1
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Hayashi S, Kawaguchi H, Watanabe T, Miyawaki I, Fukami T, Nakajima M. Prediction of combination effect of quinidine on the pharmacokinetics of tipepidine using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:107-115. [PMID: 38193900 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2304129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Tipepidine, an antitussive drug, has been reported to have central pharmacological effects and can be expected to be safely repositioned as treatment for psychiatric disorders. Since tipepidine requires three doses per day, development of a once-daily medication would be highly beneficial. Previously, we reported that combination use with quinidine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, prolongs the half-life of tipepidine in chimeric mice with humanised liver.In this study, to predict this combination effect in humans, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed, and quantitative simulation was conducted. The simulation results indicated that concomitant administration of tipepidine with quinidine increased the predicted Cmax, AUC, and t1/2 of tipepidine in the Japanese population by 3.4-, 6.6-, and 2.4-fold, respectively.Furthermore, to compare with another approach that aims to prolong the half-life, the PK profile of tipepidine administered in hypothetical extended-release form was simulated. Extended-release form was predicted to be more influenced by CYP2D6 genotype than combination with quinidine, and the predicted plasma exposure was markedly increased in poor metabolizers, potentially leading to adverse effects.In conclusion, quantitative simulation using the PBPK model suggests the feasibility of the safe repositioning of tipepidine as a once-daily medication in combination with quinidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hayashi
- Preclinical Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co, Ltd, Japan
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawaguchi
- Preclinical Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co, Ltd, Japan
| | | | - Izuru Miyawaki
- Preclinical Research Unit, Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Pharma Co, Ltd, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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2
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Lee J, Beers JL, Geffert RM, Jackson KD. A Review of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Assessment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:99. [PMID: 38254699 PMCID: PMC10813492 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism is a major determinant of drug concentrations in the body. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by the co-administration of multiple drugs can lead to alteration in the exposure of the victim drug, raising safety or effectiveness concerns. Assessment of the DDI potential starts with in vitro experiments to determine kinetic parameters and identify risks associated with the use of comedication that can inform future clinical studies. The diverse range of experimental models and techniques has significantly contributed to the examination of potential DDIs. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of many drugs on the market, making them frequently implicated in drug metabolism and DDIs. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on the assessment of DDI risk for CYPs. This review article provides mechanistic insights underlying CYP inhibition/induction and an overview of the in vitro assessment of CYP-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.L.B.); (R.M.G.)
| | | | | | - Klarissa D. Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.L.B.); (R.M.G.)
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3
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Kameyama T, Sodhi JK, Benet LZ. Does Addition of Protein to Hepatocyte or Microsomal In Vitro Incubations Provide a Useful Improvement in In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Predictability? Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:401-412. [PMID: 35086847 PMCID: PMC11022888 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance is an essential part of successful and efficient drug development; however, many investigators have recognized that there are significant limitations in the predictability of clearance with a tendency for underprediction for primarily metabolized drugs. Here, we examine the impact of adding serum or albumin into hepatocyte and microsomal incubations on the predictability of in vivo hepatic clearance. The addition of protein into hepatocyte incubations has been reported to improve the predictability for high clearance (extraction ratio) drugs and highly protein-bound drugs. Analyzing published data for 60 different drugs and 97 experimental comparisons (with 17 drugs being investigated from two to seven) we confirmed the marked underprediction of clearance. However, we could not validate any relevant improved predictability within twofold by the addition of serum to hepatocyte incubations or albumin to microsomal incubations. This was the case when investigating all measurements, or when subdividing analyses by extraction ratio, degree of protein binding, Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System class, examining Extended Clearance Classification System class 1B drugs only, or drug charge. Manipulating characteristics of small data sets of like compounds and adding scaling factors can appear to yield good predictability, but the carryover of these methods to alternate drug classes and different laboratories is not evident. Improvement in predictability of poorly soluble compounds is greater than that for soluble compounds, but not to a meaningful extent. Overall, we cannot confirm that protein addition improves in vitro-in vivo extrapolation predictability to any clinically meaningful degree when considering all drugs and different subsets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The addition of protein into microsomal or hepatocyte incubations has been widely proposed to improve hepatic clearance predictions. To date, studies examining this phenomenon have not included appropriate negative controls where predictability is achieved without protein addition and have been conducted with small data sets of similar compounds that don't apply to alternate drug classes. Here, an extensive analysis of published data for 60 drugs and 97 experimental comparisons couldn't validate any relevant clinically improved clearance predictability with protein addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kameyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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4
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Fowler S, Brink A, Cleary Y, Guenther A, Heinig K, Husser C, Kletzl H, Kratochwil NA, Mueller L, Savage M, Stillhart C, Tuerck DW, Ullah M, Umehara K, Poirier A. Addressing today's ADME challenges in the translation of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion characteristics to human: A case study of the SMN2 mRNA splicing modifier risdiplam. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:65-75. [PMID: 34620695 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that present complex absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties can be challenging to investigate as potential therapeutics. Acquiring data through standard methods can yield results that are insufficient to describe the in vivo situation, which can affect downstream development decisions. Implementing in vitro - in vivo - in silico strategies throughout the drug development process is effective in identifying and mitigating risks while speeding up their development. Risdiplam (EVRYSDI®) - an orally bioavailable, small molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and more recently by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of patients {greater than or equal to}2 months of age with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), is presented here as a case study. Risdiplam is a low turnover compound whose metabolism is mediated through a non-cytochrome P450 enzymatic pathway. Four main challenges of risdiplam are discussed: predicting in vivo hepatic clearance, determining in vitro metabolites with regard to metabolites in safety testing guidelines, elucidating enzymes responsible for clearance, and estimating potential drug-drug interactions. A combination of in vitro and in vivo results was successfully extrapolated and used to develop a robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of risdiplam. These results were verified through early clinical studies, further strengthening the understanding of the ADME properties of risdiplam in humans. These approaches can be applied to other compounds with similar ADME profiles, which may be difficult to investigate using standard methods. Significance Statement Risdiplam is the first approved, small molecule, survival of motor neuron 2 mRNA splicing modifier for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. The approach taken to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of risdiplam during clinical development incorporated in vitro-in vivo-in silico techniques, which may be applicable to other small molecules with challenging ADME. These strategies may be useful in improving the speed at which future drug molecules can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Brink
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Yumi Cleary
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Katja Heinig
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | | | - Heidemarie Kletzl
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | | | - Lutz Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | - Mark Savage
- Unilabs York Bioanalytical Solutions, United Kingdom
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Formulation & Process Sciences, Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Switzerland
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Poirier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F.Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland
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5
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Tseng E, Eng H, Lin J, Cerny MA, Tess DA, Goosen TC, Obach RS. Static and Dynamic Projections of Drug-Drug Interactions Caused by Cytochrome P450 3A Time-Dependent Inhibitors Measured in Human Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:947-960. [PMID: 34326140 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) is a frequent target for time-dependent inhibition (TDI) that can give rise to drug-drug interactions (DDI). Yet many drugs that exhibit in vitro TDI for CYP3A, do not result in DDI. Twenty-three drugs with published clinical DDI were evaluated for CYP3A TDI in human liver microsomes (HLM) and hepatocytes (HHEP), and these data were utilized in static and dynamic models for projecting DDI caused by inactivation of CYP3A in both liver and intestine. TDI parameters measured in HHEP, particularly kinact, were generally lower than those measured in HLM. In static models, the use of average unbound organ exit concentrations offered the most accurate projections of DDI with geometric mean fold errors of 2.2 and 1.7 for HLM and HHEP, respectively. Use of maximum organ entry concentrations yielded marked overestimates of DDI. When evaluated in a binary fashion (i.e. projection of DDI of 1.25-fold or greater), data from HLM offered the greatest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (42%) and yielded no missed DDI when average unbound organ exit concentrations were used. In dynamic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, accurate projections of DDI were obtained with geometric mean fold errors of 1.7 and 1.6 for HLM and HHEP, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 67% when using TDI data generated in HLM and Simcyp modeling. Overall, DDI caused by CYP3A-mediated TDI can be reliably projected using dynamic or static models. For static models, average organ unbound exit concentrations must be used as input values otherwise DDI will be markedly overestimated. Significance Statement CYP3A time-dependent inhibitors are important in design and development of new drugs. The prevalence of CYP3A TDI is high among newly synthesized drug candidates and understanding the potential need for running clinical DDI studies is essential during drug development. Ability to reliably predict DDI caused by CYP3A TDI has been difficult to achieve. We report a thorough evaluation of CYP3A TDI and demonstrate that DDI can be predicted when using appropriate models and input parameters generated in HLM or HHEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Tseng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, United States
| | | | | | | | - Theunis C Goosen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, United States
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6
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Eng H, Tseng E, Cerny MA, Goosen TC, Obach RS. Cytochrome P450 3A Time-Dependent Inhibition Assays Are Too Sensitive for Identification of Drugs Causing Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions: A Comparison of Human Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes and Definition of Boundaries for Inactivation Rate Constants. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:442-450. [PMID: 33811106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A is an important mechanism underlying numerous drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and assays to measure this are done to support early drug research efforts. However, measuring TDI of CYP3A in human liver microsomes (HLMs) frequently yields overestimations of clinical DDIs and thus can lead to the erroneous elimination of many viable drug candidates from further development. In this investigation, 50 drugs were evaluated for TDI in HLMs and suspended human hepatocytes (HHEPs) to define appropriate boundary lines for the TDI parameter rate constant for inhibition (kobs) at a concentration of 30 µM. In HLMs, a kobs value of 0.002 minute-1 was statistically distinguishable from control; however, many drugs show kobs greater than this but do not cause DDI. A boundary line defined by the drug with the lowest kobs that causes a DDI (diltiazem) was established at 0.01 minute-1 Even with this boundary, of the 33 drugs above this value, only 61% cause a DDI (true positive rate). A corresponding analysis was done using HHEPs; kobs of 0.0015 minute-1 was statistically distinguishable from control, and the boundary was established at 0.006 minute-1 Values of kobs in HHEPs were almost always lower than those in HLMs. These findings offer a practical guide to the use of TDI data for CYP3A in early drug-discovery research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A is responsible for many drug interactions. In vitro assays are employed in early drug research to identify and remove CYP3A time-dependent inhibitors from further consideration. This analysis demonstrates suitable boundaries for inactivation rates to better delineate drug candidates for their potential to cause clinically significant drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Elaine Tseng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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7
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Abstract
Inhibition of a drug-metabolizing enzyme by the reversible interaction of a drug with the enzyme, thus decreasing the metabolism of another drug, is a major cause of clinically significant drug-drug interactions. This chapter defines the four reversible mechanisms of inhibition exhibited by drugs: competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive, and mixed competitive/noncompetitive. An in vitro procedure to determine the potential of a drug to be a reversible inhibitor is also provided. Finally, a number of examples of clinically significant drug-drug interactions resulting from reversible inhibition are described.
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8
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Yadav J, Paragas E, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Time-dependent enzyme inactivation: Numerical analyses of in vitro data and prediction of drug-drug interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107449. [PMID: 31836452 PMCID: PMC6995442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme kinetics often do not conform to Michaelis-Menten assumptions, and time-dependent inactivation (TDI) of CYPs displays complexities such as multiple substrate binding, partial inactivation, quasi-irreversible inactivation, and sequential metabolism. Additionally, in vitro experimental issues such as lipid partitioning, enzyme concentrations, and inactivator depletion can further complicate the parameterization of in vitro TDI. The traditional replot method used to analyze in vitro TDI datasets is unable to handle complexities in CYP kinetics, and numerical approaches using ordinary differential equations of the kinetic schemes offer several advantages. Improvement in the parameterization of CYP in vitro kinetics has the potential to improve prediction of clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This manuscript discusses various complexities in TDI kinetics of CYPs, and numerical approaches to model these complexities. The extrapolation of CYP in vitro TDI parameters to predict in vivo DDIs with static and dynamic modeling is discussed, along with a discussion on current gaps in knowledge and future directions to improve the prediction of DDI with in vitro data for CYP catalyzed drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Erickson Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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9
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Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
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10
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van der Made TK, Fedecostante M, Scotcher D, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Sastre Toraño J, Middel I, Koster AS, Gerritsen KG, Jankowski V, Jankowski J, Hoenderop JGJ, Masereeuw R, Galetin A. Quantitative Translation of Microfluidic Transporter in Vitro Data to in Vivo Reveals Impaired Albumin-Facilitated Indoxyl Sulfate Secretion in Chronic Kidney Disease. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4551-4562. [PMID: 31525064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IxS), a highly albumin-bound uremic solute, accumulates in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to reduced renal clearance. This study was designed to specifically investigate the role of human serum albumin (HSA) in IxS renal secretion via organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) in a microfluidic system and subsequently apply quantitative translation of in vitro data to predict extent of change in IxS renal clearance in CKD stage IV relative to healthy. Conditionally immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing OAT1 were incubated with IxS (5-200 μM) in the HSA-free medium or in the presence of either HSA or CKD-modified HSA. IxS uptake in the presence of HSA resulted in more than 20-fold decrease in OAT1 affinity (Km,u) and 37-fold greater in vitro unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) versus albumin-free condition. In the presence of CKD-modified albumin, Km,u increased four-fold and IxS CLint,u decreased almost seven-fold relative to HSA. Fold-change in parameters exceeded differences in IxS binding between albumin conditions, indicating additional mechanism and facilitating role of albumin in IxS OAT1-mediated uptake. Quantitative translation of IxS in vitro OAT1-mediated CLint,u predicted a 60% decrease in IxS renal elimination as a result of CKD, in agreement with the observed data (80%). The findings of the current study emphasize the role of albumin in IxS transport via OAT1 and explored the impact of modifications in albumin on renal excretion via active secretion in CKD. For the first time, this study performed quantitative translation of transporter kinetic data generated in a novel microfluidic in vitro system to a clinically relevant setting. Knowledge gaps and future directions in quantitative translation of renal drug disposition from microphysiological systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K van der Made
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | | | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K.,Simcyp Division , Certara UK Limited , Sheffield S1 2BJ , U.K
| | | | | | | | - Karin G Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht 3508 GA , The Netherlands
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research , RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen 52074 , Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research , RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen 52074 , Germany.,School for Cardiovascular Diseases , Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht 6229 ER , The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen 6500 HB , The Netherlands
| | | | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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11
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Palacharla VRC, Chunduru P, Ajjala DR, Bhyrapuneni G, Nirogi R, Li AP. Development and Validation of a Higher-Throughput Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay with the Novel Cofactor-Supplemented Permeabilized Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes (MetMax Human Hepatocytes). Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1032-1039. [PMID: 31375472 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the application of a novel hepatocyte system, the cofactor-supplemented permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes [MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs)] in a higher-throughput 384-well plate assay for the evaluation of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition. The assay was created to develop physiologically relevant P450 inhibition information, taking advantage of the complete organelle composition and their associated drug-metabolizing enzymes of the MMHH but with the ease of use of human liver microsomes, including storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen, and thaw and use without centrifugation and microscopic evaluation as required for intact hepatocytes. Nine key P450 isoforms for drug metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) were evaluated using multiple isoform-selective inhibitors. Results with MMHH were found to be comparable to those obtained with intact cryopreserved human hepatocytes (CHHs). Isoform-selective drug-metabolizing enzyme pathways evaluated were phenacetin O-deethylation (CYP1A2), coumarin 7-hydroxylation (CYP2A6), bupropion hydroxylation (CYP2B6), amodiaquine N-deethylation (CYP2C8), diclofenac 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C9), s-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan O-demethylation (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation (CYP2E1), and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4). The Km values obtained with MMHHs were comparable with those reported in the literature for CHHs. Using substrate concentrations at or near Km values, the IC50 values for the standard inhibitors against the P450 activities were found to be comparable between MMHHs and CHHs, with 73% and 84% of values falling within 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, from the line of unity. The results indicate that MMHHs can be an efficient experimental system for the evaluation of P450 inhibition in hepatocytes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: MetMax human hepatocytes (MMHHs) are cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes with the complete drug-metabolizing enzyme pathways of the conventional hepatocytes but with the convenience of human liver microsomes, including storage at -80°C instead of in liquid nitrogen, and direct thaw and use without a need for centrifugation and microscopic examination. Here, we report the application of MMHH in a high-throughput assay in a 384-well plate format for the evaluation of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition. Our results show that data obtained with MMHH are similar to those with conventional hepatocytes, suggesting that the MMHH 384-well P450 inhibition assay can be used routinely for the evaluation of drug-drug interaction potential of new chemical entities in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Raghava Choudary Palacharla
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Prathyusha Chunduru
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Devender Reddy Ajjala
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Gopinadh Bhyrapuneni
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
| | - Albert P Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India (V.R.C.P., G.B., R.N.); Bio-analysis, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Pashamylaram, Medak, India (P.C., D.R.A.); and In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland (A.P.L.)
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12
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Docci L, Parrott N, Krähenbühl S, Fowler S. Application of New Cellular and Microphysiological Systems to Drug Metabolism Optimization and Their Positioning Respective to In Silico Tools. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:523-536. [PMID: 30817893 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219831407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New cellular model systems for drug metabolism applications, such as advanced 2D liver co-cultures, spheroids, and microphysiological systems (MPSs), offer exciting opportunities to reproduce human biology more closely in vitro with the aim of improving predictions of pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and efficacy. These advanced cellular systems have quickly become established for human intrinsic clearance determination and have been validated for several other absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) applications. Adoption will be driven through the demonstration of clear added value, for instance, by more accurate and precise clearance predictions and by more reliable extrapolation of drug interaction potential leading to faster progression to pivotal proof-of-concept studies. New experimental systems are attractive when they can (1) increase experimental capacity, removing optimization bottlenecks; (2) improve measurement quality of ADME properties that impact pharmacokinetics; and (3) enable measurements to be made that were not previously possible, reducing risk in ADME prediction and candidate selection. As new systems become established, they will find their place in the repository of tools used at different stages of the research and development process, depending on the balance of value, throughput, and cost. In this article, we give a perspective on the integration of these new methodologies into ADME optimization during drug discovery, and the likely applications and impacts on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Docci
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,2 Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen Fowler
- 1 Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Koyanagi T, Yano K, Kim S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Tamai I. In vivo hepatic clearance of lipophilic drugs predicted by in vitro uptake data into cryopreserved hepatocytes suspended in sera of rats, guinea pigs, monkeys and humans. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:887-894. [PMID: 30124359 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1514476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of uptake of lipophilic acid compounds into hepatocytes was an unresolved drug development issue because of their adsorption to cells and materials and low analytical sensitivity and accuracy in assessment of protein bindings. Uptake assays of compounds using hepatocytes suspended in serum were expected to solve these problems for prediction of in vivo hepatic clearance. Here, for compounds with high protein binding (>99%), diflunisal, montelukast, cerivastatin, telmisartan, fluvastatin and six new drug candidates, in vivo hepatic clearance predicted based on hepatic depletion and uptake (CLh, uptake, predicted) data using hepatocytes in the absence and presence of sera was investigated. In vitro hepatic uptake results with hepatocytes suspended in serum improved prediction of human hepatic clearance values for highly lipophilic montelukast and telmisartan. In vivo CLh, uptake, predicted values of six new highly lipophilic acid drug candidates (protein binding >99.97%) and diflunisal, montelukast and cerivastatin predicted based on hepatocytes suspended in serum were within threefold differences of their total clearance in vivo in rats, guinea pigs or monkeys, except for montelukast in monkeys (5.8-fold). These results suggest that the human hepatic uptake in hepatocytes suspended in serum is useful for prediction of CLh, uptake, predicted, especially for highly lipophilic/protein binding acid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyanagi
- a Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- a Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Soonih Kim
- a Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- c Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
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Li AP, Alam N, Amaral K, Ho MCD, Loretz C, Mitchell W, Yang Q. Cryopreserved Human Intestinal Mucosal Epithelium: A Novel In Vitro Experimental System for the Evaluation of Enteric Drug Metabolism, Cytochrome P450 Induction, and Enterotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1562-1571. [PMID: 30006371 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel in vitro enteric experimental system, cryopreserved human intestinal mucosa (CHIM), for the evaluation of enteric drug metabolism, drug-drug interaction, drug toxicity, and pharmacology. CHIM was isolated from the small intestines of four human donors. The small intestines were first dissected into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, followed by collagenase digestion of the intestinal lumen. The isolated mucosa was gently homogenized to yield multiple cellular fragments, which were then cryopreserved in a programmable liquid cell freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing and recovery, CHIM retained robust cytochrome P450 (P450) and non-P450 drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and demonstrated dose-dependent induction of transcription of CYP24A1 (approximately 300-fold) and CYP3A4 (approximately 3-fold) by vitamin D3 as well as induction of CYP3A4 (approximately 3-fold) by rifampin after 24 hours of treatment. Dose-dependent decreases in cell viability quantified by cellular ATP content were observed for naproxen and acetaminophen, with higher enterotoxicity observed for naproxen, consistent with that observed in humans in vivo. These results suggest that CHIM may be a useful in vitro experimental model for the evaluation of enteric drug properties, including drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Novera Alam
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Kirsten Amaral
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Ming-Chih David Ho
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Carol Loretz
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Walter Mitchell
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., Columbia, Maryland
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Iwasaki S, Hirabayashi H, Amano N. Quantitative prediction of the extent of drug-drug interaction using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that includes inhibition of drug metabolism determined in cryopreserved hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:770-780. [PMID: 28851254 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1370744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that includes inhibition constant evaluated in cryopreserved hepatocytes was used to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between orally administered nifedipine, a CYP substrate, and fluconazole or ketoconazole, CYP inhibitors, in rats. 2. The Kp,uu, ratio of unbound inhibitor concentration in liver ([I]liver,u) to that in plasma ([I]sys,u), of fluconazole and ketoconazole was 1.0 and 13.0, indicating that ketoconazole accumulates in liver. The ratios of inhibition constants in rat liver microsomes (Ki,mic,u) to that in rat cryopreserved hepatocytes (Ki,hep,u) for fluconazole and ketoconazole were 1.5 and 25.5, which were similar to the Kp,uu and suggested that cryopreserved hepatocytes could mimic the hepatic accumulation of inhibitors. 3. The increases in AUC of nifedipine predicted by the minimal PBPK model using [I]liver,u/Ki,mic,u and [I]sys,u/Ki,hep,u were within 1.5-fold of the observed values for both inhibitors, whereas the model using [I]sys,u/Ki,mic,u underestimated the AUC increase caused by ketoconazole 21-fold. 4. These results indicated that hepatic accumulation factor of an inhibitor is required for a precise DDI projection and that cryopreserved hepatocytes would be useful to obtain the Ki including hepatic accumulation factor. It was demonstrated that PBPK model using Ki,hep,u could be a valuable approach for quantitative DDI projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Iwasaki
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Cambridge , MA , USA and
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- b Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- b Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Fujisawa , Japan
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Noe DA. Some Methodologic Considerations in the Assessment of Methods for Predicting Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2017; 6:529-533. [PMID: 28741311 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Noe
- Metrum Research Group, 2 Tunxis Rd #112, Tariffville, CT, USA
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Fowler S, Morcos PN, Cleary Y, Martin-Facklam M, Parrott N, Gertz M, Yu L. Progress in Prediction and Interpretation of Clinically Relevant Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions: a Minireview Illustrating Recent Developments and Current Opportunities. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 3:36-49. [PMID: 28261547 PMCID: PMC5315728 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review gives a perspective on the current "state of the art" in metabolic drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction. We highlight areas of successful prediction and illustrate progress in areas where limits in scientific knowledge or technologies prevent us from having full confidence. RECENT FINDINGS Several examples of success are highlighted. Work done for bitopertin shows how in vitro and clinical data can be integrated to give a model-based understanding of pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. The use of interpolative predictions to derive explicit dosage recommendations for untested DDIs is discussed using the example of ibrutinib, and the use of DDI predictions in lieu of clinical studies in new drug application packages is exemplified with eliglustat and alectinib. Alectinib is also an interesting case where dose adjustment is unnecessary as the activity of a major metabolite compensates sufficiently for changes in parent drug exposure. Examples where "unusual" cytochrome P450 (CYP) and non-CYP enzymes are responsible for metabolic clearance have shown the importance of continuing to develop our repertoire of in vitro regents and techniques. The time-dependent inhibition assay using human hepatocytes suspended in full plasma allowed improved DDI predictions, illustrating the importance of continued in vitro assay development and refinement. SUMMARY During the past 10 years, a highly mechanistic understanding has been developed in the area of CYP-mediated metabolic DDIs enabling the prediction of clinical outcome based on preclinical studies. The combination of good quality in vitro data and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling may now be used to evaluate DDI risk prospectively and are increasingly accepted in lieu of dedicated clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter N. Morcos
- Pharmaceutical Reseach and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 430 East 29th Street, New York City, NY USA
| | - Yumi Cleary
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meret Martin-Facklam
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gertz
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Yu
- Pharmaceutical Reseach and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 430 East 29th Street, New York City, NY USA
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Richert L, Baze A, Parmentier C, Gerets HHJ, Sison-Young R, Dorau M, Lovatt C, Czich A, Goldring C, Park BK, Juhila S, Foster AJ, Williams DP. Cytotoxicity evaluation using cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes in various culture formats. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:207-215. [PMID: 27363785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen training compounds selected in the IMI MIP-DILI consortium, 12 drug-induced liver injury (DILI) positive compounds and 4 non-DILI compounds, were assessed in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. When a ten-fold safety margin threshold was applied, the non-DILI-compounds were correctly identified 2h following a single exposure to pooled human hepatocytes (n=13 donors) in suspension and 14-days following repeat dose exposure (3 treatments) to an established 3D-microtissue co-culture (3D-MT co-culture, n=1 donor) consisting of human hepatocytes co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells (NPC). In contrast, only 5/12 DILI-compounds were correctly identified 2h following a single exposure to pooled human hepatocytes in suspension. Exposure of the 2D-sandwich culture human hepatocyte monocultures (2D-sw) for 3days resulted in the correct identification of 11/12 DILI-positive compounds, whereas exposure of the human 3D-MT co-cultures for 14days resulted in identification of 9/12 DILI-compounds; in addition to ximelagatran (also not identified by 2D-sw monocultures, Sison-Young et al., 2016), the 3D-MT co-cultures failed to detect amiodarone and bosentan. The sensitivity of the 2D human hepatocytes co-cultured with NPC to ximelagatran was increased in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but only at high concentrations, therefore preventing its classification as a DILI positive compound. In conclusion (1) despite suspension human hepatocytes having the greatest metabolic capacity in the short term, they are the least predictive of clinical DILI across the MIP-DILI test compounds, (2) longer exposure periods than 72h of human hepatocytes do not allow to increase DILI-prediction rate, (3) co-cultures of human hepatocytes with NPC, in the presence of LPS during the 72h exposure period allow the assessment of innate immune system involvement of a given drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France; Université de Franche-Comté, EA 4267 Besançon, France.
| | - Audrey Baze
- KaLy-Cell, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France.
| | | | - Helga H J Gerets
- UCB BioPharma SPRL, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Martina Dorau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Cerys Lovatt
- GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Satu Juhila
- Orion Corporation, R&D, In Vitro Biology, Orionintie 1A, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Alison J Foster
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
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Evaluation of Time Dependent Inhibition Assays for Marketed Oncology Drugs: Comparison of Human Hepatocytes and Liver Microsomes in the Presence and Absence of Human Plasma. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1204-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ramachandran SD, Vivarès A, Klieber S, Hewitt NJ, Muenst B, Heinz S, Walles H, Braspenning J. Applicability of second-generation upcyte® human hepatocytes for use in CYP inhibition and induction studies. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00161. [PMID: 26516577 PMCID: PMC4618636 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human upcyte® hepatocytes are proliferating hepatocytes that retain many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the application of second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes from four donors for inhibition and induction assays using a selection of reference inhibitors and inducers. CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were reproducibly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner and the calculated IC50 values for each compound correctly classified them as potent inhibitors. Upcyte® hepatocytes were responsive to prototypical CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 inducers, confirming that they have functional AhR-, CAR-, and PXR-mediated CYP regulation. A panel of 11 inducers classified as potent, moderate or noninducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were tested. There was a good fit of data from upcyte® hepatocytes to three different predictive models for CYP3A4 induction, namely the Relative Induction Score (RIS), AUCu/F2, and C max,u/Ind50. In addition, PXR (rifampicin) and CAR-selective (carbamazepine and phenytoin) inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction, respectively, were demonstrated. In conclusion, these data support the use of second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes for CYP inhibition and induction assays. Under the culture conditions used, these cells expressed CYP activities that were equivalent to or higher than those measured in primary human hepatocyte cultures, which could be inhibited or induced by prototypical CYP inhibitors and inducers, respectively. Moreover, they can be used to predict in vivo CYP3A4 induction potential using three prediction models. Bulk availability of cells from multiple donors makes upcyte® hepatocytes suitable for DDI screening, as well as more in-depth mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Vivarès
- Sanofi – DSAR Drug Disposition – In Vitro models371, rue du Pr. Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sylvie Klieber
- Sanofi – DSAR Drug Disposition – In Vitro models371, rue du Pr. Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | | | - Bernhard Muenst
- Medicyte GmbHIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinz
- Medicyte GmbHIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University WuerzburgRoentgenring 11, Wuerzburg, D-97070, Germany
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Moody DE, Liu F, Fang WB. Azole Antifungal Inhibition of Buprenorphine, Methadone and Oxycodone In Vitro Metabolism. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:374-86. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Riley RJ, Wilson CE. Cytochrome P450 time-dependent inhibition and induction: advances in assays, risk analysis and modelling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:557-72. [PMID: 25659570 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1013095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is widely accepted that current practice of polypharmacy inevitably increases the incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Serious DDIs are a major liability for new molecular entities entering the pharmaceutical market. Various strategies are employed to avoid problematic compounds for clinical development. Progress made with reversible CYP DDIs has prompted a switch to study and model time-dependent inhibition and induction interactions. AREAS COVERED An overview of popular experimental practices is presented with discussion of techniques and algorithms used to analyse the clinical DDI risk. Emphasis is placed on the transition from early, simple static equations, via more complex net mechanistic, static models to dynamic approaches involving multiple perpetrators and metabolites, simultaneous inhibition and induction. EXPERT OPINION Inclusion of the more conservative terms for parameters required for DDI evaluation may eliminate promising chemical space, encourages poor practice and hampers innovation. Breakthroughs have originated from understanding of 'outliers' from such analyses where CYP enzyme-transporter interplay may be involved. The role of key transporters in drug disposition is firmly established as the chemistry required to address new targets deviates from traditional 'drug-like' space. Attempts to model more complex interactions for substrates of both CYP enzymes and drug transporters are still in their infancy and will benefit from dynamic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Riley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd , 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RZ , UK +44 1235 861561 ; +44 1235 863139 ;
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Abstract
This chapter describes the types of irreversible inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and the methods commonly employed to quantify the irreversible inhibition and subsequently predict the extent and time course of clinically important drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mohutsky
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Stresser DM, Mao J, Kenny JR, Jones BC, Grime K. Exploring concepts ofin vitrotime-dependent CYP inhibition assays. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:157-74. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.856882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kosugi Y, Hirabayashi H, Igari T, Fujioka Y, Okuda T, Moriwaki T. Risk assessment of drug–drug interactions using hepatocytes suspended in serum during the drug discovery process. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:336-44. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.837988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Desbans C, Hilgendorf C, Lutz M, Bachellier P, Zacharias T, Weber JC, Dolgos H, Richert L, Ungell AL. Prediction of fraction metabolized via CYP3A in humans utilizing cryopreserved human hepatocytes from a set of 12 single donors. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:17-27. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.809617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mao J, Johnson TR, Shen Z, Yamazaki S. Prediction of Crizotinib-Midazolam Interaction Using the Simcyp Population-Based Simulator: Comparison of CYP3A Time-Dependent Inhibition between Human Liver Microsomes versus Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:343-52. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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