1
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Trinder M, Wang Y, Madsen CM, Ponomarev T, Bohunek L, Daisely BA, Julia Kong H, Blauw LL, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Wurfel MM, Russell JA, Walley KR, Rensen PCN, Boyd JH, Brunham LR. Inhibition of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Preserves High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improves Survival in Sepsis. Circulation 2020; 143:921-934. [PMID: 33228395 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.048568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high-density lipoprotein hypothesis of atherosclerosis has been challenged by clinical trials of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, which failed to show significant reductions in cardiovascular events. Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decline drastically during sepsis, and this phenomenon is explained, in part, by the activity of CETP, a major determinant of plasma HDL-C levels. We tested the hypothesis that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CETP would preserve high-density lipoprotein levels and decrease mortality in clinical cohorts and animal models of sepsis. METHODS We examined the effect of a gain-of-function variant in CETP (rs1800777, p.Arg468Gln) and a genetic score for decreased CETP function on 28-day sepsis survival using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and sex in the UK Biobank (n=5949), iSPAAR (Identification of SNPs Predisposing to Altered Acute Lung Injury Risk; n=882), Copenhagen General Population Study (n=2068), Copenhagen City Heart Study (n=493), Early Infection (n=200), St Paul's Intensive Care Unit 2 (n=203), and Vasopressin Versus Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients With Septic Shock studies (n=632). We then studied the effect of the CETP inhibitor, anacetrapib, in adult female APOE*3-Leiden mice with or without human CETP expression using the cecal-ligation and puncture model of sepsis. RESULTS A fixed-effect meta-analysis of all 7 cohorts found that the CETP gain-of-function variant was significantly associated with increased risk of acute sepsis mortality (hazard ratio, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.22-1.70]; P<0.0001). In addition, a genetic score for decreased CETP function was associated with significantly decreased sepsis mortality in the UK Biobank (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.59-1.00] per 1 mmol/L increase in HDL-C) and iSPAAR cohorts (hazard ratio, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.37-0.98] per 1 mmol/L increase in HDL-C). APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice treated with anacetrapib had preserved levels of HDL-C and apolipoprotein-AI and increased survival relative to placebo treatment (70.6% versus 35.3%, Log-rank P=0.03), whereas there was no effect of anacetrapib on the survival of APOE*3-Leiden mice that did not express CETP (50.0% versus 42.9%, Log-rank P=0.87). CONCLUSIONS Clinical genetics and humanized mouse models suggest that inhibiting CETP may preserve high-density lipoprotein levels and improve outcomes for individuals with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Trinder
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program (M.T., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (Y.W., L.L.B., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christian M Madsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., B.G.N., J.A.R.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.)
| | - Tatjana Ponomarev
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Brendan A Daisely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (B.A.D.)
| | - HyeJin Julia Kong
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lisanne L Blauw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (Y.W., L.L.B., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., B.G.N., J.A.R.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.)
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet (A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., B.G.N., A.T.-H.)
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (M.M.W., K.R.W.)
| | - James A Russell
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., B.G.N., J.A.R.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Keith R Walley
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (M.M.W., K.R.W.)
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (Y.W., L.L.B., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - John H Boyd
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program (M.T., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine (J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liam R Brunham
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (M.T., T.P., L.B., H.J.K., J.A.R., K.R.W., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program (M.T., J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine (J.H.B., L.R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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2
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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3
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Choi S, Han S, Jeon S, Yim DS. Quantitative Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of CKD519, a Potent Inhibitor of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP). Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11070336. [PMID: 31311144 PMCID: PMC6680430 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CKD519, a selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP), is undergoing development as an oral agent for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to predict the appropriate efficacious dose of CKD519 for humans in terms of the inhibition of CETP activity by developing a CKD519 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model based on data from preclinical studies. CKD519 was intravenously and orally administered to hamsters, rats, and monkeys for PK assessment. Animal PK models of all dose levels in each species were developed using mixed effect modeling analysis for exploration, and an interspecies model where allometric scaling was applied was developed based on the integrated animal PK data to predict the human PK profile. PD parameters and profile were predicted using in vitro potency and same-in-class drug information. The two-compartment first-order elimination model with Weibull-type absorption and bioavailability following the sigmoid Emax model was selected as the final PK model. The PK/PD model was developed by linking the interspecies PK model with the Emax model of the same-in-class drug. The predicted PK/PD profile and parameters were used to simulate the human PK/PD profiles for different dose levels, and based on the simulation result, the appropriate efficacious dose was estimated as 25 mg in a 60 kg human. However, there were some discrepancies between the predicted and observed human PK/PD profiles compared to the phase I clinical data. The huge difference between the observed and predicted bioavailability suggests that there is a hurdle in predicting the absorption parameter only from animal PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suein Choi
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Q-fitter, Inc., Seoul 06199, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Seok Yim
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Q-fitter, Inc., Seoul 06199, Korea.
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4
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Zhu L, Luu T, Emfinger CH, Parks BA, Shi J, Trefts E, Zeng F, Kuklenyik Z, Harris RC, Wasserman DH, Fazio S, Stafford JM. CETP Inhibition Improves HDL Function but Leads to Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in CETP-Expressing Transgenic Mice on a High-Fat Diet. Diabetes 2018; 67:2494-2506. [PMID: 30213825 PMCID: PMC6245220 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In clinical trials, inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) raises HDL cholesterol levels but does not robustly improve cardiovascular outcomes. Approximately two-thirds of trial participants are obese. Lower plasma CETP activity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in human studies, and protective aspects of CETP have been observed in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with regard to metabolic outcomes. To define whether CETP inhibition has different effects depending on the presence of obesity, we performed short-term anacetrapib treatment in chow- and HFD-fed CETP transgenic mice. Anacetrapib raised HDL cholesterol and improved aspects of HDL functionality, including reverse cholesterol transport, and HDL's antioxidative capacity in HFD-fed mice was better than in chow-fed mice. Anacetrapib worsened the anti-inflammatory capacity of HDL in HFD-fed mice. The HDL proteome was markedly different with anacetrapib treatment in HFD- versus chow-fed mice. Despite benefits on HDL, anacetrapib led to liver triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Overall, our results support a physiologic importance of CETP in protecting from fatty liver and demonstrate context selectivity of CETP inhibition that might be important in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Thao Luu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Christopher H Emfinger
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Bryan A Parks
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeanne Shi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Trinity College of Art and Science, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Elijah Trefts
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Sergio Fazio
- The Center for Preventive Cardiology at the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - John M Stafford
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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5
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Yang G, Ge S, Singh R, Basu S, Shatzer K, Zen M, Liu J, Tu Y, Zhang C, Wei J, Shi J, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Gao S, Hu M. Glucuronidation: driving factors and their impact on glucuronide disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:105-138. [PMID: 28266877 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1293682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway for many compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces: the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the (polarized) excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides. Furthermore, the biliary- and enteric-eliminated glucuronides participate into recycling schemes involving intestinal microbes, which often prolong their local and systemic exposure, albeit at low systemic concentrations. Taken together, these recent research advances indicate that although UGT determines the rate and extent of glucuronide generation, the efflux and uptake transporters determine the distribution of these glucuronides into blood and then to various organs for elimination. Recycling schemes impact the apparent plasma half-life of parent compounds and their glucuronides that reach intestinal lumen, in addition to prolonging their gut and colon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China.,b Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Shufan Ge
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Rashim Singh
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Katherine Shatzer
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ming Zen
- d Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jiong Liu
- e Department of Digestive Diseases Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Yifan Tu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Chenning Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jinbao Wei
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jian Shi
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Song Gao
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Ming Hu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
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6
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Borghi C, Cicero AFG. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of anacetrapib for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:205-209. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1262347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Borghi
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Dept., University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Kim SB, Kim KT, Joo J, Seo KA, Hwang H, Kim SH, Song M, Lee S, Jahn A, Cho HJ, Kim DD, Yoon IS. Assessment of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and protein binding of anacetrapib in rats by a simple high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27432781 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anacetrapib is a potent and selective CETP inhibitor and is undergoing phase III clinical trials for the treatment of dyslipidemia. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of anacetrapib in rat plasma was developed and validated using an easily purchasable compound, chlorpropamide, as an internal standard (IS). A minimal volume of rat plasma sample (20 μL) was prepared by a single-step deproteinization procedure with 80 μL of acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed using Kinetex C18 column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection was performed using selected reaction monitoring modes at the mass/charge transitions m/z 638 → 283 for anacetrapib and m/z 277 → 175 for IS. The assay was validated to demonstrate the selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and stability. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL. This LC-MS/MS assay was successfully applied in the rat plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetic studies of anacetrapib. The fraction of unbound anacetrapib was determined to be low (ranging from 5.66 to 12.3%), and the absolute oral bioavailability of anacetrapib was 32.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bum Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Joo
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Seo
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Hwang
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong-Hyun Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Song
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Jahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Dongseo University, Busan, 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1797] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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Hartmann G, Kumar S, Johns D, Gheyas F, Gutstein D, Shen X, Burton A, Lederman H, Lutz R, Jackson T, Chavez-Eng C, Mitra K. Disposition into Adipose Tissue Determines Accumulation and Elimination Kinetics of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor Anacetrapib in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:428-34. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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10
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McLaren DG, Previs SF, Phair RD, Stout SJ, Xie D, Chen Y, Salituro GM, Xu SS, Castro-Perez JM, Opiteck GJ, Akinsanya KO, Cleary MA, Dansky HM, Johns DG, Roddy TP. Evaluation of CETP activity in vivo under non-steady-state conditions: influence of anacetrapib on HDL-TG flux. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:398-409. [PMID: 26658238 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in lipoprotein kinetics almost exclusively rely on steady-state approaches to modeling. Herein, we have used a non-steady-state experimental design to examine the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in mediating HDL-TG flux in vivo in rhesus macaques, and therefore, we developed an alternative strategy to model the data. Two isotopomers ([(2)H11] and [(13)C18]) of oleic acid were administered (orally and intravenously, respectively) to serve as precursors for labeling TGs in apoB-containing lipoproteins. The flux of a specific TG (52:2) from these donor lipoproteins to HDL was used as the measure of CETP activity; calculations are also presented to estimate total HDL-TG flux. Based on our data, we estimate that the peak total postprandial TG flux to HDL via CETP is ∼ 13 mg · h(-1) · kg(-1) and show that this transfer was inhibited by 97% following anacetrapib treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that HDL TG flux can be used as a measure of CETP activity in vivo. The fact that the donor lipoproteins can be labeled in situ using well-established stable isotope tracer techniques suggests ways to measure this activity for native lipoproteins in free-living subjects under any physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G McLaren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Robert D Phair
- Integrative Bioinformatics Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041
| | - Steven J Stout
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Dan Xie
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Ying Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Gino M Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Suoyu S Xu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | | | | | | | - Michele A Cleary
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Hayes M Dansky
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Douglas G Johns
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Thomas P Roddy
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
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11
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Doak B, Over B, Giordanetto F, Kihlberg J. Oral Druggable Space beyond the Rule of 5: Insights from Drugs and Clinical Candidates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1115-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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13
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Mohammadpour AH, Akhlaghi F. Future of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors: a pharmacological perspective. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:615-26. [PMID: 23658137 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In almost 30 years since the introduction of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), no other class of lipid modulators has entered the market. Elevation of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) via inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is an attractive strategy for reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Transfer of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester (CE) between lipoproteins is mediated by CETP; thus inhibition of this pathway can increase the concentration of HDL-C. Torcetrapib was the first CETP inhibitor evaluated in phase III clinical trials. Because of off-target effects, torcetrapib raised blood pressure and increased the concentration of serum aldosterone, leading to higher cardiovascular events and mortality. Torcetrapib showed positive effects on cardiovascular risk especially in patients with a greater increase in HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) levels. The phase III clinical trial of dalcetrapib, the second CETP inhibitor that has entered clinical development, was terminated because of ineffectiveness. Dalcetrapib is a CETP modulator that elevated HDL-C levels but did not reduce the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Both heterotypic and homotypic CE transfer between lipoproteins are mediated by some CETP inhibitors, including torcetrapib, anacetrapib, and evacetrapib, while dalcetrapib only affects the heterotypic CE transfer. Dalcetrapib has a chemical structure that is distinct from other CETP inhibitors, with a smaller molecular weight and a lack of trifluoride moieties. Moreover, dalcetrapib is a pro-drug that must be hydrolyzed to a pharmacologically active thiol form. Two other CETP inhibitors, anacetrapib and evacetrapib, are currently undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. Both molecules have shown beneficial effects by increasing HDL-C and decreasing LDL-C concentration. The success of anacetrapib and evacetrapib remains to be confirmed upon the completion of phase III clinical trials in 2017 and 2015, respectively. Generally, the concentration of HDL-C has been considered a biomarker for the activity of CETP inhibitors. However, it is not clear whether a fundamental relationship exists between HDL-C levels and the risk of coronary artery diseases. The most crucial role for HDL is cholesterol efflux capacity in which HDL can reverse transport cholesterol from foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. In view of the heterogeneity in HDL particle size, charge, and composition, the mere concentration of HDL-C may not be a good surrogate marker for HDL functionality. Recent clinical studies have reported that increased HDL functionality inversely correlates with the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Future development of CETP inhibitors may therefore benefit from the use of biomarkers of HDL functionality.
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Kalgutkar AS, Frederick KS, Hatch HL, Ambler CM, Perry DA, Garigipati RS, Chang GC, Lefker BA, Clark RW, Morehouse LA, Francone O, Hu X. Identification of a novel, non-tetrahydroquinoline variant of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor torcetrapib, with improved aqueous solubility. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:591-605. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.874611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Mantlo NB, Escribano A. Update on the Discovery and Development of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors for Reducing Residual Cardiovascular Risk. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Mantlo
- Lilly
Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ana Escribano
- Centro
de Investigación
Lilly, Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Kuethe JT, Soli ED, Royster P, Quinn CA. Synthesis of stable isotope labeled anacetrapib, its major metabolites and [14C]anacetrapib. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:600-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Kuethe
- Department of Process Chemistry; Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Merck & Co., Inc; Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Eric D. Soli
- Department of Process Chemistry; Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Merck & Co., Inc; Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Pernilla Royster
- Department of Process Chemistry; Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Merck & Co., Inc; Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Catherine A. Quinn
- Department of Process Chemistry; Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Merck & Co., Inc; Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
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17
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Mullangi R, Srinivas NR. Review of the quantitative analysis of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1259-72. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Mullangi
- Jubilant Biosys; Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage, Yeshwanthpur; Bangalore-560022; India
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18
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Drakopoulou M, Toutouzas K, Stefanadis C. Novel pharmacotherapies of familial hyperlipidemia. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:301-12. [PMID: 23639874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial hyperlipidemia is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by elevated lipid and/or lipoprotein levels in the blood. Despite improvements in lipid-lowering therapy during the last decades, it still remains a substantial contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular disease since patients on current conventional therapies do not achieve their target LDL-cholesterol levels. With a view to lower LDL-cholesterol levels, a number of new therapeutic strategies have been developed over recent years. In this review, we provide an overview of these treatment options that are currently in clinical development and may offer alternative or adjunctive therapies for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drakopoulou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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19
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Chen XQ, Gudmundsson OS, Hageman MJ. Application of Lipid-Based Formulations in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7945-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3006433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Chen
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543,
United States
| | - Olafur S. Gudmundsson
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543,
United States
| | - Michael J. Hageman
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543,
United States
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20
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Hooper AJ, Burnett JR. Anacetrapib, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 21:103-9. [PMID: 22191425 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.642499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has the ability to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels and potentially reduce cardiovascular risk. The first CETP inhibitor, torcetrapib, was discontinued due to off-target effects resulting in increased mortality. However, anacetrapib does not appear to exhibit these effects and is being developed as a selective inhibitor of CETP to be orally administered for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia. AREAS COVERED Areas covered are: mode of action, preclinical development and clinical trials of anacetrapib, a CETP inhibitor. The article provides an understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of anacetrapib and insight into its clinical efficacy and safety. In clinical trials, anacetrapib produced dose-dependent elevations in HDL-cholesterol and reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. Furthermore, anacetrapib has been shown to increase apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and decrease apoB levels. EXPERT OPINION Anacetrapib is a potent, reversible CETP inhibitor that is not only able to increase HDL-cholesterol, but also further decrease LDL-cholesterol when taken in combination with a statin. Safety and tolerability studies reported to date are promising. The results from Phase III trials investigating the efficacy of anacetrapib for the prevention of major coronary events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disorders are awaited with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hooper
- Royal Perth Hospital, Department of Core Clinical Pathology & Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia
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21
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Gutstein DE, Krishna R, Johns D, Surks HK, Dansky HM, Shah S, Mitchel YB, Arena J, Wagner JA. Anacetrapib, a Novel CETP Inhibitor: Pursuing a New Approach to Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 91:109-22. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Smith CJ, Ali A, Hammond ML, Li H, Lu Z, Napolitano J, Taylor GE, Thompson CF, Anderson MS, Chen Y, Eveland SS, Guo Q, Hyland SA, Milot DP, Sparrow CP, Wright SD, Cumiskey AM, Latham M, Peterson LB, Rosa R, Pivnichny JV, Tong X, Xu SS, Sinclair PJ. Biphenyl-Substituted Oxazolidinones as Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors: Modifications of the Oxazolidinone Ring Leading to the Discovery of Anacetrapib. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4880-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Smith
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Milton L. Hammond
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhijian Lu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joann Napolitano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gayle E. Taylor
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher F. Thompson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matt S. Anderson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suzanne S. Eveland
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qiu Guo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sheryl A. Hyland
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Denise P. Milot
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carl P. Sparrow
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Samuel D. Wright
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Cumiskey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Melanie Latham
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Laurence B. Peterson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ray Rosa
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James V. Pivnichny
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xinchun Tong
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suoyu S. Xu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter J. Sinclair
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular Diseases, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Miyares MA. Anacetrapib and dalcetrapib: two novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45:84-94. [PMID: 21205945 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1p446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in the cholesterol transport system and review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and adverse effects of the CETP inhibitors, anacetrapib and dalcetrapib, for the treatment of dyslipidemia. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted in Ovid/MEDLINE (1950 to week 4 December 2010), PubMed/MEDLINE (up to December 2010), EMBASE (2000 to December 2010), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to December 2010) using the MeSH terms and key words anacetrapib, MK 0859, dalcetrapib, and JTT 705. The search was limited to publications in English. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of anacetrapib and dalcetrapib for the treatment of dyslipidemia were included. Clinical reviews evaluating the characterization of CETP and its inhibition as a mechanism for reducing cardiovascular risk were also included. DATA SYNTHESIS Anacetrapib and dalcetrapib represent a novel treatment option for patients who have dyslipidemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Anacetrapib and dalcetrapib increase HDL-C by inhibiting CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride. Studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of anacetrapib and dalcetrapib concluded that both agents safely and effectively augment HDL-C. Their mechanism of action, potential for significant raising of HDL-C, once-daily dosing regimen, and favorable lipid-altering effects when added to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors are key elements. Anacetrapib and dalcetrapib are well tolerated, with mild gastrointestinal complaints reported more than with placebo. Although another CETP inhibitor, torcetrapib, was withdrawn from clinical development secondary to increased morbidity and mortality, neither anacetrapib nor dalcetrapib has demonstrated the adverse off-target effects portrayed with torcetrapib. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CETP by anacetrapib and dalcetrapib represents an encouraging development in the management of dyslipidemia, particularly in patients with low HDL-C levels. Results of future trials are much anticipated, as these will clarify the role of anacetrapib and dalcetrapib in reduction of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Miyares
- Pharmacy Department, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.
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24
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Determination of aqueous stability and degradation products of series of coumarin dimers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kumar S, Tan EY, Hartmann G, Biddle Z, Bergman AJ, Dru J, Ho JZ, Jones AN, Staskiewicz SJ, Braun MP, Karanam B, Dean DC, Gendrano IN, Graves MW, Wagner JA, Krishna R. Metabolism and Excretion of Anacetrapib, a Novel Inhibitor of the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein, in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:474-83. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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