showed anti-fibrosing effects in vitro, and also in vivo for the former. New data presented here shows that 20(OH)D3 inhibits LPS-induced production of TNFα in the J774 line, TNFα and IL-6 in peritoneal macrophages and suppresses the production of proinflammatory Th1/Th17-related cytokines, while promoting the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in vivo. In summary, CYP11A1 initiates new pathways of vitamin D metabolism in a range of tissues and products could have important physiological roles at the local or systemic level. In the skin, CYP11A1-derived secosteroids could serve both as endogenous regulators of skin functions and as excellent candidates for treatment of hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin disorders, and skin cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Adult Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA; Veteran Administration, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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20
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Semak I, Zbytek B, Pisarchik A, Li W, Zjawiony J, Tuckey RC. Cytochromes p450 and skin cancer: role of local endocrine pathways. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:77-96. [PMID: 23869782 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113139990308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest body organ forming a metabolically active barrier between external and internal environments. The metabolic barrier is composed of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) that regulate its homeostasis through activation or inactivation of biologically relevant molecules. In this review we focus our attention on local steroidogenic and secosteroidogenic systems in relation to skin cancer, e.g., prevention, attenuation of tumor progression and therapy. The local steroidogenic system is composed of locally expressed CYPs involved in local production of androgens, estrogens, gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids from cholesterol (initiated by CYP11A1) or from steroid precursors delivered to the skin, and of their metabolism and/or inactivation. Cutaneous 7-hydroxylases (CYP7A1, CYP7B1 and CYP39) potentially can produce 7-hydroxy/oxy-steroids/sterols with modifying effects on local tumorigenesis. CYP11A1 also transforms 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC)→22(OH)7DHC→20,22(OH)2-7DHC→7-dehydropregnenolone, which can be further metabolized to other 5,7- steroidal dienes. These 5,7-dienal intermediates are converted by ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) into secosteroids which show pro-differentiation and anti-cancer properties. Finally, the skin is the site of activation of vitamin D3 through two alternative pathways. The classical one involves sequential hydroxylation at positions 25 and 1 to produce active 1,25(OH)2D3, which is further inactivated through hydroxylation at C24. The novel pathway is initiated by CYP11A1 with predominant production of 20(OH)D3 which is further metabolized to biologically active but non-calcemic D3-hydroxyderivatives. Classical and non-classical (novel) vitamin D analogs show pro-differentiation, anti-proliferative and anticancer properties. In addition, melatonin is metabolized by local CYPs. In conclusion cutaneously expressed CYPs have significant effects on skin physiology and pathology trough regulation of its chemical milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert C Tuckey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, RM525, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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21
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Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Cheng CYS, Chen J, Kim TK, Xiao M, Li W. Lumisterol is metabolized by CYP11A1: discovery of a new pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:24-34. [PMID: 25130438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumisterol3 (L3) is produced by photochemical transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) during exposure to high doses of ultraviolet B radiation. It has been assumed that L3 is biologically inactive and is not metabolized in the body. However, some synthetic derivatives of L3 display biological activity. The aim of this study was to test the ability of CYP11A1 to metabolize L3. Incubation of L3 with bovine or human CYP11A1 resulted in the formation of three major and a number of minor products. The catalytic efficiency of bovine CYP11A1 for metabolism of L3 dissolved in 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was approximately 20% of that reported for vitamin D3 and cholesterol. The structures of the three major products were identified as 24-hydroxy-L3, 22-hydroxy-L3 and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 by NMR. 22-Hydroxy-L3 was further metabolized by bovine CYP11A1 to 20,22-dihydroxy-L3. Both 22-hydroxy-L3 and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 gave rise to a minor metabolite identified from authentic standard and mass spectrometry as pregnalumisterol (pL) (product of C20-C22 side chain cleavage of L3) and two trihydroxy-L3 products. The capability of tissues expressing CYP11A1 to metabolize L3 was demonstrated using pig adrenal fragments where 20,22-dihydroxy-L3, 22-hydroxy-L3, 24-hydroxy-L3 and pL were detected by LC/MS. Thus, we have established that L3 is metabolized by CYP11A1 to 22- and 24-hydroxy-L3 and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 as major products, as well as to pL and other minor products. The previously reported biological activity of pL and the presence of CYP11A1 in skin suggest that this pathway may serve to produce biologically active products from L3, emphasizing a novel role of CYP11A1 in sterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South College, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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22
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Takeda Y, Janjetovic Z, Brozyna AA, Skobowiat C, Wang J, Postlethwaite A, Li W, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM. RORα and ROR γ are expressed in human skin and serve as receptors for endogenously produced noncalcemic 20-hydroxy- and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D. FASEB J 2014; 28:2775-89. [PMID: 24668754 PMCID: PMC4062828 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
RORα and RORγ are expressed in human skin cells that produce the noncalcemic 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3] and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,23(OH)2D3]. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing a Tet-on RORα or RORγ expression vector and a ROR-responsive element (RORE)-LUC reporter, and a mammalian 2-hybrid model examining the interaction between the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RORα or RORγ with an LBD-interacting LXXLL-peptide, were used to study ROR-antagonist activities. These assays revealed that 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 function as antagonists of RORα and RORγ. Moreover, 20(OH)D3 inhibited the activation of the promoter of the Bmal1 and G6pase genes, targets of RORα, and 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 inhibited Il17 promoter activity in Jurkat cells overexpressing RORα or RORγ. Molecular modeling using crystal structures of the LBDs of RORα and RORγ revealed docking scores for 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 similar to those of the natural ligands, predicting good binding to the receptor. Notably, 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited RORE-mediated activation of a reporter in keratinocytes and melanoma cells and inhibited IL-17 production by immune cells. Our study identifies a novel signaling pathway, in which 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 act as antagonists or inverse agonists of RORα and RORγ, that opens new possibilities for local (skin) or systemic regulation.-Slominski, A. T., Kim, T.-K., Takeda, Y., Janjetovic, Z., Broz˙yna, A. A., Skobowiat, C., Wang, J., Postlethwaite, A., Li, W., Tuckey, R. C., Jetten, A. M. RORα and ROR γ are expressed in human skin and serve as receptors for endogenously produced noncalcemic 20-hydroxy- and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D.
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MESH Headings
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Calcifediol/analogs & derivatives
- Calcifediol/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetulus
- Dihydroxycholecalciferols/metabolism
- Female
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Skin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Anna A Brozyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center, Professor Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
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23
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Slominski A, Kim TK, Zmijewski MA, Janjetovic Z, Li W, Chen J, Kusniatsova EI, Semak I, Postlethwaite A, Miller DD, Zjawiony JK, Tuckey RC. Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 5:7-19. [PMID: 24494038 PMCID: PMC3897599 DOI: 10.4161/derm.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Novel metabolic pathways initiated by the enzymatic action of CYP11A1 on 7DHC (7-dehydrocholesterol), ergosterol, vitamins D3 and D2 were characterized with help of chemical synthesis, UV and mass spectrometry and NMR analyses. The first pathway follows the sequence 7DHC→22(OH)7DHC → 20,22(OH)27DHC → 7DHP (7-dehydropregnenolone), which can further be metabolized by steroidogenic enzymes. The resulting 5,7-dienes can be transformed by UVB to corresponding, biologically active, secosteroids. Action of CYP11A1 on vitamin D3 and D2 produces novel hydroxyderivatives with OH added at positions C17, C20, C22, C23 and C24, some of which can be hydroxylated by CYP27B1 and/or by CYP27A1 and/ or by CYP24A1.The main products of these pathways are biologically active with a potency related to their chemical structure and the target cell type. Main products of CYP11A1-mediated metabolism on vitamin D are non-calcemic and non-toxic at relatively high doses and serve as partial agonists on the vitamin D receptor. New secosteroids are excellent candidates for therapy of fibrosing, inflammatory or hyperproliferative disorders including cancers and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Cancer Research; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis, TN USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Cancer Research; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis, TN USA
| | | | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Cancer Research; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis, TN USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | | | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry; Belarusian State University; Minsk, Belarus
| | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis, TN USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University, MS USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Western Australia; Crawley, WA, Australia
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24
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Chen J, Wang J, Kim TK, Tieu EW, Tang EKY, Lin Z, Kovacic D, Miller DD, Postlethwaite A, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Li W. Novel vitamin D analogs as potential therapeutics: metabolism, toxicity profiling, and antiproliferative activity. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:2153-2163. [PMID: 24778017 PMCID: PMC4015637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To discover novel [20(OH)D3] analogs as antiproliferative therapeutics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied in vitro liver microsome stability, in vivo toxicity using mice, vitamin D receptor (VDR) translocation, in vitro antiproliferative effect, CYP enzyme metabolism. RESULTS 20S- and 20R(OH)D3 had reasonable half-lives of 50 min and 30 min (average) respectively in liver microsomes. They were non-hypercalcemic at a high dose of 60 μg/kg. Three new 20(OH)D3 analogs were designed, synthesized and tested. They showed higher or comparable potency for inhibition of proliferation of normal keratinocytes and in the induction of VDR translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, compared to 1,25(OH)2D3. These new analogs demonstrated different degrees of metabolism through a range of vitamin D-metabolizing CYP enzymes. CONCLUSION Their lack of calcemic toxicity at high doses and their high biological activity suggest that this novel 20(OH)D3 scaffold may represent a promising platform for further development of therapeutically-useful agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, U.S.A.
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25
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Shehabi HZ, Tang EKY, Benson HAE, Semak I, Lin Z, Yates CR, Wang J, Li W, Tuckey RC. In vivo production of novel vitamin D2 hydroxy-derivatives by human placentas, epidermal keratinocytes, Caco-2 colon cells and the adrenal gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 383:181-92. [PMID: 24382416 PMCID: PMC3997123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the metabolism of vitamin D2 to hydroxyvitamin D2 metabolites ((OH)D2) by human placentas ex-utero, adrenal glands ex-vivo and cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and colonic Caco-2 cells, and identified 20(OH)D2, 17,20(OH)₂D2, 1,20(OH)₂D2, 25(OH)D2 and 1,25(OH)₂D2 as products. Inhibition of product formation by 22R-hydroxycholesterol indicated involvement of CYP11A1 in 20- and 17-hydroxylation of vitamin D2, while use of ketoconazole indicated involvement of CYP27B1 in 1α-hydroxylation of products. Studies with purified human CYP11A1 confirmed the ability of this enzyme to convert vitamin D2 to 20(OH)D2 and 17,20(OH)₂D2. In placentas and Caco-2 cells, production of 20(OH)D2 was higher than 25(OH)D2 while in human keratinocytes the production of 20(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D2 were comparable. HaCaT keratinocytes showed high accumulation of 1,20(OH)₂D2 relative to 20(OH)D2 indicating substantial CYP27B1 activity. This is the first in vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D2 metabolism initiated by CYP11A1 and modified by CYP27B1, with the product profile showing tissue- and cell-type specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases of the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Haleem Z Shehabi
- School of Pharmacy, CHIRI-Biosciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Zongtao Lin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles R Yates
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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26
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Li J, Daly E, Campioli E, Wabitsch M, Papadopoulos V. De novo synthesis of steroids and oxysterols in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:747-64. [PMID: 24280213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Local production and action of cholesterol metabolites such as steroids or oxysterols within endocrine tissues are currently recognized as an important principle in the cell type- and tissue-specific regulation of hormone effects. In adipocytes, one of the most abundant endocrine cells in the human body, the de novo production of steroids or oxysterols from cholesterol has not been examined. Here, we demonstrate that essential components of cholesterol transport and metabolism machinery in the initial steps of steroid and/or oxysterol biosynthesis pathways are present and active in adipocytes. The ability of adipocyte CYP11A1 in producing pregnenolone is demonstrated for the first time, rendering adipocyte a steroidogenic cell. The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), synthesized by the mitochondrial enzyme CYP27A1, was identified as one of the major de novo adipocyte products from cholesterol and its precursor mevalonate. Inhibition of CYP27A1 activity or knockdown and deletion of the Cyp27a1 gene induced adipocyte differentiation, suggesting a paracrine or autocrine biological significance for the adipocyte-derived 27HC. These findings suggest that the presence of the 27HC biosynthesis pathway in adipocytes may represent a defense mechanism to prevent the formation of new fat cells upon overfeeding with dietary cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehan Li
- From the Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, and
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27
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Tang EKY, Chen J, Janjetovic Z, Tieu EW, Slominski AT, Li W, Tuckey RC. Hydroxylation of CYP11A1-derived products of vitamin D3 metabolism by human and mouse CYP27B1. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1112-24. [PMID: 23454830 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP11A1 can hydroxylate vitamin D3 at carbons 17, 20, 22, and 23, producing a range of secosteroids which are biologically active with respect to their ability to inhibit proliferation and stimulate differentiation of various cell types, including cancer cells. As 1α-hydroxylation of the primary metabolite of CYP11A1 action, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3], greatly influences its properties, we examined the ability of both human and mouse CYP27B1 to 1α-hydroxylate six secosteroids generated by CYP11A1. Based on their kcat/Km values, all CYP11A1-derived metabolites are poor substrates for CYP27B1 from both species compared with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. No hydroxylation of metabolites with a 17α-hydroxyl group was observed. 17α,20-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 acted as an inhibitor on human CYP27B1 but not the mouse enzyme. We also tested CYP27B1 activity on 20,24-, 20,25-, and 20,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which are products of CYP24A1 or CYP27A1 activity on 20(OH)D3. All three compounds were metabolized with higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) by both mouse and human CYP27B1 than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. CYP27B1 action on these new dihydroxy derivatives was confirmed to be 1α-hydroxylation by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Both 1,20,25- and 1,20,26- trihydroxyvitamin D3 were tested for their ability to inhibit melanoma (SKMEL-188) colony formation, and were significantly more active than 20(OH)D3. This study shows that CYP11A1-derived secosteroids are 1α-hydroxylated by both human and mouse CYP27B1 with low catalytic efficiency, and that the presence of a 17α-hydroxyl group completely blocks 1α-hydroxylation. In contrast, the secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylation of 20(OH)D3 at C24, C25, or C26 are very good substrates for CYP27B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith K Y Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Tieu EW, Tang EKY, Chen J, Li W, Nguyen MN, Janjetovic Z, Slominski A, Tuckey RC. Rat CYP24A1 acts on 20-hydroxyvitamin D(3) producing hydroxylated products with increased biological activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1696-704. [PMID: 23041230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) (20(OH)D(3)), the major product of CYP11A1 action on vitamin D(3), is biologically active and is produced in vivo. As well as potentially having important physiological actions, it is of interest as a therapeutic agent due to its lack of calcemic activity. In the current study we have examined the ability of CYP24A1, the enzyme that inactivates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), to metabolize 20(OH)D(3). Rat CYP24A1 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by Ni-affinity chromatography and assayed with substrates incorporated into phospholipid vesicles which served as a model of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In this system CYP24A1 metabolized 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) with a catalytic efficiency 1.4-fold higher than that seen for 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)). CYP24A1 hydroxylated 20(OH)D(3) to several dihydroxy-derivatives with the major two identified by NMR as 20,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (20,24(OH)(2)D(3)) and 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (20,25(OH)(2)D(3)). The catalytic efficiency of CYP24A1 for 20(OH)D(3) metabolism was more than 10-fold lower than for either 25(OH)D(3) or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and no secondary metabolites were produced. The two major products, 20,24(OH)(2)D(3) and 20,25(OH)(2)D(3), caused significantly greater inhibition of colony formation by SKMEL-188 melanoma cells than either 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or the parent 20(OH)D(3), showing that CYP24A1 plays an activating, rather than an inactivating role on 20(OH)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Szyszka P, Zmijewski MA, Slominski AT. New vitamin D analogs as potential therapeutics in melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:585-99. [PMID: 22594894 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence shows that the active form of vitamin D3--1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3--plays an important role in cancer prevention, has tumorostatic activity and may potentially be used in therapy for melanoma. Vitamin D3 and its analogs (secosteroids) exert multiple effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of cell growth and induction of differentiation. Activity of secosteroids depends on multiple cellular factors, including expression of the vitamin D receptor. Despite its endogenous origin, the key drawback for the use of pharmacologically effective doses of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is its hypercalcemic effect leading to profound toxicity. The solution may lie in properties of vitamin D3 analogs with modified side chains, which demonstrate low calcemic activity but conserve the anti-tumor properties. Noncalcemic vitamin D compounds were found to be potent in multiple studies that mandate further clinical testing. Finally, recent studies revealed alternative metabolic pathways for secosteroids and new targets in the cells, which opens up new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Szyszka
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Cytochrome P450scc-dependent metabolism of 7-dehydrocholesterol in placenta and epidermal keratinocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2003-18. [PMID: 22877869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) is an excellent substrate for cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) opens up new possibilities in biochemistry. To elucidate its biological significance we tested ex vivo P450scc-dependent metabolism of 7DHC by tissues expressing high and low levels of P450scc activity, placenta and epidermal keratinocytes, respectively. Incubation of human placenta fragments with 7DHC led to its conversion to 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP), which was inhibited by dl-aminoglutethimide, and stimulated by forskolin. Final proof for P450scc involvement was provided in isolated placental mitochondria where production of 7DHP was almost completely inhibited by 22R-hydroxycholesterol. 7DHC was metabolized by placental mitochondria at a faster rate than exogenous cholesterol, under both limiting and saturating conditions of substrate transport, consistent with higher catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) with 7DHC as substrate than with cholesterol. Ex vivo experiments showed five 5,7-dienal intermediates with MS spectra of dihydroxy and mono-hydroxy-7DHC and retention time corresponding to 20,22(OH)(2)7DHC and 22(OH)7DHC. The chemical structure of 20,22(OH)(2)7DHC was defined by NMR. 7DHP was further metabolized by either placental fragments or placental microsomes to 7-dehydroprogesterone as defined by UV, MS and NMR, and to an additional product with a 5,7-dienal structure and MS corresponding to hydroxy-7DHP. Furthermore, epidermal keratinocytes transformed either exogenous or endogenous 7DHC to 7DHP. 7DHP inhibited keratinocytes proliferation, while the product of its pholytic transformation, pregcalciferol, lost this capability. In conclusion, tissues expressing P450scc can metabolize 7DHC to biologically active 7DHP with 22(OH)7DHC and 20,22(OH)(2)7DHC serving as intermediates, and with further metabolism to 7-dehydroprogesterone and (OH)7DHP.
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Shehabi HZ, Semak I, Tang EKY, Nguyen MN, Benson HAE, Korik E, Janjetovic Z, Chen J, Yates CR, Postlethwaite A, Li W, Tuckey RC. In vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D₃ metabolism initiated by P450scc and modified by CYP27B1. FASEB J 2012; 26:3901-15. [PMID: 22683847 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We define previously unrecognized in vivo pathways of vitamin D(3) (D3) metabolism generating novel D3-hydroxyderivatives different from 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D3] and 1,25(OH)(2)D3. Their novel products include 20-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [20(OH)D3], 22(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)(2)D3, 20,22(OH)(2)D3, 1,20(OH)(2)D3, 1,20,23(OH)(3)D3, and 17,20,23(OH)(3)D3 and were produced by placenta, adrenal glands, and epidermal keratinocytes. We detected the predominant metabolite [20(OH)D3] in human serum with a relative concentration ∼20 times lower than 25(OH)D3. Use of inhibitors and studies performed with isolated mitochondria and purified enzymes demonstrated involvement of the steroidogenic enzyme cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) as well as CYP27B1 (1α-hydroxylase). In placenta and adrenal glands with high CYP11A1 expression, the predominant pathway was D3 → 20(OH)D3 → 20,23(OH)(2)D3 → 17,20,23(OH)(3)D3 with further 1α-hydroxylation, and minor pathways were D3 → 25(OH)D3 → 1,25(OH)(2)D3 and D3 → 22(OH)D3 → 20,22(OH)(2)D3. In epidermal keratinocytes, we observed higher proportions of 22(OH)D3 and 20,22(OH)(2)D3. We also detected endogenous production of 20(OH)D3, 22(OH) D3, 20,23(OH)(2)D3, 20,22(OH)(2)D3, and 17,20,23(OH)(3)D3 by immortalized human keratinocytes. Thus, we provide in vivo evidence for novel pathways of D3 metabolism initiated by CYP11A1, with the product profile showing organ/cell type specificity and being modified by CYP27B1 activity. These findings define the pathway intermediates as natural products/endogenous bioregulators and break the current dogma that vitamin D is solely activated through the sequence D3 → 25(OH)D3 → 1,25(OH)(2)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Tuckey RC, Nguyen MN, Chen J, Slominski AT, Baldisseri DM, Tieu EW, Zjawiony JK, Li W. Human cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) catalyzes epoxide formation with ergosterol. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:436-44. [PMID: 22106170 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450scc (P450scc) catalyzes the cleavage of the side chain of both cholesterol and the vitamin D(3) precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol. The aim of this study was to test the ability of human P450scc to metabolize ergosterol, the vitamin D(2) precursor, and define the structure of the major products. P450scc incorporated into the bilayer of phospholipid vesicles converted ergosterol to two major and four minor products with a k(cat) of 53 mol · min(-1) · mol P450scc(-1) and a K(m) of 0.18 mol ergosterol/mol phospholipid, similar to the values observed for cholesterol metabolism. The reaction of ergosterol with P450scc was scaled up to make enough of the two major products for structural analysis. From mass spectrometry, NMR, and comparison of the NMR data to that for similar molecules, we determined the structures of the two major products as 20-hydroxy-22,23-epoxy-22,23-dihydroergosterol and 22-keto-23-hydroxy-22,23-dihydroergosterol. Molecular modeling and nuclear Overhauser effect (or enhancement) spectroscopy spectra analysis helped to establish the configurations at C20, C22, and C23 and determine the final structures of major products as 22R,23S-epoxyergosta-5,7-diene-3β,20α-diol and 3β,23S-dihydroxyergosta-5,7-dien-22-one. It is likely that the formation of the second product is through a 22,23-epoxy (oxirane) intermediate followed by C22 hydroxylation with the formation of strained 22-hydroxy-22,23-epoxide (oxiranol), which is immediately transformed to the more stable α-hydroxyketone. Molecular modeling of ergosterol into the P450scc crystal structure positioned the ergosterol side chain consistent with formation of the above products. Thus, we have shown that P450scc efficiently catalyzes epoxide formation with ergosterol giving rise to novel epoxy, hydroxy, and keto derivatives, without causing cleavage of the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, M310, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009.
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Tuckey RC, Li W, Shehabi HZ, Janjetovic Z, Nguyen MN, Kim TK, Chen J, Howell DE, Benson HAE, Sweatman T, Baldisseri DM, Slominski A. Production of 22-hydroxy metabolites of vitamin d3 by cytochrome p450scc (CYP11A1) and analysis of their biological activities on skin cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1577-88. [PMID: 21677063 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) can hydroxylate vitamin D(3), producing 20S-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [20(OH)D(3)] and 20S,23-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [20,23(OH)(2)D(3)] as the major metabolites. These are biologically active, acting as partial vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists. Minor products include 17-hydroxyvitamin D(3), 17,20-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), and 17,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D(3). In the current study, we have further analyzed the reaction products from cytochrome P450scc (P450scc) action on vitamin D(3) and have identified two 22-hydroxy derivatives as products, 22-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [22(OH)D(3)] and 20S,22-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [20,22(OH)(2)D(3)]. The structures of both of these derivatives were determined by NMR. P450scc could convert purified 22(OH)D(3) to 20,22(OH)(2)D(3). The 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) could also be produced from 20(OH)D(3) and was metabolized to a trihydroxyvitamin D(3) product. We compared the biological activities of these new derivatives with those of 20(OH)D(3), 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 20(OH)D(3), 22(OH)D(3), 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), and 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) significantly inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The strongest inducers of involucrin expression (a marker of keratinocyte differentiation) were 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), 20,22(OH)(2)D(3), 20(OH)D(3), and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), with 22(OH)D(3) having a heterogeneous effect. Little or no stimulation of CYP24 mRNA expression was observed for all the analogs tested except for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). All the compounds stimulated VDR translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus with 22(OH)D(3) and 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) having less effect than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 20(OH)D(3). Thus, we have identified 22(OH)D(3) and 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) as products of CYP11A1 action on vitamin D(3) and shown that, like 20(OH)D(3) and 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), they are active on keratinocytes via the VDR, however, showing a degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in comparison with other P450scc-derived hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Biomolecular, Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Tuckey RC, Bieniek R, Yue J, Li W, Chen J, Nguyen MN, Tang EKY, Miller D, Chen TC, Holick M. 20-Hydroxyvitamin D2 is a noncalcemic analog of vitamin D with potent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation activities in normal and malignant cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C526-41. [PMID: 21160030 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00203.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
20-hydroxyvitamin D(2) [20(OH)D(2)] inhibits DNA synthesis in epidermal keratinocytes, melanocytes, and melanoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This inhibition is dependent on cell type, with keratinocytes and melanoma cells being more sensitive than normal melanocytes. The antiproliferative activity of 20(OH)D(2) is similar to that of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and of newly synthesized 1,20(OH)(2)D(2) but significantly higher than that of 25(OH)D(3). 20(OH)D(2) also displays tumorostatic effects. In keratinocytes 20(OH)D(2) inhibits expression of cyclins and stimulates involucrin expression. It also stimulates CYP24 expression, however, to a significantly lower degree than that by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3). 20(OH)D(2) is a poor substrate for CYP27B1 with overall catalytic efficiency being 24- and 41-fold lower than for 25(OH)D(3) with the mouse and human enzymes, respectively. No conversion of 20(OH)D(2) to 1,20(OH)(2)D(2) was detected in intact HaCaT keratinocytes. 20(OH)D(2) also demonstrates anti-leukemic activity but with lower potency than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). The phenotypic effects of 20(OH)D(2) are mediated through interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as documented by attenuation of cell proliferation after silencing of VDR, by enhancement of the inhibitory effect through stable overexpression of VDR and by the demonstration that 20(OH)D(2) induces time-dependent translocation of VDR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at a comparable rate to that for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). In vivo tests show that while 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at doses as low as 0.8 μg/kg induces calcium deposits in the kidney and heart, 20(OH)D(2) is devoid of such activity even at doses as high as 4 μg/kg. Silencing of CY27B1 in human keratinocytes showed that 20(OH)D(2) does not require its transformation to 1,20(OH)(2)D(2) for its biological activity. Thus 20(OH)D(2) shows cell-type dependent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation activities through activation of VDR, while having no detectable toxic calcemic activity, and is a poor substrate for CYP27B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, Univ. of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave., RM525, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Li W, Chen J, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Sweatman T, Lu Y, Zjawiony J, Tuckey RC, Miller D, Slominski A. Chemical synthesis of 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3, which shows antiproliferative activity. Steroids 2010; 75:926-35. [PMID: 20542050 PMCID: PMC2937189 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S-(OH)D3), an in vitro product of vitamin D3 metabolism by the cytochrome P450scc, was recently isolated, identified and shown to possess antiproliferative activity without inducing hypercalcemia. The enzymatic production of 20S-(OH)D3 is tedious, expensive, and cannot meet the requirements for extensive chemical and biological studies. Here we report for the first time the chemical synthesis of 20S-(OH)D3 which exhibited biological properties characteristic of the P450scc-generated compound. Specifically, it was hydroxylated to 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 17,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by P450scc and was converted to 1alpha,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by CYP27B1. It inhibited proliferation of human epidermal keratinocytes with lower potency than 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in normal epidermal human keratinocytes, but with equal potency in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes. It also stimulated VDR gene expression with similar potency to 1,25(OH)2D3, and stimulated involucrin (a marker of differentiation) and CYP24 gene expression, showing a lower potency for the latter gene than 1,25(OH)2D3. Testing performed with hamster melanoma cells demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and colony forming capabilities similar or more pronounced than those of 1,25(OH)2D3. Thus, we have developed a chemical method for the synthesis of 20S-(OH)D3, which will allow the preparation of a series of 20S-(OH)D3 analogs to study structure-activity relationships to further optimize this class of compound for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Tang EKY, Li W, Janjetovic Z, Nguyen MN, Wang Z, Slominski A, Tuckey RC. Purified mouse CYP27B1 can hydroxylate 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3, producing 1alpha,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D3, which has altered biological activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1553-9. [PMID: 20554701 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.034389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
20,23-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [20,23(OH)(2)D(3)] is a biologically active metabolite produced by the action of cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) on vitamin D(3). It inhibits keratinocyte proliferation, stimulates differentiation, and inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activity, working as a vitamin D receptor agonist. We have tested the ability of purified mouse 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) to add a 1alpha-hydroxyl group to this vitamin D analog and determined whether this altered its biological activity. 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) incorporated into phospholipid vesicles was converted to a single product by CYP27B1, confirmed to be 1alpha,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,20,23(OH)(3)D(3)] by mass spectrometry and NMR. The 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) was a relatively poor substrate for CYP27B1 compared with the normal substrate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), displaying a 5-fold higher K(m) and 8-fold lower k(cat) value. Both 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) and 1,20,23(OH)(3)D(3) decreased neonatal human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation, showing significant effects at a lower concentration (0.1 nM) than that seen for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] at 24 h of treatment. Both compounds also decreased cell biomass relative to that of control cells, measured by staining with sulforhodamine B. They caused little stimulation of the expression of the vitamin D receptor at the mRNA level compared with the 30-fold induction observed with the same concentration (100 nM) of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at 24 h. Addition of a 1alpha-hydroxyl group to 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) greatly enhanced its ability to stimulate the expression of the CYP24 gene but not to the extent seen with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). This study shows that purified CYP27B1 can add a 1alpha-hydroxyl group to 20,23(OH)(2)D(3) with the product showing altered biological activity, especially for the stimulation of CYP24 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith K Y Tang
- School of Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Tang EKY, Voo KJQ, Nguyen MN, Tuckey RC. Metabolism of substrates incorporated into phospholipid vesicles by mouse 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:171-9. [PMID: 20193763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP27B1 catalyzes the 1alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the hormonally active form of vitamin D3. To further characterize mouse CYP27B1, it was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and its activity measured on substrates incorporated into phospholipid vesicles, which served as a model of the inner mitochondrial membrane. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in vesicles underwent 1alpha-hydroxylation with similar kinetics, the catalytic rate constants (k(cat)) were 41 and 48mol/min/mol P450, respectively, while K(m) values were 5.9 and 4.6mmol/mol phospholipid, respectively. CYP27B1 showed inhibition when substrate concentrations in the membrane were greater than 4 times K(m), more pronounced with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than 25-hydroxyvitamin D2. Higher catalytic efficiency was seen in vesicles prepared from dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin than for dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. CYP27B1 also catalyzed 1alpha-hydroxylation of vesicle-associated 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 20-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 25-hydroxylation of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2, but with much lower efficiency than for 25(OH)D3. This study shows that CYP27B1 can hydroxylate 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 associated with phospholipid membranes with the highest activity yet reported for the enzyme. The expressed enzyme has low activity at higher concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in membranes, revealing that substrate inhibition may contribute to the regulation of the activity of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith K Y Tang
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Boullata JI. Vitamin D: getting to know you... again. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 34:96-8. [PMID: 19861530 DOI: 10.1177/0148607109344726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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