1
|
Martinelli F, Thiele I. Microbial metabolism marvels: a comprehensive review of microbial drug transformation capabilities. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2387400. [PMID: 39150897 PMCID: PMC11332652 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2387400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review elucidates the pivotal role of microbes in drug metabolism, synthesizing insights from an exhaustive analysis of over two hundred papers. Employing a structural classification system grounded in drug atom involvement, the review categorizes the microbiome-mediated drug-metabolizing capabilities of over 80 drugs. Additionally, it compiles pharmacodynamic and enzymatic details related to these reactions, striving to include information on encoding genes and specific involved microorganisms. Bridging biochemistry, pharmacology, genetics, and microbiology, this review not only serves to consolidate diverse research fields but also highlights the potential impact of microbial drug metabolism on future drug design and in silico studies. With a visionary outlook, it also lays the groundwork for personalized medicine interventions, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for advancing drug development and enhancing therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Martinelli
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Digital Metabolic Twin Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- The Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ines Thiele
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Digital Metabolic Twin Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- The Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gajula SNR, Nathani TN, Patil RM, Talari S, Sonti R. Aldehyde oxidase mediated drug metabolism: an underpredicted obstacle in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:427-448. [PMID: 36369949 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has garnered curiosity as a non-CYP metabolizing enzyme in drug development due to unexpected consequences such as toxic metabolite generation and high metabolic clearance resulting in the clinical failure of new drugs. Therefore, poor AO mediated clearance prediction in preclinical nonhuman species remains a significant obstacle in developing novel drugs. Various isoforms of AO, such as AOX1, AOX3, AOX3L1, and AOX4 exist across species, and different AO activity among humans influences the AO mediated drug metabolism. Therefore, carefully considering the unique challenges is essential in developing successful AO substrate drugs. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation underpredicts AO mediated drug clearance due to the lack of reliable representative animal models, substrate-specific activity, and the discrepancy between absolute concentration and activity. An in vitro tool to extrapolate in vivo clearance using a yard-stick approach is provided to address the underprediction of AO mediated drug clearance. This approach uses a range of well-known AO drug substrates as calibrators for qualitative scaling new drugs into low, medium, or high clearance category drugs. So far, in vivo investigations on chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) have predicted AO mediated metabolism to the best extent. This review addresses the critical aspects of the drug discovery stage for AO metabolism studies, challenges faced in drug development, approaches to tackle AO mediated drug clearance's underprediction, and strategies to decrease the AO metabolism of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Tanaaz Navin Nathani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rashmi Madhukar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sasikala Talari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
Collapse
|
5
|
How Science Is Driving Regulatory Guidances. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34272707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides regulatory perspectives on how to translate in vitro drug metabolism findings into in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions and how this affects the decision of conducting in vivo DDI evaluation. The chapter delineates rationale and analyses that have supported the recommendations in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) DDI guidances in terms of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition-mediated DDI potential for investigational new drugs and their metabolites as substrates or inhibitors. The chapter also describes the framework and considerations to assess UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) inhibition-mediated DDI potential for drugs as substrates or inhibitors. The limitations of decision criteria and further improvements needed are also discussed. Case examples are provided throughout the chapter to illustrate how decision criteria have been utilized to evaluate in vivo DDI potential from in vitro data.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shanu-Wilson J, Evans L, Wrigley S, Steele J, Atherton J, Boer J. Biotransformation: Impact and Application of Metabolism in Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2087-2107. [PMID: 33214818 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation has a huge impact on the efficacy and safety of drugs. Ultimately the effects of metabolism can be the lynchpin in the discovery and development cycle of a new drug. This article discusses the impact and application of biotransformation of drugs by mammalian systems, microorganisms, and recombinant enzymes, covering active and reactive metabolites, the impact of the gut microbiome on metabolism, and how insights gained from biotransformation studies can influence drug design from the combined perspectives of a CRO specializing in a range of biotransformation techniques and pharma biotransformation scientists. We include a commentary on how biology-driven approaches can complement medicinal chemistry strategies in drug optimization and the in vitro and surrogate systems available to explore and exploit biotransformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - James Atherton
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jason Boer
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Katyayan K, Yi P, Monk S, Cassidy K. Excretion, Mass Balance, and Metabolism of [ 14C]LY3202626 in Humans: An Interplay of Microbial Reduction, Reabsorption, and Aldehyde Oxidase Oxidation That Leads to an Extended Excretion Profile. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:698-707. [PMID: 32499340 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass balance, excretion, and metabolism of LY3202626 were determined in healthy subjects after oral administration of a single dose of 10 mg of (approximately 100 μCi) [14C]LY3202626. Excretion of radioactivity was slow and incomplete, with approximately 75% of the dose recovered after 504 hours of sample collection. The mean total recovery of the radioactive dose was 31% and 44% in the feces and urine, respectively. Because of low plasma total radioactivity, plasma metabolite profiling was conducted by accelerator mass spectrometry. Metabolism of LY3202626 occurred primarily via O-demethylation (M2) and amide hydrolysis (M1, M3, M4, and M5). Overall, parent drug, M1, M2, and M4 were the largest circulating components in plasma, and M2 and M4 were the predominant excretory metabolites. The slow elimination of total radioactivity was proposed to result from an unusual enterohepatic recirculation pathway involving microbial reduction of metabolite M2 to M16 in the gut and reabsorption of M16, followed by hepatic oxidation of M16 back to M2. Supporting in vitro experiments showed that M2 is reduced to M16 anaerobically in fecal homogenate and that M16 is oxidized in the liver by aldehyde oxidase to M2. LY3202626 also showed a potential to form a reactive sulfenic acid intermediate. A portion of plasma radioactivity was unextractable and presumably bound covalently to plasma proteins. In vitro incubation of LY3202626 in human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH with dimedone as a trapping agent implicated the formation of the proposed sulfenic acid intermediate. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The excretion of radioactivity in humans after oral administration of a single dose of 10 mg of [14C]LY3202626 was very slow. The results from in vitro experiments suggested that an interplay between microbial reduction, reabsorption, and aldehyde oxidase oxidation (M2 → M16 → M2) could be a reason for extended radioactivity excretion profile. In vitro metabolism also showed that LY3202626 has the potential to form a reactive sulfenic acid intermediate that could potentially covalently bind to plasma protein and result in the observed unextractable radioactivity from plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Yi
- Drug Disposition Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Scott Monk
- Drug Disposition Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth Cassidy
- Drug Disposition Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beedham
- Honorary Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hatton GB, Madla CM, Rabbie SC, Basit AW. Gut reaction: impact of systemic diseases on gastrointestinal physiology and drug absorption. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:417-427. [PMID: 30453059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It was in 400 BC that Hippocrates reportedly stated that "death sits in the colon". The growth in our knowledge of the intestinal microbiome, the gut-brain axis and their function and imbalance has distinctly uncovered the complex relationship between the gut to disease predisposition and development, heralding the problem and the solution to disease pathology. Human studies of new drug molecules are typically performed in healthy volunteers and their specific disease indication. Approved drugs, however, are used by patients with diverse disease backgrounds. Here, we review the current literature of the gastrointestinal tract reacting to systemic disease pathology that elicits physiological and functional changes that consequently affect oral drug product performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace B Hatton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Christine M Madla
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sarit C Rabbie
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bisanz JE, Spanogiannopoulos P, Pieper LM, Bustion AE, Turnbaugh PJ. How to Determine the Role of the Microbiome in Drug Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1588-1595. [PMID: 30111623 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With a paradigm shift occurring in health care toward personalized and precision medicine, understanding the numerous environmental factors that impact drug disposition is of paramount importance. The highly diverse and variant nature of the human microbiome is now recognized as a factor driving interindividual variation in therapeutic outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical guide on methodology that can be applied to study the effects of microbes on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. We also highlight recent examples of how these methods have been successfully applied to help build the basis for researching the intersection of the microbiome and pharmacology. Although in vitro and in vivo preclinical models are highlighted, these methods are also relevant in late-phase drug development or even as a part of routine after-market surveillance. These approaches will aid in filling major knowledge gaps for both current and upcoming therapeutics with the long-term goal of achieving a new type of knowledge-based medicine that integrates data on the host and the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.E.B., P.S., L.M.P., A.E.B., P.J.T.) and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California (P.J.T.)
| | - Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.E.B., P.S., L.M.P., A.E.B., P.J.T.) and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California (P.J.T.)
| | - Lindsey M Pieper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.E.B., P.S., L.M.P., A.E.B., P.J.T.) and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California (P.J.T.)
| | - Annamarie E Bustion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.E.B., P.S., L.M.P., A.E.B., P.J.T.) and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California (P.J.T.)
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (J.E.B., P.S., L.M.P., A.E.B., P.J.T.) and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California (P.J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wilkinson EM, Ilhan ZE, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Microbiota–drug interactions: Impact on metabolism and efficacy of therapeutics. Maturitas 2018; 112:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Gan J, Ma S, Zhang D. Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:473-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
15
|
Crouch RD, Morrison RD, Byers FW, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Daniels JS. Evaluating the Disposition of a Mixed Aldehyde Oxidase/Cytochrome P450 Substrate in Rats with Attenuated P450 Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1296-303. [PMID: 26936972 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marketed drugs cleared by aldehyde oxidase (AO) are few, with no known clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions associated with AO inhibition, whereas cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition or induction mediates a number of clinical drug interactions. Little attention has been given to the consequences of coadministering a P450 inhibitor with a compound metabolized by both AO and P450. Upon discovering that VU0409106 (1) was metabolized by AO (to M1) and P450 enzymes (to M4-M6), we sought to evaluate the in vivo disposition of 1 and its metabolites in rats with attenuated P450 activity. Male rats were orally pretreated with the pan-P450 inactivator, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), before an i.p. dose of 1. Interestingly, the plasma area under the curve (AUC) of M1 was increased 15-fold in ABT-treated rats, indicating a metabolic shunt toward AO resulted from the drug interaction condition. The AUC of 1 also increased 7.8-fold. Accordingly, plasma clearance of 1 decreased from 53.5 to 15.3 ml/min per kilogram in ABT-pretreated rats receiving an i.v. dose of 1. Consistent with these data, M1 formation in hepatic S9 increased with NADPH-exclusion to eliminate P450 activity (50% over reactions containing NADPH). These studies reflect possible consequences of a drug interaction between P450 inhibitors and compounds cleared by both AO and P450 enzymes. Notably, increased exposure to an AO metabolite may hold clinical relevance for active metabolites or those mediating toxicity at elevated concentrations. The recent rise in clinical drug candidates metabolized by AO underscores the importance of these findings and the need for clinical studies to fully understand these risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Crouch
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Frank W Byers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (R.D.C., R.D.M., F.W.B., C.W.L., K.A.E., J.S.D.), Departments of Pharmacology (R.D.C., C.W.L, K.A.E., J.S.D.) and Chemistry (C.W.L, K.A.E.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Swanson HI. Drug Metabolism by the Host and Gut Microbiota: A Partnership or Rivalry? Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1499-504. [PMID: 26261284 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiome in determining not only overall health, but also in the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics, is rapidly emerging. It is becoming increasingly clear that the gut microbiota can act in concert with the host cells to maintain intestinal homeostasis, cometabolize drugs and xenobiotics, and alter the expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters and the expression and activity levels of nuclear receptors. In this myriad of activities, the impact of the microbiota may be beneficial or detrimental to the host. Given that the interplay between the gut microbiota and host cells is likely subject to high interindividual variability, this work has tremendous implications for our ability to predict accurately a particular drug's pharmacokinetics and a given patient population's response to drugs. In this issue of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, a series of articles is presented that illustrate the progress and challenges that lie ahead as we unravel the intricacies associated with drug and xenobiotic metabolism by the gut microbiota. These articles highlight the underlying mechanisms that are involved and the use of in vivo and in vitro approaches that are currently available for elucidating the role of the gut microbiota in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. These articles also shed light on exciting new avenues of research that may be pursued as we consider the role of the gut microbiota as an endocrine organ, a component of the brain-gut axis, and whether the gut microbiota is an appropriate and amenable target for new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hollie I Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McCabe M, Sane RS, Keith-Luzzi M, Xu J, King I, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Johnstone N, Tweedie DJ, Li Y. Defining the Role of Gut Bacteria in the Metabolism of Deleobuvir: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1612-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
18
|
Sanoh S, Tayama Y, Sugihara K, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Significance of aldehyde oxidase during drug development: Effects on drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
19
|
Conversion of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quinolone Signal and Related Alkylhydroxyquinolines by Rhodococcus sp. Strain BG43. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7266-74. [PMID: 25239889 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02342-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain, which based on the sequences of its 16S rRNA, gyrB, catA, and qsdA genes, was identified as a Rhodococcus sp. closely related to Rhodococcus erythropolis, was isolated from soil by enrichment on the Pseudomonas quinolone signal [PQS; 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone], a quorum sensing signal employed by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolate, termed Rhodococcus sp. strain BG43, cometabolically degraded PQS and its biosynthetic precursor 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone (HHQ) to anthranilic acid. HHQ degradation was accompanied by transient formation of PQS, and HHQ hydroxylation by cell extracts required NADH, indicating that strain BG43 has a HHQ monooxygenase isofunctional to the biosynthetic enzyme PqsH of P. aeruginosa. The enzymes catalyzing HHQ hydroxylation and PQS degradation were inducible by PQS, suggesting a specific pathway. Remarkably, Rhodococcus sp. BG43 is also capable of transforming 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide to PQS. It thus converts an antibacterial secondary metabolite of P. aeruginosa to a quorum sensing signal molecule.
Collapse
|
20
|
The effect of rifampicin, a prototypical CYP3A4 inducer, on erlotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:613-21. [PMID: 24474302 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erlotinib, N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy) quinazolin-4-amine is approved for the treatment for non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. Because erlotinib is metabolized predominately by CYP3A4, co-administration of compounds that increase CYP3A4 activity may alter the efficacy and safety of erlotinib therapy. Two phase I studies were conducted in healthy male subjects to evaluate the effect of pre- or co-administered rifampicin, a CYP3A4 inducer, on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib. METHODS Study 1 included Groups A (erlotinib 150 mg days 1 and 15, rifampicin 600 mg days 8-14) and B (erlotinib 150 mg days 1 and 15) in a parallel group study design. Study 2 subjects received erlotinib 150 mg day 1, erlotinib 450 mg day 15, and rifampicin 600 mg days 8-18. The primary endpoint in each study was the ratio of exposure (AUC0-∞ and C max) between days 1 and 15. Urinary cortisol metabolic induction ratios were determined in Study 1 for Group A subjects only. RESULTS In Study 1, the geometric mean ratios of AUC0-∞ and C max were 33 and 71 %, respectively, and the mean cortisol metabolic index increased from 7.4 to 27.0, suggesting cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme induction. In Study 2, the geometric mean ratios for AUC0-∞ and C max were 19 and 34 % (when dose adjusted from 450 to 150 mg erlotinib), respectively, a greater relative decrease than observed in Study 1. CONCLUSIONS Erlotinib exposure (AUC0-∞ and C max) was reduced after pre- or concomitant dosing with rifampicin. Doses of ≥450 mg erlotinib may be necessary to compensate for concomitant medications with strong CYP3A4 enzyme induction effect.
Collapse
|
21
|
Li Y, Zhou J, Ramsden D, Taub ME, O'Brien D, Xu J, Busacca CA, Gonnella N, Tweedie DJ. Enzyme-transporter interplay in the formation and clearance of abundant metabolites of faldaprevir found in excreta but not in circulation. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:384-93. [PMID: 24346834 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Faldaprevir is a hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor that effectively reduces viral load in patients. Since faldaprevir exhibits slow metabolism in vitro and low clearance in vivo, metabolism was expected to be a minor clearance pathway. The human [(14)C] absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study revealed that two monohydroxylated metabolites (M2a and M2b) were the most abundant excretory metabolites in feces, constituting 41% of the total administered dose. To deconvolute the formation and disposition of M2a and M2b in humans and determine why the minor change in structure [the addition of 16 atomic mass units (amu)] produced chemical entities that were excreted and were not present in the circulation, multiple in vitro test systems were used. The results from these in vitro studies clarified the formation and clearance of M2a and M2b. Faldaprevir is metabolized primarily in the liver by CYP3A4/5 to form M2a and M2b, which are also substrates of efflux transporters (P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein). The role of transporters is considered important for M2a and M2b as they demonstrate low permeability. It is proposed that both metabolites are efficiently excreted via bile into feces and do not enter the systemic circulation to an appreciable extent. If these metabolites permeate to blood, they can be readily taken up into hepatocytes from the circulation by uptake transporters (likely organic anion transporting polypeptides). These results highlight the critical role of drug-metabolizing enzymes and multiple transporters in the process of the formation and clearance of faldaprevir metabolites. Faldaprevir metabolism also provides an interesting case study for metabolites that are exclusively excreted in feces but are of clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Li
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics (Y.L., J.Z., D.R., M.E.T., D.O., J.X., D.J.T.), Chemical Development (C.A.B.), and Analytical Development (N.G.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hutzler JM, Obach RS, Dalvie D, Zientek MA. Strategies for a comprehensive understanding of metabolism by aldehyde oxidase. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:153-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.738668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
23
|
Li Y, Lai WG, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Busacca CA, Eriksson MC, Lorenz JC, Tweedie DJ. Metabolic Switching of BILR 355 in the Presence of Ritonavir. I. Identifying an Unexpected Disproportionate Human Metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1122-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.044354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|