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Hammid A, Honkakoski P. Ocular Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Focus on Esterases. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38888291 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2368247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Rendic SP, Guengerich FP. Formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs in reactions catalyzed by human drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1581-1628. [PMID: 38520539 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Data are presented on the formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs that are substrates of human drug metabolizing enzymes. The tabular data lists the formation of potentially toxic/reactive products. The data were obtained from in vitro experiments and showed that the oxidative reactions predominate (with 96% of the total potential toxication reactions). Reductive reactions (e.g., reduction of nitro to amino group and reductive dehalogenation) participate to the extent of 4%. Of the enzymes, cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes catalyzed 72% of the reactions, myeloperoxidase (MPO) 7%, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3%, aldehyde oxidase (AOX) 4%, sulfotransferase (SULT) 5%, and a group of minor participating enzymes to the extent of 9%. Within the P450 Superfamily, P450 Subfamily 3A (P450 3A4 and 3A5) participates to the extent of 27% and the Subfamily 2C (P450 2C9 and P450 2C19) to the extent of 16%, together catalyzing 43% of the reactions, followed by P450 Subfamily 1A (P450 1A1 and P450 1A2) with 15%. The P450 2D6 enzyme participated in an extent of 8%, P450 2E1 in 10%, and P450 2B6 in 6% of the reactions. All other enzymes participate to the extent of 14%. The data show that, of the human enzymes analyzed, P450 enzymes were dominant in catalyzing potential toxication reactions of drugs and their metabolites, with the major role assigned to the P450 Subfamily 3A and significant participation of the P450 Subfamilies 2C and 1A, plus the 2D6, 2E1 and 2B6 enzymes contributing. Selected examples of drugs that are activated or proposed to form toxic species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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3
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Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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4
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Diaz-Vidal T, Romero-Olivas CB, Martínez-Pérez RB. Characterization, comparative, and functional analysis of arylacetamide deacetylase from Gnathostomata organisms. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:169. [PMID: 36542226 PMCID: PMC9772364 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is a lipolytic enzyme involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The characterization in terms of activity and substrate preference has been limited to a few mammalian species. The potential role and catalytic activities of AADAC from other organisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in this work, the physicochemical properties, proteomic analysis, and protein-protein interactions from Gnathostomata organisms were investigated. RESULTS The analysis were performed with 142 orthologue sequences with ~ 48-100% identity with human AADAC. The catalytic motif HGG[A/G] tetrapeptide block was conserved through all AADAC orthologues. Four variations were found in the consensus pentapeptide GXSXG sequence (GDSAG, GESAG, GDSSG, and GSSSG), and a novel motif YXLXP was found. The prediction of N-glycosylation sites projected 4, 1, 6, and 4 different patterns for amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles, respectively. The transmembrane regions of AADAC orthologues were not conserved among groups, and variations in the number and orientation of the active site and C-terminal carboxyl were observed among the sequences studied. The protein-protein interaction of AADAC orthologues were related to cancer, lipid, and xenobiotic metabolism genes. CONCLUSION The findings from this computational analysis offer new insight into one of the main enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism from mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds and its potential use in medical and veterinarian biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Diaz-Vidal
- grid.412890.60000 0001 2158 0196Present Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Christian Berenice Romero-Olivas
- grid.466844.c0000 0000 9963 8346Present Address: Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Mexico 85137
| | - Raúl Balam Martínez-Pérez
- grid.466844.c0000 0000 9963 8346Present Address: Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Mexico 85137 ,grid.418270.80000 0004 0428 7635Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, 45019 Zapopan, Mexico
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5
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Zhu T, Wu Y, Li XM, Jia YM, Zhou H, Jiang LP, Tai T, Mi QY, Ji JZ, Xie HG. Vicagrel is hydrolyzed by Raf kinase inhibitor protein in human intestine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:247-254. [PMID: 36519186 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As an analog of clopidogrel and prasugrel, vicagrel is completely hydrolyzed to intermediate thiolactone metabolite 2-oxo-clopidogrel (also the precursor of active thiol metabolite H4) in human intestine, predominantly by AADAC and CES2; however, other unknown vicagrel hydrolases remain to be identified. In this study, recombinant human Raf kinase inhibitor protein (rhRKIP) and pooled human intestinal S9 (HIS9) fractions and microsome (HIM) preparations were used as the different enzyme sources; prasugrel as a probe drug for RKIP (a positive control), vicagrel as a substrate drug of interest, and the rate of the formation of thiolactone metabolites 2-oxo-clopidogrel and R95913 as metrics of hydrolase activity examined, respectively. In addition, an IC50 value of inhibition of rhRKIP-catalyzed vicagrel hydrolysis by locostatin was measured, and five classical esterase inhibitors with distinct esterase selectivity were used to dissect the involvement of multiple hydrolases in vicagrel hydrolysis. The results showed that rhRKIP hydrolyzed vicagrel in vitro, with the values of Km , Vmax , and CLint measured as 20.04 ± 1.99 μM, 434.60 ± 12.46 nM/min/mg protein, and 21.69 ± 0.28 ml/min/mg protein, respectively, and that an IC50 value of locostatin was estimated as 1.24 ± 0.04 mM for rhRKIP. In addition to locostatin, eserine and vinblastine strongly suppressed vicagrel hydrolysis in HIM. It is concluded that RKIP can catalyze the hydrolysis of vicagrel in the human intestine, and that vicagrel can be hydrolyzed by multiple hydrolases, such as RKIP, AADAC, and CES2, concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Meng Jia
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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6
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Vieiro P, Balla A, Gonzalez F, Urtti A, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Honkakoski P. Activity and Expression of Carboxylesterases and Arylacetamide Deacetylase in Human Ocular Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1483-1492. [PMID: 36195336 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multitissue organ, the eye possesses unique anatomy and physiology, including differential expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Several hydrolytic enzymes that play a major role in drug metabolism and bioactivation of prodrugs have been detected in ocular tissues, but data on their quantitative expression is scarce. Also, many ophthalmic drugs are prone to hydrolysis. Metabolic characterization of individual ocular tissues is useful for the drug development process, and therefore, seven individual ocular tissues from human eyes were analyzed for the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC). Generic and selective human esterase substrates 4-nitrophenyl acetate (most esterases), D-luciferin methyl ester (CES1), fluorescein diacetate and procaine (CES2), and phenacetin (AADAC) were applied to determine the enzymes' specific activities. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition studies were performed with isoform-selective inhibitors digitonin (CES1) and verapamil and diltiazem (CES2). Enzyme contents were determined using quantitative targeted proteomics, and CES2 expression was confirmed by western blotting. The expression and activity of human CES1 among ocular tissues varied by >10-fold, with the highest levels found in the retina and iris-ciliary body. In contrast, human CES2 expression appeared lower and more similar between tissues, whereas AADAC could not be detected. Inhibition studies showed that hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate is also catalyzed by enzymes other than CES2. This study provides, for the first time, quantitative information on the tissue-dependent expression of human ocular esterases, which can be useful for the development of ocular drugs, prodrugs, and in pharmacokinetic modeling of the eye. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Novel and comprehensive data on the protein expression and activities of carboxylesterases from individual human eye tissues are generated. In combination with previous reports on preclinical species, this study will improve the understanding of interspecies differences in ocular drug metabolism and aid the development of ocular pharmacokinetics models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - John K Fallon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Toni Lassila
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Paula Vieiro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Anusha Balla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Ari Tolonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (A.H., A.B., A.U., P.H.); Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); Admescope Ltd, Oulu, Finland (T.L., A.T.); Biobank at the University Hospital at Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (P.V.); Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (F.G.); Service of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela and Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (F.G.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.U.)
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7
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Xiao J, Shi J, Thompson BR, Smith DE, Zhang T, Zhu HJ. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Methylphenidate Exposure Affected by Interplay Among Carboxylesterase 1 Pharmacogenetics, Drug-Drug Interactions, and Sex. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2606-2613. [PMID: 35526575 PMCID: PMC9391289 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The pharmacokinetics (PK) of methylphenidate (MPH) differ significantly among individuals. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is the primary enzyme metabolizing MPH, and its function is affected by genetic variants, drug-drug interaction (DDI), and sex. The object of this study is to evaluate CES1 pharmacogenetics as related to MPH metabolism using human liver samples and develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach to investigate the influence of CES1 genotypes and other factors on MPH PK. METHODS The effect of the CES1 variant G143E (rs71647871) on MPH metabolism was studied utilizing 102 individual human liver S9 (HLS9) fraction samples. PBPK models were developed using the population-based PBPK software PK-Sim® by incorporating the HLS9 incubation data. The established models were applied to simulate MPH PK profiles under various clinical scenarios, including different genotypes, drug-alcohol interactions, and the difference between males and females. RESULTS The HLS9 incubation study showed that subjects heterozygous for the CES1 variant G143E metabolized MPH at a rate of approximately 50% of that in non-carriers. The developed PBPK models successfully predicted the exposure alteration of MPH from the G143E genetic variant, ethanol-MPH DDI, and sex. Importantly, the study suggests that male G143E carriers who are alcohol consumers are at a higher risk of MPH overexposure. CONCLUSION PBPK modeling provides a means for better understanding the mechanisms underlying interindividual variability in MPH PK and PD and could be utilized to develop a safer and more effective MPH pharmacotherapy regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jian Shi
- Alliance Pharma, Inc, Malvern, PA, 19355, United States
| | - Brian R Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, United States
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
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8
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Wagner C, Hois V, Taschler U, Schupp M, Lass A. KIAA1363-A Multifunctional Enzyme in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Lipid Ester Hydrolysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:516. [PMID: 35736449 PMCID: PMC9229287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA1363, annotated as neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1), is a member of the arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) protein family. The name-giving enzyme, AADAC, is known to hydrolyze amide and ester bonds of a number of xenobiotic substances, as well as clinical drugs and of endogenous lipid substrates such as diglycerides, respectively. Similarly, KIAA1363, annotated as the first AADAC-like protein, exhibits enzymatic activities for a diverse substrate range including the xenobiotic insecticide chlorpyrifos oxon and endogenous substrates, acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether, cholesterol ester, and retinyl ester. Two independent knockout mouse models have been generated and characterized. However, apart from reduced acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether and cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in specific tissues and cell types, no gross-phenotype has been reported. This raises the question of its physiological role and whether it functions as drug detoxifying enzyme and/or as hydrolase/lipase of endogenous substrates. This review delineates the current knowledge about the structure, function and of the physiological role of KIAA1363, as evident from the phenotypical changes inflicted by pharmacological inhibition or by silencing as well as knockout of KIAA1363 gene expression in cells, as well as mouse models, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
| | - Victoria Hois
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
| | - Michael Schupp
- Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal (CMR)—Research Center, Institute of Pharmacology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (U.T.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Wei Y, Li S, Li Z, Wan Z, Lin J. Interpretable-ADMET: a web service for ADMET prediction and optimization based on deep neural representation. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:2863-2871. [PMID: 35561160 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION In the process of discovery and optimization of lead compounds, it is difficult for non-expert pharmacologists to intuitively determine the contribution of substructure to a particular property of a molecule. RESULTS In this work, we develop a user-friendly web service, named interpretable-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET), which predict 59 ADMET-associated properties using 90 qualitative classification models and 28 quantitative regression models based on graph convolutional neural network and graph attention network algorithms. In interpretable-ADMET, there are 250 729 entries associated with 59 kinds of ADMET-associated properties for 80 167 chemical compounds. In addition to making predictions, interpretable-ADMET provides interpretation models based on gradient-weighted class activation map for identifying the substructure, which is important to the particular property. Interpretable-ADMET also provides an optimize module to automatically generate a set of novel virtual candidates based on matched molecular pair rules. We believe that interpretable-ADMET could serve as a useful tool for lead optimization in drug discovery. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Interpretable-ADMET is available at http://cadd.pharmacy.nankai.edu.cn/interpretableadmet/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ziwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Recombinant humanized IgG1 maintain liver triglyceride homeostasis through Arylacetamide deacetylase in ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108741. [PMID: 35397394 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder associated with elevated serum triglyceride (TG) and/or cholesterol. Over the years, studies have shown that hyperlipidemia is associated with combordities, incluing diabetes and obesity, gradually becoming a public health concern. Current treatment approaches remain limited due to the lack of effective drugs. Here we investigated the function of recombinant humanized IgG1 in maintaining liver TG homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to identify differences in gene expression in different groups of ApoE-/- mice liver. In vitro lipid accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes was induced using a free fatty acid (FFA) mixture. Gene and protein expression were assessed in primary mouse hepatocytes by qPCR and Western blot. Gene reporter assays and ChIP-PCR were used to determine arylacetamide deacetylase (Aadac) promoter activity. RESULTS Recombinant humanized IgG1 could significantly decrease the serum level of TG and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C). Moreover, hepatic TG and lipid droplets were also reduced compared to the HFD group. Mouse liver RNA-Seq revealed that administration of recombinant humanized IgG1 significantly elevated the expression of Aadac. In vitro, knock-down of Aadac could nullify the effect of recombinant humanized IgG1 on decreasing the lipid droplets induced by FFA in primary mouse hepatocytes. Gene Reporter assays and ChIP-PCR demonstrated that the foxa1 response element in the Aadac promoter played a key role in Aadac expression induced by recombinant humanized IgG1. Moreover, recombinant humanized IgG1 repressed phosphorylation of PKCδ and resulted in foxa1 elevation. Finally, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) knock-down reversed the effect of recombinant humanized IgG1 on the expression of PKCδ phosphorylation, foxa1 and Aadac. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recombinant humanized IgG1 plays an important role in maintaining liver TG homeostasis via the FcRn/PKCδ/foxa1/Aadac pathway.
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11
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Prooxidant activity of aminophenol compounds: copper-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. Biometals 2022; 35:329-334. [PMID: 35157172 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prooxidant properties of aminophenol, the constituent of acetaminophen and mesalamine, were examined. Aminophenol compounds/copper-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species was analyzed by the inactivation of aconitase, the most sensitive enzyme to oxidative stress in permeabilized yeast cells. Aminophenol compounds of 2 (ortho)- and 4 (para)- substituents, but not 3 (meta)-isomer produced reactive oxygen species in the presence of copper (cupric) ion or iron. The inactivation required sodium azide the inhibitor of catalase, suggesting that the superoxide radical produced from the 2- and 4-aminophenol in the presence of copper is responsible for the inactivation of aconitase. Aminophenols of 2- and 4-substituents showed a potent reducing activity of copper (cupric) ion, and further potent reactivity with DPPH radical, but 3-aminophenol showed only a little reactivity. Reduced copper ion can generate superoxide radical with the production of oxidized metal. Aminophenols can reduce the copper ion, and further stimulate the continuous production of reactive oxygen species. Cytotoxic effect of acetaminophen, the N-acetylated-p-aminophenol and mesalamine, the 4-aminophenol derivatives may be accounted for by the prooxidant properties of their constituents, aminophenol.
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Nagaoka M, Fukami T, Kisui F, Yamada T, Sakai Y, Tashiro K, Ogiso T, Konishi K, Honda S, Hirosawa K, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide deacetylase knockout mice are sensitive to ketoconazole-induced hepatotoxicity and adrenal insufficiency. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114842. [PMID: 34798123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered ketoconazole may rarely induce liver injury and adrenal insufficiency. A metabolite formed by arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC)-mediated hydrolysis has been observed in cellulo studies, and it is relevant to ketoconazole-induced cytotoxicity. This study tried to examine the significance of AADAC in ketoconazole-induced toxicity in vivo using Aadac knockout mice. Oral administration of 150 mg/kg ketoconazole resulted in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve values of ketoconazole and N-deacetylketoconazole, a hydrolyzed metabolite of ketoconazole, in Aadac knockout mice being significantly higher and lower than those in wild-type mice, respectively. With the administration of ketoconazole (300 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, Aadac knockout mice showed higher mortality (100%) than wild-type mice (42.9%), and they also showed significantly higher plasma alanine transaminase and lower corticosterone levels, thus representing liver injury and steroidogenesis inhibition, respectively. It was suggested that a higher plasma ketoconazole concentration likely accounts for the inhibition of the synthesis of corticosterone, which has anti-inflammatory effects, in the adrenal gland in Aadac KO mice. In Aadac knockout mice, hepatic mRNA levels of immune- and inflammation-related factors were increased by the administration of 300 mg/kg ketoconazole, and the increase was restored by the replenishment of corticosterone (40 mg/kg, s.c.) along with recoveries of plasma alanine transaminase levels. In conclusion, Aadac defects exacerbate ketoconazole-induced liver injury by inhibiting glucocorticoid synthesis and enhancing the inflammatory response. This in vivo study revealed that the hydrolysis of ketoconazole by AADAC can mitigate ketoconazole-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Kisui
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamada
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kiyomichi Tashiro
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogiso
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keigo Konishi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Johnson JL, Huang J, Rooney M, Gu C. Optimal pH 8.5 to 9 for the Hydrolysis of Vixotrigine and Other Basic Substrates of Carboxylesterase-1 in Human Liver Microsomes. Xenobiotica 2021; 52:105-112. [PMID: 34904522 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2018629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vixotrigine is a voltage- and use-dependent sodium channel blocker under investigation for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain. One of the major in vivo metabolic pathways of vixotrigine in humans is the hydrolysis of the carboxamide to form the carboxylic acid metabolite M14.The in vitro formation of M14 in human hepatocytes was inhibited by the carboxylesterase (CES) inhibitor Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate in a concentration-dependent manner. The hydrolysis reaction was identified to be catalyzed by recombinant human CES1b.Initial observation of only trace level formation of M14 in human liver microsomes at pH 7.4 caused us to doubt the involvement of CES1, an enzyme localized at the endoplasmic reticulum and the dominant carboxylesterase in human liver. Further investigation has revealed that optimal pH for the hydrolysis of vixotrigine and two other basic substrates of CES1, methylphenidate and oseltamivir, in human liver microsomes was pH 8.5 to 9 which is higher than their respective pKa(base), suggesting that neutral form of basic substrates is probably preferred for CES1 catalysis in liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.,Current affiliation of JLJ: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Rooney
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Sakai Y, Fukami T, Nagaoka M, Hirosawa K, Ichida H, Sato R, Suzuki K, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide deacetylase as a determinant of the hydrolysis and activation of abiraterone acetate in mice and humans. Life Sci 2021; 284:119896. [PMID: 34450168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Abiraterone acetate for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is an acetylated prodrug to be hydrolyzed to abiraterone. Abiraterone acetate is known to be hydrolyzed by pancreatic cholesterol esterase secreted into the intestinal lumen. This study aimed to investigate the possibility that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) expressed in enterocytes contributes to the hydrolysis of abiraterone acetate based on its substrate preference. MATERIALS AND METHODS Abiraterone acetate hydrolase activity was measured using human intestinal (HIM) and liver microsomes (HLM) as well as recombinant AADAC. Correlation analysis between activity and AADAC expression was performed in 14 individual HIMs. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of abiraterone acetate was examined using wild-type and Aadac knockout mice administered abiraterone acetate with or without orlistat, a pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitor. KEY FINDINGS Recombinant AADAC showed abiraterone acetate hydrolase activity with similar Km value to HIM and HLM. The positive correlation between activity and AADAC levels in individual HIMs supported the responsibility of AADAC for abiraterone acetate hydrolysis. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of abiraterone after oral administration of abiraterone acetate in Aadac knockout mice was 38% lower than that in wild-type mice. The involvement of pancreatic cholesterol esterase in abiraterone formation was revealed by the decreased AUC of abiraterone by coadministration of orlistat. Orlistat potently inhibited AADAC, implying its potential as a perpetrator of drug-drug interactions. SIGNIFICANCE AADAC is responsible for the hydrolysis of abiraterone acetate in the intestine and liver, suggesting that concomitant use of abiraterone acetate and drugs potently inhibiting AADAC should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rei Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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15
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Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:405-425. [PMID: 34499522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically used drugs are metabolized in the body via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions, which are considered phase I reactions. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which primarily catalyze oxidation reactions, contribute to the metabolism of over 50% of clinically used drugs. In the last few decades, the function and regulation of P450s have been extensively studied, whereas the characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes is still incomplete. Recent studies suggest that approximately 30% of drug metabolism is carried out by non-P450 enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-P450 phase I enzymes, focusing on their roles in controlling drug efficacy and adverse reactions as an important aspect of drug development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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Honda S, Fukami T, Hirosawa K, Tsujiguchi T, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Uehara S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H, Nakajima M. Differences in Hydrolase Activities in the Liver and Small Intestine between Marmosets and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:718-728. [PMID: 34135089 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For drug development, species differences in drug-metabolism reactions present obstacles for predicting pharmacokinetics in humans. We characterized the species differences in hydrolases among humans and mice, rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, to expand the series of such studies, we attempted to characterize marmoset hydrolases. We measured hydrolase activities for 24 compounds using marmoset liver and intestinal microsomes, as well as recombinant marmoset carboxylesterase (CES) 1, CES2, and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC). The contributions of CES1, CES2, and AADAC to hydrolysis in marmoset liver microsomes were estimated by correcting the activities by using the ratios of hydrolase protein levels in the liver microsomes and those in recombinant systems. For six out of eight human CES1 substrates, the activities in marmoset liver microsomes were lower than those in human liver microsomes. For two human CES2 substrates and three out of seven human AADAC substrates, the activities in marmoset liver microsomes were higher than those in human liver microsomes. Notably, among the three rifamycins, only rifabutin was hydrolyzed by marmoset tissue microsomes and recombinant AADAC. The activities for all substrates in marmoset intestinal microsomes tended to be lower than those in liver microsomes, which suggests that the first-pass effects of the CES and AADAC substrates are due to hepatic hydrolysis. In most cases, the sums of the values of the contributions of CES1, CES2, and AADAC were below 100%, which indicated the involvement of other hydrolases in marmosets. In conclusion, we clarified the substrate preferences of hydrolases in marmosets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study confirmed that there are large differences in hydrolase activities between humans and marmosets by characterizing marmoset hydrolase activities for compounds that are substrates of human CES1, CES2, or arylacetamide deacetylase. The data obtained in this study may be useful for considering whether marmosets are appropriate for examining the pharmacokinetics and efficacies of new chemical entities in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
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17
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Honda S, Fukami T, Tsujiguchi T, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Hydrolase activities of cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes and recombinant CES1, CES2, and AADAC. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105807. [PMID: 33722734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is a nonhuman primate that is often used for pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies of new chemical entities. Species differences in drug metabolism are obstacles for the extrapolation of animal data to humans. This study aimed to characterize hydrolase activities for typical compounds by cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes and recombinant monkey carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) compared with the activities in humans. To estimate the contribution of each hydrolase, the ratios of the expression level of each hydrolase in the liver microsomes and recombinant systems were used. For almost all of the tested human CES1 substrates, hydrolase activities in cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes tended to be lower than those in human liver microsomes, and recombinant cynomolgus monkey CES1 showed catalytic activity, but not for all substrates. For human CES2 substrates, hydrolase activities in cynomolgus monkey liver were higher than those in human liver microsomes, and recombinant monkey CES2 was responsible for their hydrolysis. Among human AADAC substrates, phenacetin was mainly hydrolyzed by monkey AADAC, whereas indiplon and ketoconazole were hydrolyzed by AADAC and other unknown enzymes. Flutamide was hydrolyzed by monkey CES2, not by AADAC. Rifamycins were hardly hydrolyzed in monkey liver microsomes. In conclusion, this study characterized the hydrolase activities of cynomolgus monkeys compared with those in humans. The findings would be helpful for pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies of new chemical entities whose main metabolic pathway is hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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18
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Dargue R, Zia R, Lau C, Nicholls AW, Dare TO, Lee K, Jalan R, Coen M, Wilson ID. Metabolism and Effects on Endogenous Metabolism of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in a Porcine Model of Liver Failure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 175:87-97. [PMID: 32061126 PMCID: PMC7197950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic fate, toxicity, and effects on endogenous metabolism of paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) in 22 female Landrace cross large white pigs were evaluated in a model of acute liver failure (ALF). Anesthetized pigs were initially dosed at 250 mg/kg via an oroduodenal tube with APAP serum concentrations maintained above 300 mg/l using maintenance doses of 0.5–4 g/h until ALF. Studies were undertaken to determine both the metabolic fate of APAP and its effects on the endogenous metabolic phenotype of ALF in using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Increased concentrations of citrate combined with pre-ALF increases in circulating lactate, pyruvate, and alanine in plasma suggest mitochondrial dysfunction and a switch in hepatic energy metabolism to glycolysis in response to APAP treatment. A specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was used to quantify APAP and metabolites. The major circulating and urinary metabolite of APAP was the phenolic glucuronide (APAP-G), followed by p-aminophenol glucuronide (PAP-G) formed from N-deacetylated APAP. The PAP produced by N-deacetylation was the likely cause of the methemoglobinemia and kidney toxicity observed in this, and previous, studies in the pig. The phenolic sulfate of APAP, and the glutathione-derived metabolites of the drug were only found as minor components (with the cysteinyl conjugate detected but not the mercapturate). Given its low sulfation, combined with significant capacity for N-deacetylation the pig may represent a poor translational model for toxicology studies for compounds undergoing significant metabolism by sulfation, or which contain amide bonds which when hydrolyzed to unmask an aniline lead to toxicity. However, the pig may provide a useful model where extensive amide hydrolysis is seen for drugs or environmental chemicals in humans, but not in, eg, the rat and dog which are the preclinical species normally employed for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dargue
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rabiya Zia
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chungho Lau
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Karla Lee
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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19
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Yasuda K, Watanabe K, Fukami T, Nakashima S, Ikushiro SI, Nakajima M, Sakaki T. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate are potent inhibitors of human arylacetamide deacetylase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 39:100397. [PMID: 34171773 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, in addition to carboxylesterases (CESs), we found that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) plays an important role in the metabolism of some clinical drugs. In this study, we screened for food-related natural compounds that could specifically inhibit human AADAC, CES1, or CES2. AADAC, CES1, and CES2 activities in human liver microsomes were measured using phenacetin, fenofibrate, and procaine as specific substrates, respectively. In total, 43 natural compounds were screened for their inhibitory effects on each of these enzymes. Curcumin and quercetin showed strong inhibitory effects against all three enzymes, whereas epicatechin, epicatechin gallate (ECg), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) specifically inhibited AADAC. In particular, ECg and EGCg showed strong inhibitory effects on AADAC (IC50 values: 3.0 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.2 μM, respectively). ECg and EGCg also strongly inhibited AADAC-mediated rifampicin hydrolase activity in human liver microsomes with IC50 values of 2.2 ± 1.4 and 1.7 ± 0.4 μM, respectively, whereas it weakly inhibited p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolase activity, which is catalyzed by AADAC, CES1, and CES2. Our results indicate that ECg and EGCg are potent inhibitors of AADAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shimon Nakashima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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20
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Gabriele M, Puccini P, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Carboxylesterases and arylacetamide deacetylase comparison in human A549, H460, and H727 pulmonary cells. Life Sci 2021; 277:119486. [PMID: 33864822 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Human carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) are serine-esterase enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of many compounds containing esters, amides, thioesters, or acetyl groups. This study aimed to investigate the presence, kinetic parameters, and inhibition of CES1, CES2, and AADAC in A549, H460, and H727 pulmonary cells in both living cells and S9 fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA) and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate (4-MUA) were used as non-selective esterase substrates, whereas phenacetin as selective AADAC substrate. CESs activities were also investigated in living cells by cellular bioimaging using selective fluorescent probes. KEY FINDINGS AADAC gene was detected in A549 and H460 cells; nevertheless, arylesterase activity was not found in relative S9 fractions. Besides, CES1 and CES2 were expressed to a different extent by all lung cells, and enzymatic activities were quite overlapping each other. All enzymes exhibited a typical Michaelis-Menten saturation curve and, regarding 4-MUA, similar Km values were found in both living cells and S9 fractions. Conversely, kinetic parameters relative to the pNPA hydrolysis by S9 fractions were significantly lower than those detected in living cells. Inhibition studies revealed that 4-MUA hydrolysis was inhibited by bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride more than loperamide; on the contrary, pNPA hydrolysis inhibition was limited with similar inhibition profiles being obtained in both living cells and S9 fractions. The presence of carboxylesterases was definitely confirmed by cellular bioimaging. SIGNIFICANCE These findings add information to esterase knowledge in pulmonary cells that could be used as in vitro models for toxicological and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Gabriele
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Puccini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Palermo 26/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Gervasi
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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21
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Salluce G, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Sauer A, Urtti A, Honkakoski P. Carboxylesterase Activities and Protein Expression in Rabbit and Pig Ocular Tissues. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1305-1316. [PMID: 33595329 PMCID: PMC8023712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic reactions constitute an important pathway of drug metabolism and a significant route of prodrug activation. Many ophthalmic drugs and prodrugs contain ester groups that greatly enhance their permeation across several hydrophobic barriers in the eye before the drugs are either metabolized or released, respectively, via hydrolysis. Thus, the development of ophthalmic drug therapy requires the thorough profiling of substrate specificities, activities, and expression levels of ocular esterases. However, such information is scant in the literature, especially for preclinical species often used in ophthalmology such as rabbits and pigs. Therefore, our aim was to generate systematic information on the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) in seven ocular tissue homogenates from these two species. The hydrolytic activities were measured using a generic esterase substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate) and, in the absence of validated substrates for rabbit and pig enzymes, with selective substrates established for human CES1, CES2, and AADAC (d-luciferin methyl ester, fluorescein diacetate, procaine, and phenacetin). Kinetics and inhibition studies were conducted using these substrates and, again due to a lack of validated rabbit and pig CES inhibitors, with known inhibitors for the human enzymes. Protein expression levels were measured using quantitative targeted proteomics. Rabbit ocular tissues showed significant variability in the expression of CES1 (higher in cornea, lower in conjunctiva) and CES2 (higher in conjunctiva, lower in cornea) and a poor correlation of CES expression with hydrolytic activities. In contrast, pig tissues appear to express only CES1, and CES3 and AADAC seem to be either low or absent, respectively, in both species. The current study revealed remarkable species and tissue differences in ocular hydrolytic enzymes that can be taken into account in the design of esterase-dependent prodrugs and drug conjugates, the evaluation of ocular effects of systemic drugs, and in translational and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | | | - Giulia Salluce
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope
Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Achim Sauer
- Department
of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute
of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198584 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Division
of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7569, United States
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22
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Hirosawa K, Fukami T, Tashiro K, Sakai Y, Kisui F, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Role of Human Arylacetamide Deacetylase (AADAC) on Hydrolysis of Eslicarbazepine Acetate and Effects of AADAC Genetic Polymorphisms on Hydrolase Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:322-329. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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23
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Strain and sex differences in drug hydrolase activities in rodent livers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Takahashi M, Takani D, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Investigation of the chiral recognition ability of human carboxylesterase 1 using indomethacin esters. Chirality 2019; 32:73-80. [PMID: 31693270 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Takani
- Faculty of PhramacyChiba Institute of Science Chiba Japan
| | - Masami Haba
- Faculty of PhramacyChiba Institute of Science Chiba Japan
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25
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Gabriele M, Puccini P, Lucchi M, Aprile V, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Arylacetamide Deacetylase Enzyme: Presence and Interindividual Variability in Human Lungs. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:961-965. [PMID: 31235486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is a single microsomal serine esterase involved in the hydrolysis of many acetyl-containing drugs. To date, the presence and activity of the AADAC enzyme in human lungs has been scarcely examined. We investigated its gene and protein expression as well as interindividual variations in AADAC activities in a large number of human lungs (n = 25) using phenacetin as a selective substrate. The kinetic parameters K m and V max were determined. Our findings highlighted a high interindividual variability in both AADAC mRNA levels and hydrolysis activities. Furthermore, for the first time we demonstrated the presence of the AADAC protein in various lung samples by means of immunoblot analysis. As a comparison, phenacetin hydrolysis was detected in pooled human liver microsomes. Lung activities were much lower than those found in the liver. However, similar K m values were found, which suggests that this hydrolysis could be due to the same enzyme. Pulmonary phenacetin hydrolysis proved to be positively correlated with AADAC mRNA (*P < 0.05) and protein (*P < 0.05) levels. Moreover, the average values of AADAC activity in smokers was significantly higher than in nonsmoker subjects (*P < 0.05), and this might have an important role in the administration of some drugs. These findings add more information to our knowledge of pulmonary enzymes and could be particularly useful in the design and preclinical development of inhaled drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study investigated the presence and activity of the AADAC enzyme in several human lungs. Our results highlight high interindividual variability in both AADAC gene and protein expression as well as in phenacetin hydrolysis activity. These findings add more information to our knowledge of pulmonary enzymes and could be particularly useful in the design and preclinical development of inhaled drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Gabriele
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Paola Puccini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Marco Lucchi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Vittorio Aprile
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Gervasi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.G., P.G.G., V.L.); Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy (P.P.); and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgical Medical Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (M.L., V.A.)
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26
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Li X, Sun J, Guo Z, Zhong D, Chen X. Carboxylesterase 2 and Intestine Transporters Contribute to the Low Bioavailability of Allisartan, a Prodrug of Exp3174 for Hypertension Treatment in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:843-853. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Wang YQ, Weng ZM, Dou TY, Hou J, Wang DD, Ding LL, Zou LW, Yu Y, Chen J, Tang H, Ge GB. Nevadensin is a naturally occurring selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1944-1954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Imai S, Ichikawa T, Sugiyama C, Nonaka K, Yamada T. Contribution of Human Liver and Intestinal Carboxylesterases to the Hydrolysis of Selexipag In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1027-1034. [PMID: 30267780 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In liver microsomes, selexipag (NS-304; ACT-293987) mainly undergoes hydrolytic removal of the sulfonamide moiety by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) to yield the pharmacologically active metabolite MRE-269 (ACT-333679). However, it is not known how much CES in the liver and intestine contributes to the hydrolysis of selexipag or how selexipag is metabolized in the intestine, including by hydrolysis. To obtain a better understanding of selexipag metabolism in humans, we determined the percentage contribution of CES1 and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) to the hydrolysis of selexipag and 7 of its analogs with different sulfonamide moieties and evaluated its nonhydrolytic metabolism in human liver microsomes and human intestinal microsomes (HIMS). For selexipag, the percentage contributions of CES1 and CES2 in human liver microsomes were 77.0% and 9.99%, respectively, while the percentage contribution of CES2 in HIMS was 100%. In HIMS, the rate of hydrolysis of selexipag was the lowest among the compounds tested, and no difference between the presence and absence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was noted. We infer from these results that selexipag is likely to be hydrolyzed by CES2 as well as CES1, and only selexipag itself and the MRE-269 produced by hydrolysis in the intestine would be absorbed after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Imai
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugiyama
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Nonaka
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Yamada
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Jiang J, Chen X, Zhong D. Arylacetamide Deacetylase Is Involved in Vicagrel Bioactivation in Humans. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:846. [PMID: 29209217 PMCID: PMC5701912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicagrel, a structural analog of clopidogrel, is now being developed as a thienopyridine antiplatelet agent in a phase II clinical trial in China. Some studies have shown that vicagrel undergoes complete first-pass metabolism in human intestine, generating the hydrolytic metabolite 2-oxo-clopidogrel via carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) and subsequently the active metabolite H4 via CYP450s. This study aimed to identify hydrolases other than CES2 that are involved in the bioactivation of vicagrel in human intestine. This study is the first to determine that human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is involved in 2-oxo-clopidogrel production from vicagrel in human intestine. In vitro hydrolytic kinetics were determined in human intestine microsomes and recombinant human CES and AADAC. The calculated contribution of CES2 and AADAC to vicagrel hydrolysis was 44.2 and 53.1% in human intestine, respectively. The AADAC-selective inhibitors vinblastine and eserine effectively inhibited vicagrel hydrolysis in vitro. In addition to CES2, human intestine AADAC was involved in vicagrel hydrolytic activation before it entered systemic circulation. In addition, simvastatin efficiently inhibited the production of both 2-oxo-clopidogrel and active H4; further clinical trials are needed to determine whether the hydrolytic activation of vicagrel is influenced by coadministration with simvastatin. This study deepens the understanding of the bioactivation and metabolism properties of vicagrel in humans, which can help further understand the bioactivation mechanism of vicagrel and the variations in the treatment responses to vicagrel and clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yoshida T, Fukami T, Kurokawa T, Gotoh S, Oda A, Nakajima M. Difference in substrate specificity of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase between dogs and humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 111:167-176. [PMID: 28966098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) are the major enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of various clinical drugs. Our recent study demonstrated that the identity of the responsible hydrolase can be roughly surmised based on the chemical structures of compounds in humans. Dogs are used for preclinical studies in drug development, but the substrate specificities of dog CES and AADAC remain to be clarified. The purpose of this study is to characterize their substrate specificities. We prepared recombinant dog CES1, CES2, and AADAC. p-Nitrophenyl acetate, a general substrate for esterases, was hydrolyzed by dog CES1 and AADAC, while it was not hydrolyzed by CES2. CES2 protein was not substantially detected in the recombinant system or in the dog liver and intestinal microsomes by Western blot using anti-human CES2 antibodies. In silico analyses demonstrated slight differences in the three-dimensional structures of dog CES2 and human CES2, indicating that dog CES2 might be unstable or inactive. By evaluating the hydrolase activities of 22 compounds, which are known to be substrates of human CES and/or AADAC, we found that the activities of dog recombinant CES1 and AADAC as well as dog tissue preparations for nearly all compounds were lower than those of human enzymes. The dog enzymes that were responsible for the hydrolysis of most compounds corresponded to the human enzymes, but the following differences were observed: oseltamivir, irinotecan, and rifampicin were not hydrolyzed in the dog liver or by any of the recombinant esterases and procaine, a human CES2 substrate, was hydrolyzed by dog CES1. In conclusion, the present study could provide new finding to facilitate our understanding of species differences in drug hydrolysis, which can facilitate drug development and drug safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Takaya Kurokawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Gotoh
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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31
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Jiang J, Chen X, Zhong D. Predominant contributions of carboxylesterase 1 and 2 in hydrolysis of anordrin in humans. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:533-540. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1333658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China and
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China and
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China and
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Fukami T, Iida A, Konishi K, Nakajima M. Human arylacetamide deacetylase hydrolyzes ketoconazole to trigger hepatocellular toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:153-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Yarman A, Scheller FW. MIP-esterase/Tyrosinase Combinations for Paracetamol and Phenacetin. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Yarman
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Fraunhofer IZI-BB; Am Mühlenberg 13 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Frieder W. Scheller
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Fraunhofer IZI-BB; Am Mühlenberg 13 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Lu D, Dong D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wu B. Metabolism elucidation of BJ-B11 (a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor) by human liver microsomes: identification of main contributing enzymes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 11:1029-40. [PMID: 26073578 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1042858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to elucidate the metabolic pathways of BJ-B11, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, in human liver microsomes (HLM) and determine the main enzymes responsible for formation of each metabolite. METHODS Metabolites of BJ-B11 were identified using the ultra performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method. Esterase contributing to the hydrolysis of BJ-B11 was identified by chemical inhibition and activity correlation assays. Reaction phenotyping and kinetic studies using expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were performed to determine the contributions of CYP isozymes to BJ-B11 metabolism. RESULTS BJ-B11 was rapidly hydrolyzed to generate a deacetylated product M1-1. M1-1 was subsequently metabolized to form eight metabolites. Hydrolysis of BJ-B11 was markedly inhibited by vinblastine (a dual inhibitor of arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterase 2). By contrast, digitonin and telmisartan (the specific inhibitors for carboxylesterase 1 and carboxylesterase 2, respectively) did not inhibit BJ-B11 hydrolysis at all. Further, BJ-B11 hydrolysis was significantly correlated with hydrolysis of phenacetin (an activity marker of arylacetamide deacetylase). Moreover, reaction phenotyping revealed that metabolism of M1-1 in HLM was attributable to several CYP enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1B1, 3A4 and 3A5. CONCLUSION BJ-B11 was subjected to efficient metabolism in the liver, generating nine metabolites. BJ-B11 metabolism was contributed mainly by arylacetamide deacetylase and multiple CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Lu
- Jinan University, Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632 , China
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35
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Kurokawa T, Fukami T, Yoshida T, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide Deacetylase is Responsible for Activation of Prasugrel in Human and Dog. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:409-16. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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36
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Muta K, Fukami T, Nakajima M. A proposed mechanism for the adverse effects of acebutolol: CES2 and CYP2C19-mediated metabolism and antinuclear antibody production. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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37
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Safety and efficacy of ethoxyquin (6‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline) for all animal species. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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39
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Comparison of substrate specificity among human arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:47-53. [PMID: 26164127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is an esterase responsible for the hydrolysis of some drugs, including flutamide, indiplon, phenacetin, and rifamycins. AADAC is highly expressed in the human liver, where carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes, namely, CES1 and CES2, are also expressed. It is generally recognized that CES1 prefers compounds with a large acyl moiety and a small alcohol or amine moiety as substrates, whereas CES2 prefers compounds with a small acyl moiety and a large alcohol or amine moiety. In a comparison of the chemical structures of known AADAC substrates, AADAC most likely prefers compounds with the same characteristics as does CES2. However, the substrate specificity of human AADAC has not been fully clarified. To expand the knowledge of substrates of human AADAC, we measured its hydrolase activities toward 13 compounds, including known human CES1 and CES2 substrates, using recombinant enzymes expressed in Sf21 cells. Recombinant AADAC catalyzed the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate, N-monoacetyldapsone, and propanil, which possess notably small acyl moieties, and these substrates were also hydrolyzed by CES2. However, AADAC could not hydrolyze another CES2 substrate, procaine, which possesses a moderately small acyl moiety. In addition, AADAC did not hydrolyze several known CES1 substrates, including clopidogrel and oseltamivir, which have large acyl moieties and small alcohol moieties. Collectively, these results suggest that AADAC prefers compounds with smaller acyl moieties than does CES2. The role of AADAC in the hydrolysis of drugs has been clarified. For this reason, AADAC should receive attention in ADMET studies during drug development.
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40
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Kurokawa T, Fukami T, Nakajima M. Characterization of Species Differences in Tissue Diltiazem Deacetylation Identifies Ces2a as a Rat-Specific Diltiazem Deacetylase. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1218-25. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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42
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Thomsen R, Nielsen LM, Holm NB, Rasmussen HB, Linnet K. Synthetic cannabimimetic agents metabolized by carboxylesterases. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:565-76. [PMID: 25346527 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabimimetic agents are a large group of diverse compounds which act as agonists at cannabinoid receptors. Since 2004, synthetic cannabinoids have been used recreationally, although several of the compounds have been shown to cause severe toxicity in humans. In this study, the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA, was investigated by using human liver microsomes (HLM). For both compounds, a major metabolic pathway was the enzymatic hydrolysis of the primary amide, resulting in the major metabolites AB-PINACA-COOH and AB-FUBINACA-COOH. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-PINACA and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-FUBINACA. To identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the amide hydrolysis, incubations with recombinant carboxylesterases and human serum, as well as inhibition studies in HLM and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM) were performed. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was identified as the major human hepatic and pulmonary enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis.We employed similar studies to identify the esterase(s) involved in the previously described hydrolytic metabolism of two quinolineindole synthetic cannabinoids, PB-22 and 5F-PB-22, as well as the closely related compound, BB-22. Our investigations again revealed CES1 to be the key enzyme catalyzing these reactions. The identified major metabolites of AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA are likely to be useful in documenting drug usage in forensic and clinical screening. Additionally, the identification of CES1 as the main enzyme hydrolyzing these compounds improves our knowledge in the emerging field of xenobiotic metabolism by esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Thomsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line M Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels B Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Yang X, Morris SM, Gearhart JM, Ruark CD, Paule MG, Slikker W, Mattison DR, Vitiello B, Twaddle NC, Doerge DR, Young JF, Fisher JW. Development of a physiologically based model to describe the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in juvenile and adult humans and nonhuman primates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106101. [PMID: 25184666 PMCID: PMC4153582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread usage of methylphenidate (MPH) in the pediatric population has received considerable attention due to its potential effect on child development. For the first time a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed in juvenile and adult humans and nonhuman primates to quantitatively evaluate species- and age-dependent enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics of MPH and its primary metabolite ritalinic acid. The PBPK model was first calibrated in adult humans using in vitro enzyme kinetic data of MPH enantiomers, together with plasma and urine pharmacokinetic data with MPH in adult humans. Metabolism of MPH in the small intestine was assumed to account for the low oral bioavailability of MPH. Due to lack of information, model development for children and juvenile and adult nonhuman primates primarily relied on intra- and interspecies extrapolation using allometric scaling. The juvenile monkeys appear to metabolize MPH more rapidly than adult monkeys and humans, both adults and children. Model prediction performance is comparable between juvenile monkeys and children, with average root mean squared error values of 4.1 and 2.1, providing scientific basis for interspecies extrapolation of toxicity findings. Model estimated human equivalent doses in children that achieve similar internal dose metrics to those associated with pubertal delays in juvenile monkeys were found to be close to the therapeutic doses of MPH used in pediatric patients. This computational analysis suggests that continued pharmacovigilance assessment is prudent for the safe use of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Suzanne M. Morris
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jeffery M. Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Ruark
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Merle G. Paule
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - William Slikker
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Mattison
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Twaddle
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - John F. Young
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Fisher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Screening of Specific Inhibitors for Human Carboxylesterases or Arylacetamide Deacetylase. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1103-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.056994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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45
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Ito Y, Kurokawa T, Kariya M, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Indiplon Is Hydrolyzed by Arylacetamide Deacetylase in Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:751-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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46
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Muta K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. N-Glycosylation during translation is essential for human arylacetamide deacetylase enzyme activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Ishizuka T, Yoshigae Y, Murayama N, Izumi T. Different hydrolases involved in bioactivation of prodrug-type angiotensin receptor blockers: carboxymethylenebutenolidase and carboxylesterase 1. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1888-95. [PMID: 23946449 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is a prodrug-type angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB). We recently identified carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (CMBL) as the responsible enzyme for OM bioactivation in humans. In the present study, we compared the bioactivating properties of OM with those of other prodrug-type ARBs, candesartan cilexetil (CC) and azilsartan medoxomil (AM), by focusing on interspecies differences and tissue specificity. In in-vitro experiments with pooled tissue subcellular fractions of mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans, substantial OM-hydrolase activities were observed in cytosols of the liver, intestine, and kidney in all the species tested except for dog intestine, which showed negligible activity, whereas lung cytosols showed relatively low activities compared with the other tissues. AM-hydrolase activities were well correlated with the OM-hydrolase activities. In contrast, liver microsomes exhibited the highest CC-hydrolase activity among various tissue subcellular fractions in all the species tested. As a result of Western blot analysis with the tissue subcellular fractions, the band intensities stained with anti-human CMBL and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) antibodies well reflected OM- and AM-hydrolase activities and CC-hydrolase activity, respectively, in animals and humans. Recombinant human CMBL and CES1 showed significant AM- and CC-hydrolase activities, respectively, whereas CC hydrolysis was hardly catalyzed with recombinant carboxylesterase 2 (CES2). In conclusion, OM is bioactivated mainly via intestinal and additionally hepatic CMBL not only in humans but also in mice, rats, and monkeys, while CC is bioactivated via hepatic CES1 rather than intestinal enzymes, including CES2. AM is a substrate for CMBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishizuka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Higuchi R, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Prilocaine- and Lidocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia Is Caused by Human Carboxylesterase-, CYP2E1-, and CYP3A4-Mediated Metabolic Activation. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1220-30. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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49
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Kobayashi Y, Fukami T, Higuchi R, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Metabolic activation by human arylacetamide deacetylase, CYP2E1, and CYP1A2 causes phenacetin-induced methemoglobinemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1196-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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50
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Kobayashi Y, Fukami T, Shimizu M, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Contributions of arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterase 2 to flutamide hydrolysis in human liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1080-4. [PMID: 22446520 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flutamide, an antiandrogen drug, is widely used for the treatment of prostate cancer. The major metabolic pathways of flutamide are hydroxylation and hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed metabolite, 5-amino-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride (FLU-1), is further metabolized to N-hydroxy FLU-1, an assumed hepatotoxicant. Our previous study demonstrated that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), one of the major serine esterases expressed in the human liver and gastrointestinal tract, catalyzes the flutamide hydrolysis. However, the enzyme kinetics in human tissue microsomes were not consistent with the kinetics by recombinant human AADAC. Thus, it seemed that AADAC is not the sole enzyme responsible for flutamide hydrolysis in human. In the present study, we found that recombinant carboxylesterase (CES) 2 could hydrolyze flutamide at low concentrations of flutamide. In the inhibition assay, the flutamide hydrolase activities at a flutamide concentration of 5 μM in human liver and jejunum microsomes were strongly inhibited by a selective CES2 inhibitor, 10 μM loperamide, with the residual activities of 22.9 ± 3.5 and 18.6 ± 0.7%, respectively. These results suggest that CES2 is also involved in the flutamide hydrolysis in human tissues. Using six individual human livers, the contributions of AADAC and CES2 to flutamide hydrolysis were estimated by using the relative activity factor. The relative contribution of CES2 was approximately 75 to 99% at the concentration of 5 μM flutamide. In contrast, the relative contribution of AADAC increased in parallel with the concentration of flutamide. Thus, CES2, rather than AADAC, largely contributed to the flutamide hydrolysis in clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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