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Uno Y, Shimizu M, Ogawa Y, Makiguchi M, Kawaguchi H, Yamato O, Ishizuka M, Yamazaki H. Molecular and functional characterization of flavin-containing monooxygenases in pigs, dogs, and cats. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115125. [PMID: 35690111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are drug-oxygenating enzymes that are present in the human genome as FMO1-5 and FMO6P. Among pig, dog, and cat FMOs, pig and dog FMO1 and FMO3 have been partly characterized, but other FMOs have not been systematically identified. In this study, orthologous FMO cDNAs were isolated from pig, dog, and cat livers and evaluated by sequence and phylogenetic analyses, tissue expression, and catalytic function. The amino acid sequences of pig, dog, and cat FMO1-5 shared high sequence identities (83-89%) with human FMO1-5 and were closely clustered in a phylogenetic tree. The gene structure and genomic organization of FMO1-5 were conserved across these species. Dog and pig FMO6P contained insertions of 1 and 83 bases, respectively, and are possibly pseudogenes similar to human FMO6P. Among the tissue types analyzed, pig FMO1 mRNA was abundant in liver, kidney, and lung; dog FMO3, FMO2, and FMO5 mRNAs were abundant in liver, lung, and kidney, respectively; cat FMO1 and FMO3 mRNAs were abundant in kidney and liver, respectively. Recombinant pig and dog FMO1-5 and cat FMO1-6 all mediated benzydamine and trimethylamine N-oxygenations and methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide S-oxygenation. The selective human FMO3 substrate trimethylamine was predominantly metabolized by pig FMO1, dog FMO3, and cat FMO3. Cat FMO6 was also active toward trimethylamine. These results suggest some similarities in the drug-metabolizing capabilities of FMO3 in dogs, cats, and humans and that dog and cat FMO3 generally have molecular and functional characteristics similar to human FMO3, being the major FMO in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yurie Ogawa
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Miaki Makiguchi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towadashi, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Ancestral-sequence reconstruction unveils the structural basis of function in mammalian FMOs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 27:14-24. [PMID: 31873300 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are ubiquitous in all domains of life and metabolize a myriad of xenobiotics, including toxins, pesticides and drugs. However, despite their pharmacological importance, structural information remains bereft. To further our understanding behind their biochemistry and diversity, we used ancestral-sequence reconstruction, kinetic and crystallographic techniques to scrutinize three ancient mammalian FMOs: AncFMO2, AncFMO3-6 and AncFMO5. Remarkably, all AncFMOs could be crystallized and were structurally resolved between 2.7- and 3.2-Å resolution. These crystal structures depict the unprecedented topology of mammalian FMOs. Each employs extensive membrane-binding features and intricate substrate-profiling tunnel networks through a conspicuous membrane-adhering insertion. Furthermore, a glutamate-histidine switch is speculated to induce the distinctive Baeyer-Villiger oxidation activity of FMO5. The AncFMOs exhibited catalysis akin to human FMOs and, with sequence identities between 82% and 92%, represent excellent models. Our study demonstrates the power of ancestral-sequence reconstruction as a strategy for the crystallization of proteins.
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Ren Q, Xiao D, Han X, Edwards SL, Wang H, Tang Y, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang X, Cai X, Liu Z, Paul SK, Ji L. Genetic and Clinical Predictive Factors of Sulfonylurea Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:586-93. [PMID: 27403931 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfonylureas are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although genetic variations are associated with sulfonylurea treatment responses in T2DM patients, whether these variations can be used to predict heterogeneous treatment responses is unclear. In this study, we assessed the potential utility of combining information from multiple variants and phenotypes to predict sulfonylurea response. METHODS Using data from the "Glibenclamide" arm (365 patients) of the Xiaoke Pill Trial that evaluated the safety and efficacy of sulfonylurea, we identified genetic variants associated with sulfonylurea treatment response, and we explored their ability to predict drug response when combined with phenotype information. RESULTS The association of 780 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (using Infinium HD iSelect chip) with drug efficacy was evaluated, and four genes identified with drug metabolism (FMO2, FMO3, UGT2B15, and CYP51A1, P < 0.05) were found to be associated with changes in HbA1c. In a clinical model, the baseline values of HbA1c and disposition index (DI) were significantly associated with HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) target achievements. Compared with clinical models, the inclusion of genetic markers significantly increased the predictive ability for both HbA1c- and FPG-based outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that altered protein function in multiple pathways may cooperatively contribute to the increased discrimination by area under receiver operating curve for T2DM patients, and it may explain, in part, the relationship between inter-individual variability and the sulfonylurea response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Di Xiao
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xueyao Han
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- 4 Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huaiqing Wang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Simin Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Li
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
- 3 Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University , Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Sanjoy K Paul
- 5 Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linong Ji
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing, P.R. China
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Foti RS, Dalvie DK. Cytochrome P450 and Non-Cytochrome P450 Oxidative Metabolism: Contributions to the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Xenobiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1229-45. [PMID: 27298339 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The drug-metabolizing enzymes that contribute to the metabolism or bioactivation of a drug play a crucial role in defining the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of that drug. Although the overall effect of the cytochrome P450 (P450) family of drug-metabolizing enzymes in this capacity cannot be understated, advancements in the field of non-P450-mediated metabolism have garnered increasing attention in recent years. This is perhaps a direct result of our ability to systematically avoid P450 liabilities by introducing chemical moieties that are not susceptible to P450 metabolism but, as a result, may introduce key pharmacophores for other drug-metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the effects of both P450 and non-P450 metabolism at a drug's site of therapeutic action have also been subject to increased scrutiny. To this end, this Special Section on Emerging Novel Enzyme Pathways in Drug Metabolism will highlight a number of advancements that have recently been reported. The included articles support the important role of non-P450 enzymes in the clearance pathways of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs over the past 10 years. Specific examples will detail recent reports of aldehyde oxidase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, and other non-P450 pathways that contribute to the metabolic, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacodynamic properties of xenobiotic compounds. Collectively, this series of articles provides additional support for the role of non-P450-mediated metabolic pathways that contribute to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of current xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Foti
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, La Jolla, California (D.K.D.)
| | - Deepak K Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.S.F.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, La Jolla, California (D.K.D.)
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Lin TH, Tsai TL. Constructing a linear QSAR for some metabolizable drugs by human or pig flavin-containing monooxygenases using some molecular features selected by a genetic algorithm trained SVM. J Theor Biol 2014; 356:85-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Siddens LK, Krueger SK, Henderson MC, Williams DE. Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) as a source of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:141-7. [PMID: 24561181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) oxygenates drugs/xenobiotics containing a soft nucleophile through a C4a hydroperoxy-FAD intermediate. Human FMOs 1, 2 and 3, expressed in Sf9 insect microsomes, released 30-50% of O₂ consumed as H₂O₂ upon addition of NADPH. Addition of substrate had little effect on H₂O₂ production. Two common FMO2 (the major isoform in the lung) genetic polymorphisms, S195L and N413K, were examined for generation of H₂O₂. FMO2 S195L exhibited higher "leakage", producing much greater amounts of H₂O₂, than ancestral FMO2 (FMO2.1) or the N413K variant. S195L was distinct in that H₂O₂ generation was much higher in the absence of substrate. Addition of superoxide dismutase did not impact H₂O₂ release. Catalase did not reduce levels of H₂O₂ with either FMO2.1 or FMO3 but inhibited H₂O₂ generated by FMO2 allelic variants N413K and S195L. These data are consistent with FMO molecular models. S195L resides in the GxGxSG/A NADP(+) binding motif, in which serine is highly conserved (76/89 known FMOs). We hypothesize that FMO, especially allelic variants such as FMO2 S195L, may enhance the toxicity of xenobiotics such as thioureas/thiocarbamides both by generation of sulfenic and sulfinic acid metabolites and enhanced release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon K Krueger
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, USA; The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Palmer AL, Leykam VL, Larkin A, Krueger SK, Phillips IR, Shephard EA, Williams DE. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the anti-tuberculosis drug ethionamide in a flavin-containing monooxygenase null mouse. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1147-59. [PMID: 23580869 PMCID: PMC3621790 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), the causative agent for tuberculosis (TB), has led to increased use of second-line drugs, including ethionamide (ETA). ETA is a prodrug bioactivated by mycobacterial and mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). FMO2 is the major isoform in the lungs of most mammals, including primates. In humans a polymorphism exists in the expression of FMO2. FMO2.2 (truncated, inactive) protein is produced by the common allele, while the ancestral allele, encoding active FMO2.1, has been documented only in individuals of African and Hispanic origin, at an incidence of up to 50% and 7%, respectively. We hypothesized that FMO2 variability in TB-infected individuals would yield differences in concentrations and ratios of ETA prodrug and metabolites. In this study we assessed the impact of the FMO2 genetic polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of ETA after administration of a single oral dose of ETA (125 mg/kg) to wild type and triple Fmo1/2/4-null mice, measuring levels of prodrug vs. metabolites in plasma collected from 0 to 3.5 h post-gavage. All mice metabolized ETA to ETA S-oxide (ETASO) and 2-ethyl-4-amidopyridine (ETAA). Wild type mice had higher plasma concentrations of metabolites than of parent compound (p = 0.001). In contrast, Fmo1/2/4-null mice had higher plasma concentrations of parent compound than of metabolites (p = 0.0001). Thus, the human FMO2 genotype could impact the therapeutic efficacy and/or toxicity of ETA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Palmer
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (A.L.P.); (V.L.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Virginia L. Leykam
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (A.L.P.); (V.L.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrew Larkin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (A.L.P.); (V.L.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Sharon K. Krueger
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Institute Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Ian R. Phillips
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Elizabeth A. Shephard
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (A.L.P.); (V.L.L.); (A.L.)
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Institute Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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