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Drevin G, Pena-Martin M, Bauduin A, Baudriller A, Briet M, Abbara C. Pharmacogenomics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): A Narrative Review of the Literature. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1091. [PMID: 39204437 PMCID: PMC11359928 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic amphetamine derivative with notable psychoactive properties and emerging therapeutic potential, particularly for treating post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders. However, its use remains controversial due to inter-individual variability influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In this context, pharmacogenomics could play a crucial role in guiding MDMA treatment by identifying individuals with genetic predispositions affecting their response to MDMA. Tailoring treatment plans based on individual's genetic makeup may enhance therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects, leading to safer and more effective use of MDMA in clinical settings. Literature analysis reveals that the influence of genetic variants within genes encoded for enzymes involved in MDMA metabolism and/or pharmacodynamics (PD) targets have been relatively under-investigated in humans. Some studies have pointed out associations between MDMA-induced effects and polymorphisms. For example, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism has been associated with cognitive and cardiovascular MDMA-induced effects. Similarly, polymorphisms in the serotonin-linked promoter region (5HTTLPR) have been associated with several MDMA-induced adverse effects including mood disorders. However, despite these findings, only a few associations have been highlighted. Furthermore, some genes encoded for MDMA targets have been only poorly investigated, representing a significant research gap. These observations underscore the need for large-scale, controlled pharmacogenomics studies focusing on a broad panel of genes involved into MDMA pharmacokinetics and PD. Such studies could provide critical insights for optimizing MDMA's therapeutic use and minimizing its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Drevin
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France; (M.P.-M.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Maria Pena-Martin
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France; (M.P.-M.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Aurélien Bauduin
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France; (M.P.-M.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Antoine Baudriller
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France; (M.P.-M.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Marie Briet
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France; (M.P.-M.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (C.A.)
- Faculté de santé, Département médecine, Université d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France
- UMR INSERM 1083, CNRS 6015, Laboratoire MitoVasc, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Chadi Abbara
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie et Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d’Angers, 49100 Angers, France; (M.P.-M.); (A.B.); (A.B.); (M.B.); (C.A.)
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Nilchi S, Neyshaburinezhad N, Rouini M, Lavasani H, Foroumadi A, Ardakani YH. Study the effect of 3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine on cytochrome P450 2E1 activity. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Sheikholeslami B, Tootoonchi Z, Lavasani H, Hosseinzadeh Ardakani Y, Rouini M. Investigation of MDMA Inhibitory Effect on CytochromeP450 3A4 in Isolated Perfused Rat Liver Model Using Tramadol. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:530-536. [PMID: 34513628 PMCID: PMC8421619 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a synthetic compound, which is a structurally derivative of amphetamine. Also, it acts like an amphetamine, structurally, and functionally. MDMA uses mechanism-based inhibition, to inhibit isoenzyme CYP2D6. It can also inhibit other isoenzymes contributing to its metabolism, including CYP3A4 which is the most important member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. Since more than 50% of drugs are metabolized by CYP3A4, its inhibition may cause harmful and even lethal drug interactions. Tramadol, as an opioid-like analgesic, is mainly metabolized into O-desmethyl tramadol (M1), by CYP2D6 and undergoes N-demethylation to M2, by CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. Due to the significant potential of abusing tramadol, either alone or in combination with MDMA, the rate of its toxicity and side effects may increase following possible MDMA relevant enzyme inhibition. Methods: Different doses of MDMA (1-10 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to Wistar male rats of both control and treatment groups. Then, after one hour, their isolated livers were perfused by perfusion buffer containing tramadol (1 µg/mL). Afterward, perfusate samples were collected. They were analyzed by HPLC to determine the concentrations of tramadol and its metabolites. Results: MDMA administration in treatment groups reduced M1 production. On the other hand, by following the treatment with different MDMA doses, the M2 metabolic ratio increased by 46 to 101%. Conclusion: it seems that the regular doses of MDMA cannot inhibit the CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjat Sheikholeslami
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Tootoonchi
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Lavasani
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Hosseinzadeh Ardakani
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rouini
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Choi SM, Kim Y, Lee J, Kim JH, Lee T, Min BS, Kim JA, Lee S. Characterization of hydrocoptisonine metabolites in human liver microsomes using a high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1423-1433. [PMID: 32654586 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1795304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocoptisonine is a new compound that has been isolated from the rhizomes of Coptis chinensis, which belongs to the Ranunculaceae family of Chinese medicines. Although studies on C. chinensis have been reported, the metabolic pathway of hydrocoptisonine in human liver microsomes (HLMs) remains unelucidated. We identified 13 metabolites in HLMs, including six Phase I metabolites and seven glucuronide conjugates, using a high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. The major metabolic pathway was the O-demethylation and mono-hydroxylation of hydrocoptisonine in HLMs. Notably, M3 metabolite was O-demethylated in dioxolane structures (cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione), which was mediated by cytochrome P450 1A2. The locations of hydroxylation and hydroxyl-glucuronidation were identified by analyzing the signature fragments generated as a result of tandem mass spectrometry, indicating hydroxylation at an aliphatic chain or aromatic ring. We determined whether the hydroxylation and glucuronidation occurred in an aromatic moiety (M5 and M12) or an aliphatic moiety (M6 and M13), respectively, based on signature fragments of the metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Choi
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics-based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Younah Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics-based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics-based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics-based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics-based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Nilchi S, Behdarvand D, Lavasani H, Rouini M, H Ardakani Y. Assessment of CYP2D6 re-activation after inhibitory effect of MDMA using tramadol as a probe. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2018; 33:119-125. [PMID: 30070095 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In recent years, the use of tramadol as a probe drug for human cytochrome p450 2D6 (CYP2D6) has been investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the recovery of rat CYP2D1 enzymatic activity after mechanism-based inhibition induced by a single dose of ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and evaluation of the tramadol ability as a probe drug. CYP2D1 is orthologous in rats to human CYP2D6 and was employed in the current study.
Methods
A total of 16 male rats were selected and divided into control and treatment groups. The control group did not receive MDMA, while rats in the treatment group received a single dose of MDMA (1 mg/kg) and were subsequently divided into groups that were tested at 1 h, 10 days or 30 days post-administration. The rats were subjected to liver perfusion with Krebs-Heinslet buffer containing tramadol for 60 min and the tramadol and M1 levels were determined by HPLC-fluorescence.
Results
The enzymatic activity of CYP2D1 for the 1-h group decreased significantly when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, enzymatic activity increased non-significantly in the 10- and 30-day groups in comparison with the control group. The concentration and AUC0−60 of tramadol increased in the 1-h and 10-day groups when compared with the control group but decreased in the 30-day group; however, none of these changes was statistically significant (p>0.05). The M1 metabolic ratio in the 1-h group decreased significantly when compared with the control group (p<0.05). The M1 metabolic ratio of the 10-day group increased and of the 30-day group decreased, but neither of these changes were significant.
Conclusions
Regardless of the genotype, the enzymatic activity of rat CYP2D1 recovered by 10 days post-administration of MDMA. It appears that tramadol, irrespective of its stereoselectivity, is not able to appraise rat hepatic CYP2D1 activity. It can be extrapolated that tramadol is a not suitable probe drug for human hepatic CYP2D1 because CYP2D1 in rats is orthologous to human CYP2D6. Further animal and human studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Nilchi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Davood Behdarvand
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences - Pharmaceutics, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hoda Lavasani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences - Pharmaceutics, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rouini
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences - Pharmaceutics, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yalda H Ardakani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences - Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Enghelab Square, Tehran 1998754611, The Islamic Republic of Iran
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Jamshidfar S, Ardakani YH, Lavasani H, Rouini M. Inhibition of mirtazapine metabolism by Ecstasy (MDMA) in isolated perfused rat liver model. Daru 2017; 25:16. [PMID: 28659160 PMCID: PMC5490157 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-017-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays MDMA (3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine), known as ecstasy, is widely abused among the youth because of euphoria induction in acute exposure. However, abusers are predisposed to depression in chronic consumption of this illicit compound. Mirtazapine (MRZ), an antidepressant agent, may be prescribed in MDMA-induced depression. MRZ is extensively metabolized in liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. 8-hydroxymirtazapine (8-OH) is mainly produced by CYP2D6. N-desmethylmirtazapine (NDES) is generated by CYP3A4. MDMA is also metabolized by the mentioned isoenzymes and demonstrates mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) in association with CYP2D6. Several studies revealed that MDMA showed inhibitory effects on CYP3A4. In the present study, our aim was to evaluate the impact of MDMA on the metabolism of MRZ in liver. Therefore, isolated perfused rat liver model was applied as our model of choice in this assessment. Methods The subjects of the study were categorized into two experimental groups. Rats in the control group received MRZ-containing Krebs-Henselit buffer (1 μg/ml). Rats in the treatment group received aqueous solution of 1 mg/ml MDMA (3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 1 hour before receiving MRZ. Perfusate samples were analyzed by HPLC. Results Analyses of perfusate samples showed 80% increase in the parent drug concentrations and 50% decrease in the concentrations of both metabolites in our treatment group compared to the control group. In the treatment group compared to the control group, AUC(0–120) of the parent drug demonstrated 50% increase and AUC(0–120) of 8-OH and NDES showed 70% and 60% decrease, respectively. Observed decrease in metabolic ratios were 83% and 79% for 8-OH and NDES in treatment group compared to control group, respectively. Hepatic clearance (CLh) and intrinsic clearance (Clint) showed 20% and 60% decrease in treatment group compared to control group. Conclusion All findings prove the inhibitory effects of ecstasy on both CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 hepatic isoenzymes. In conclusion, this study is the first investigation of MRZ metabolism in presence of MDMA in isolated perfused rat liver model. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Jamshidfar
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda H Ardakani
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Lavasani
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rouini
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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CYP2D6 function moderates the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine in a controlled study in healthy individuals. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 26:397-401. [PMID: 27253829 PMCID: PMC4949007 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The role of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome (CYP) 2D6 involved in the metabolism of 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is unclear. Effects of genetic variants in CYP2D6 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of MDMA were characterized in 139 healthy individuals (70 men, 69 women) in a pooled analysis of eight double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studies. In CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, the maximum concentrations (Cmax) of MDMA and its active metabolite 3,4-methylene-dioxyamphetamine were +15 and +50% higher, respectively, compared with extensive metabolizers and the Cmax of the inactive metabolite 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine was 50–70% lower. Blood pressure and subjective drug effects increased more rapidly after MDMA administration in poor metabolizers than in extensive metabolizers. In conclusion, the disposition of MDMA and its effects in humans are altered by polymorphic CYP2D6 activity, but the effects are small because of the autoinhibition of CYP2D6.
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Steuer AE, Schmidhauser C, Tingelhoff EH, Schmid Y, Rickli A, Kraemer T, Liechti ME. Impact of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Function on the Chiral Blood Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Phase I and II Metabolites in Humans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150955. [PMID: 26967321 PMCID: PMC4788153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) metabolism is known to be stereoselective, with preference for S-stereoisomers. Its major metabolic step involves CYP2D6-catalyzed demethylenation to 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA), followed by methylation and conjugation. Alterations in CYP2D6 genotype and/or phenotype have been associated with higher toxicity. Therefore, the impact of CYP2D6 function on the plasma pharmacokinetics of MDMA and its phase I and II metabolites was tested by comparing extensive metabolizers (EMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs), and EMs that were pretreated with bupropion as a metabolic inhibitor in a controlled MDMA administration study. Blood plasma samples were collected from 16 healthy participants (13 EMs and three IMs) up to 24 h after MDMA administration in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-period, cross-over design, with subjects receiving 1 week placebo or bupropion pretreatment followed by a single placebo or MDMA (125 mg) dose. Bupropion pretreatment increased the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC24) of R-MDMA (9% and 25%, respectively) and S-MDMA (16% and 38%, respectively). Bupropion reduced the Cmax and AUC24 of the CYP2D6-dependently formed metabolite stereoisomers of DHMA 3-sulfate, DHMA 4-sulfate, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA sulfate and HMMA glucuronide) by approximately 40%. The changes that were observed in IMs were generally comparable to bupropion-pretreated EMs. Although changes in stereoselectivity based on CYP2D6 activity were observed, these likely have low clinical relevance. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion stereoisomer pharmacokinetics were unaltered by MDMA co-administration. The present data might aid further interpretations of toxicity based on CYP2D6-dependent MDMA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Corina Schmidhauser
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva H. Tingelhoff
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasmin Schmid
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Rickli
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Steuer AE, Schmidhauser C, Schmid Y, Rickli A, Liechti ME, Kraemer T. Chiral Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Phase I and II Metabolites following Controlled Administration to Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1864-71. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Mao X, Peng Y, Zheng J. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Reactive Intermediates of Corynoline. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1491-8. [PMID: 26261285 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynoline is a 1,3-benzodioxole-containing isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis bugeana Turcz., a traditional herbal medicine. Corynoline has reportedly demonstrated multiple pharmacologic properties. Previous studies have also shown that corynoline induced cytotoxicity and inhibited cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, but the mechanisms of the adverse effects remain unknown. The major objective of the present study was to identify reactive metabolites of corynoline responsible for the cytotoxicity and enzyme inhibition. Three oxidative metabolites (M1-M3) were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat liver microsomal incubations after exposure to corynoline. M1 and M2 were two isomers of catechol derivatives, and M3 was a di-catechol. The M1-M3 metabolites were also observed in urine of rats given corynoline. A total of four N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates (M4-M7) were detected in microsomes containing corynoline, NAC, and NADPH. Apparently, M4 and M5 were derived from M1, M6 resulted from M2, and M7 was a M3-derived NAC conjugate. This indicates that corynoline was bioactivated to ortho-quinone derivatives. No corynoline-derived NAC conjugates (M4-M7) were detected in urine of rats given corynoline; however, three corresponding cysteinylglycine conjugates (M8-M10) were observed instead. Recombinant P450 enzyme incubations demonstrated that the CYPs 2C9, 3A4, and 2C19 were mainly involved in metabolic activation of corynoline. The metabolism study facilitates the understanding of corynoline-induced cytotoxicity and P450 enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mao
- School of Pharmacy (X.M., Y.P.), Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education (J.Z.), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China; and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (J.Z.)
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy (X.M., Y.P.), Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education (J.Z.), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China; and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (J.Z.)
| | - Jiang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy (X.M., Y.P.), Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education (J.Z.), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China; and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (J.Z.)
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Ramboer E, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Immortalized Human Hepatic Cell Lines for In Vitro Testing and Research Purposes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:53-76. [PMID: 26272134 PMCID: PMC4579543 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous shortage of primary human hepatocytes has urged the scientific community to search for alternative cell sources, such as immortalized hepatic cell lines. Over the years, several human hepatic cell lines have been produced, whether or not using a combination of viral oncogenes and human telomerase reverse transcriptase protein. Conditional approaches for hepatocyte immortalization have also been established and allow generation of growth-controlled cell lines. A variety of immortalized human hepatocytes have already proven useful as tools for liver-based in vitro testing and fundamental research purposes. The present chapter describes currently applied immortalization strategies and provides an overview of the actually available immortalized human hepatic cell lines and their in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramboer
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium,
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Steuer AE, Schmidhauser C, Liechti ME, Kraemer T. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method after chiral derivatization for the simultaneous stereoselective determination of methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and its phase I and II metabolites in human blood plasma. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:592-602. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Corina Schmidhauser
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; University of Zurich; Switzerland
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Parolini M, Magni S, Binelli A. Environmental concentrations of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced cellular stress and modulated antioxidant enzyme activity in the zebra mussel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11099-11106. [PMID: 24878561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent monitoring studies showed measurable levels of the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in aquatic environments. However, no information is currently available on its potential hazard to aquatic non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential sub-lethal effects induced by 14-day exposures to low MDMA concentrations (0.05 and 0.5 μg/L) to zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) specimens through the application of a biomarker suite. The trypan blue exclusion method and the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) were used to assess MDMA cytotoxicity. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were measured as oxidative stress indexes. The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay, and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate DNA damage, while filtration rate was measured as physiological parameter. Despite significant decrease in lysosome membrane stability, hemocyte viability and imbalances in CAT and GST activities pointed out at the end of the exposure to 0.5 μg/L, no significant variations for the other end points were noticed at both the treatments, suggesting that environmentally relevant MDMA concentrations did not induce deleterious effects to the zebra mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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Methylenedioxy designer drugs: Mass spectrometric characterization of their glutathione conjugates by means of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and studies on their glutathionyl transferase inhibition potency. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 822:37-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Herndon JM, Cholanians AB, Lizarraga LE, Lau SS, Monks TJ. Catechol-o-methyltransferase and 3,4-({+/-})-methylenedioxymethamphetamine toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:162-73. [PMID: 24591155 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of 3,4-(±)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is necessary to elicit its neurotoxic effects. Perturbations in phase I and phase II hepatic enzymes can alter the neurotoxic profile of systemically administered MDMA. In particular, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays a critical role in determining the fraction of MDMA that is converted to potentially neurotoxic metabolites. Thus, cytochrome P450 mediated demethylenation of MDMA, or its N-demethylated metabolite, 3,4-(±)-methylenedioxyamphetamine, give rise to the catechols, N-methyl-α-methyldopamine and α-methyldopamine, respectively. Methylation of these catechols by COMT limits their oxidation and conjugation to glutathione, a process that ultimately gives rise to neurotoxic metabolites. We therefore determined the effects of modulating COMT, a critical enzyme involved in determining the fraction of MDMA that is converted to potentially neurotoxic metabolites, on MDMA-induced toxicity. Pharmacological inhibition of COMT in the rat potentiated MDMA-induced serotonin deficits and exacerbated the acute MDMA-induced hyperthermic response. Using a genetic mouse model of COMT deficiency, in which mice lack a functional COMT gene, such mice displayed greater reductions in dopamine concentrations relative to their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Neither WT nor COMT deficient mice were susceptible to MDMA-induced decreases in serotonin concentrations. Interestingly, mice devoid of COMT were far more susceptible to the acute hyperthermic effects of MDMA, exhibiting greater increases in body temperature that ultimately resulted in death. Our findings support the view that COMT plays a pivotal role in determining the toxic response to MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Herndon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Severe chronic hepatitis secondary to prolonged use of ecstasy and cocaine. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2013; 37:e109-13. [PMID: 23910059 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Severe acute hepatotoxicity is a well known complication following the ingestion of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA] ecstasy). Hepatic dysfunction has also been reported after acute cocaine intoxication. However, chronic hepatitis after prolonged use of ecstasy and/or cocaine has rarely been reported. METHODS We report the case of a 27-year-old woman hospitalized with edema, ascites and severe liver failure (prothrombin rate 33%), following the use of ecstasy and cocaine over the previous 9 months. Clinical, biological, radiological and pathology findings were recorded at admission and over 8 years' follow-up. RESULTS Liver biopsy showed architectural distortion caused by bridging fibrosis, proliferation of cholangioles, and lesions of active interface hepatitis. Other causes of acute and chronic liver disease were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging showed marked liver fibrosis. After withdrawal of both substances clinical examination and liver function tests progressively normalized. Long-term monitoring with magnetic resonance imaging showed progressive regression of fibrosis. CONCLUSION Use of ecstasy and cocaine may cause chronic hepatitis leading to marked liver fibrosis, which may regress after withdrawal of both substances.
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Zhang M, Fang T, Pu G, Sun X, Zhou X, Cai Q. Xenobiotic metabolism of plant secondary compounds in the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 107:44-49. [PMID: 25149234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary compounds have been documented to be deleterious to insects and other herbivores in diverse ways. In this study, the effect of catechol (phenolics), gramine (alkaloid) and L-ornithine-HCI (non-protein amino acid) on the activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, was evaluated. Phase I enzymes investigated in this study included carboxylesterase (CarE), and oxidoreductase, whereas Phase II enzymes were represented by glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, CarE and GST activities in S. avenae were positively correlated with the concentration of plant secondary compounds in artificial diets. Oxidoreductase activity, however, displayed a different profile. Specifically, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in S. avenae were positively correlated with concentrations of dietary catechol and gramine, respectively, whereas catalase (CAT) activity was significantly suppressed by the higher concentration of catechol, gramine and L-ornithine-HCl. These combined results suggest that CarE and GST in S. avenae are key enzymes to breakdown a broad spectrum of plant secondary compounds, whereas oxidoreductase, including PPO and POD, degrades specific groups of plant secondary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxin Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Tingting Fang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10094, PR China
| | - Guilin Pu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10094, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10094, PR China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA.
| | - Qingnian Cai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10094, PR China.
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Fang ZZ, Krausz KW, Li F, Cheng J, Tanaka N, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolic map and bioactivation of the anti-tumour drug noscapine. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1271-86. [PMID: 22671862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Noscapine is a promising anti-tumour agent. The purpose of the present study was to describe the metabolic map and investigate the bioactivation of noscapine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used to analyse the in vitro incubation mixtures, urine and faeces samples from mice treated with noscapine. Recombinant drug-metabolizing enzymes were employed to identify those involved in noscapine metabolism. Hepatic GSH levels and serum biochemistry were also carried out to determine reactive metabolites of noscapine. KEY RESULTS Several novel phase I metabolites of noscapine were detected after oral gavage of mice, including an N-demethylated metabolite, two hydroxylated metabolites, one metabolite undergoing both demethylation and cleavage of the methylenedioxy group and a bis-demethylated metabolite. Additionally, several novel glucuronides were detected, and their structures were elucidated through MS/MS fragmentology. Recombinant enzymes screening showed the involvement of several cytochromes P450, flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 1 and the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, in noscapine metabolism. In vitro glutathione trapping revealed the existence of an ortho-quinone reactive intermediate formed through further oxidation of a catechol metabolite. However, this bioactivation process of noscapine does not occur in vivo. Similar to this result, altered glutathione levels in liver and serum biochemistry revealed no evidence of hepatic damage, thus indicating that, at least in mice, noscapine does not induce hepatotoxicity through bioactivation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A comprehensive metabolic map and bioactivation evaluation provides important information for the development of noscapine as an anti-tumour drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Foster AJ, Prime LH, Gustafsson F, Temesi DG, Isin EM, Midlöv J, Castagnoli N, Kenna JG. Bioactivation of the Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonist Rimonabant to a Cytotoxic Iminium Ion Metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:124-35. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300418w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emre M. Isin
- CVGI Innovative Medicine DMPK, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Johanna Midlöv
- CVGI Innovative Medicine DMPK, AstraZeneca, Mölndal 431 83, Sweden
| | - Neal Castagnoli
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Rietjens SJ, Hondebrink L, Westerink RHS, Meulenbelt J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): interindividual differences due to polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:854-76. [PMID: 23030234 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.725029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcome following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) intake ranges from mild entactogenic effects to a life-threatening intoxication. Despite ongoing research, the clinically most relevant mechanisms causing acute MDMA-induced adverse effects remain largely unclear. This complicates the triage and treatment of MDMA users needing medical care. The user's genetic profile and interactions resulting from polydrug use are key factors that modulate the individual response to MDMA and influence MDMA pharmacokinetics and dynamics, and thus clinical outcome. Polymorphisms in CYP2D6, resulting in poor metabolism status, as well as co-exposure of MDMA with specific substances (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)) can increase MDMA plasma levels, but can also decrease the formation of toxic metabolites and subsequent cellular damage. While pre-exposure to e.g. SSRIs can increase MDMA plasma levels, clinical effects (e.g. blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature) can be reduced, possibly due to a pharmacodynamic interaction at the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Pretreatment with inhibitors of the dopamine or norepinephrine reuptake transporter (DAT or NET), 5-HT(2A) or α-β adrenergic receptor antagonists or antipsychotics prior to MDMA exposure can also decrease one or more MDMA-induced physiological and/or subjective effects. Carvedilol, ketanserin and haloperidol can reduce multiple MDMA-induced clinical and neurotoxic effects. Thus besides supportive care, i.e. sedation using benzodiazepines, intravenous hydration, aggressive cooling and correction of electrolytes, it is worthwhile to investigate the usefulness of carvedilol, ketanserin and haloperidol in the treatment of MDMA-intoxicated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J Rietjens
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, National Poisons Information Center (NVIC), P.O. box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Yubero-Lahoz S, Pardo R, Farre M, Mathuna BÓ, Torrens M, Mustata C, Perez-Mañá C, Langohr K, Carbó ML, de la Torre R. Changes in CYP1A2 Activity in Humans after 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) Administration Using Caffeine as a Probe Drug. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:605-13. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MDMA (Ecstasy)-induced liver toxicity in a HepG2 and immune cell co-culture model. Toxicology 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. A mechanistic insight into 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”)-mediated hepatotoxicity. Vet Q 2011; 31:193-205. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2011.642534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, Molendijk J, Nijmeijer SM, Scherpenisse P, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. Induction of glutathione synthesis and conjugation by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) in human and rat liver cells, including the protective role of some antioxidants. Toxicology 2011; 289:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) interacts with therapeutic drugs on CYP3A by inhibition of pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation and catalytic enzyme inhibition. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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