1
|
Rendic SP, Guengerich FP. Formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs in reactions catalyzed by human drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1581-1628. [PMID: 38520539 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Data are presented on the formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs that are substrates of human drug metabolizing enzymes. The tabular data lists the formation of potentially toxic/reactive products. The data were obtained from in vitro experiments and showed that the oxidative reactions predominate (with 96% of the total potential toxication reactions). Reductive reactions (e.g., reduction of nitro to amino group and reductive dehalogenation) participate to the extent of 4%. Of the enzymes, cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes catalyzed 72% of the reactions, myeloperoxidase (MPO) 7%, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3%, aldehyde oxidase (AOX) 4%, sulfotransferase (SULT) 5%, and a group of minor participating enzymes to the extent of 9%. Within the P450 Superfamily, P450 Subfamily 3A (P450 3A4 and 3A5) participates to the extent of 27% and the Subfamily 2C (P450 2C9 and P450 2C19) to the extent of 16%, together catalyzing 43% of the reactions, followed by P450 Subfamily 1A (P450 1A1 and P450 1A2) with 15%. The P450 2D6 enzyme participated in an extent of 8%, P450 2E1 in 10%, and P450 2B6 in 6% of the reactions. All other enzymes participate to the extent of 14%. The data show that, of the human enzymes analyzed, P450 enzymes were dominant in catalyzing potential toxication reactions of drugs and their metabolites, with the major role assigned to the P450 Subfamily 3A and significant participation of the P450 Subfamilies 2C and 1A, plus the 2D6, 2E1 and 2B6 enzymes contributing. Selected examples of drugs that are activated or proposed to form toxic species are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kalajian TA, Cannella JA, Vasudevan A, Mizelle J, Rendon LF, Nozari A, Ortega R. An overview of local anesthetics in over-the-counter products. Pain Pract 2024; 24:364-373. [PMID: 37750534 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Over-the-counter (OTC) local anesthetics have historically been used to alleviate pain in several common conditions including toothache and sore throat. With a rise in chronic conditions and an aging population, there has been an increase in associated chronic pain-related disorders. Individuals with chronic pain often seek OTC treatments for quick and accessible pain relief. There are several common OTC local anesthetics, including benzocaine, lidocaine, and dibucaine, which are readily available to patients in several formulations. In order to appropriately advise patients on the use of local anesthetics, it is important to understand their key characteristics, including the mechanism of action, clinical properties, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, and adverse reactions, which may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Kalajian
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ananya Vasudevan
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack Mizelle
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Management, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luis F Rendon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ala Nozari
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafael Ortega
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Zhao T, Miao Z, Huang T, Chen M, Zhao Y, Hai A, Qi Q, Feng P, Li M, Ke B. Identification of the first selective bioluminescent probe for real-time monitoring of carboxylesterase 2 in vitro and in vivo. Analyst 2024; 149:418-425. [PMID: 38078792 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES), a main hydrolysis enzyme family in the human body, plays a crucial role in drug metabolism. Among them, CES1 and CES2 are the primary subtypes, and each exhibits distinct distribution and functions. However, convenient and non-invasive methods for distinguishing them and the real-time monitoring of CES2 are relatively rare, hindering the further understanding of physiological functions and underlying mechanisms. In this study, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the first selective bioluminescent probe (CBP 1) for CES2 with high sensitivity, high specificity and rapid reactivity. This probe offers a promising approach for the real-time detection of CES2 and its dynamic fluctuations both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Meiyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Ao Hai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Qingrong Qi
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Institute of Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takani D, Takahashi M, Hosokawa M. Synthesis and evaluation of indomethacin prodrugs with a diester structure that are metabolically activated by human carboxylesterases. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:10-17. [PMID: 38142303 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2298270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Carboxylesterase (CES) has been studied extensively, mostly with substrates in the monoester structures. We investigated the relationship between indomethacin diester prodrugs and metabolic activation by microsomes and recombinant human CES.2. Eight indomethacin diester prodrugs were synthesised in two steps. They were used as substrates and hydrolysis rates were calculated.3. As a result, the major hydrolysis enzyme was CES. The hydrolysis rate of recombinant CES2A1 was comparable to that of recombinant CES1A1.4. In this study, by changing the structure of the prodrug to a diester structure, it was found that CES2 activity was equivalent to CES1 activity.5. It should be noted that the use of diester prodrugs in prodrug discovery, where organ-specific hydrolysis reactions are expected, may not yield the expected results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heiderich S, Bastian B, Johannsen S, Klingler W, Rüffert H, Schuster F. [Trigger-free anesthesia : Indications and safe application]. DIE ANAESTHESIOLOGIE 2023:10.1007/s00101-023-01311-2. [PMID: 37382624 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-023-01311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The safe anesthesiological care of patients with neuromuscular diseases poses a particular challenge for anesthetists. Only a small group of muscle diseases and syndromes are associated with an increased risk of malignant hyperthermia and therefore require trigger-free anesthetic procedures avoiding volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine. These diseases are frequently associated with mutations in the RYR1, CACNA1S or STAC-3 genes. In other neuromuscular diseases, anesthetic-induced rhabdomyolysis can occur. Therefore, volatile anesthetics should be avoided in these patients in addition to the contraindication for succinylcholine. In other neuromuscular diseases the risk of a propofol infusion syndrome or myotonic crises can be elevated or the duration of the effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants can be changed in an incalculable way. In every case an individual anesthetic aproach including the avoidance of potential pharmacological or non-pharmacological triggers is essential for the safety of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heiderich
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | - Börge Bastian
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Stephan Johannsen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - Werner Klingler
- Fachabteilung für Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, SRH Kliniken Landkreis Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Deutschland
| | - Henrik Rüffert
- Klinik für Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Helios Klinikum Schkeuditz, Schkeuditz, Deutschland
| | - Frank Schuster
- Institut für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf-Dingolfing-Landau, Deggendorf, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yokota Y, Suzuki S, Gi M, Yanagiba Y, Yoneda N, Fujioka M, Kakehashi A, Koda S, Suemizu H, Wanibuchi H. o-Toluidine metabolism and effects in the urinary bladder of humanized-liver mice. Toxicology 2023; 488:153483. [PMID: 36870411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to aromatic amines is one of the most important risk factors for urinary bladder cancer. When considering the carcinogenesis of aromatic amines, metabolism of aromatic amines in the liver is an important factor. In the present study, we administered ortho-toluidine (OTD) in the diet to mice for 4 weeks. We used NOG-TKm30 mice (control) and humanized-liver mice, established via human hepatocyte transplantation, to compare differences in OTD-induced expression of metabolic enzymes in human and mouse liver cells. We also investigated OTD-urinary metabolites and proliferative effects on the urinary bladder epithelium. RNA and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that expression of N-acetyltransferases mRNA in the liver tended to be lower than that of the P450 enzymes, and that OTD administration had little effect on N-acetyltransferase mRNA expression levels. However, expression of CYP3A4 was increased in the livers of humanized-liver mice, and expression of Cyp2c29 (human CYP2C9/19) was increased in the livers of NOG-TKm30 mice. OTD metabolites in the urine and cell proliferation activities in the bladder urothelium of NOG-TKm30 and humanized-liver mice were similar. However, the concentration of OTD in the urine of NOG-TKm30 mice was markedly higher than in the urine of humanized-liver mice. These data demonstrate differences in hepatic metabolic enzyme expression induced by OTD in human and mouse liver cells, and consequent differences in the metabolism of OTD by human and mouse liver cells. This type of difference could have a profound impact on the carcinogenicity of compounds that are metabolized by the liver, and consequently, would be important in the extrapolation of data from animals to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yokota
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan; Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- Research Center for Chemical Information and Management, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (JNIOSH), Nagao-6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Koda
- Research Center for Chemical Information and Management, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (JNIOSH), Nagao-6-21-1, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stephenson DT, Thomas N, Korbely R. Early-onset neonatal seizures: lidocaine toxicity as a rare differential diagnosis to hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e252758. [PMID: 36958761 PMCID: PMC10040028 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-252758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A term newborn girl presented with apnoea and seizures at approximately 20 min of life following an uneventful vaginal delivery. She required admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit following intubation and was commenced on conventional ventilation. Her mother had received a local lidocaine injection for an episiotomy prior to delivery. Initial investigations confirmed electrographic seizures for which she received an anticonvulsant with successful termination of seizure activity. Investigations for hypoxic injury, intracranial trauma, structural brain abnormalities, metabolic disorders and infection were unremarkable. Her blood lidocaine level was subsequently found to be elevated, confirming lidocaine toxicity as the cause of presentation. She demonstrated clinical improvement with no evidence of complications at time of discharge or on early follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Stephenson
- Department of Newborn Services, Joan Kirner Women's and Children's Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niranjan Thomas
- Department of Newborn Services, Joan Kirner Women's and Children's Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reka Korbely
- Department of Newborn Services, Joan Kirner Women's and Children's Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aquilanti L, Mascitti M, Togni L, Contaldo M, Rappelli G, Santarelli A. A Systematic Review on Nerve-Related Adverse Effects following Mandibular Nerve Block Anesthesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031627. [PMID: 35162650 PMCID: PMC8835670 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block injections are commonly used in clinical practice, but they are not free from complications. The aim of the present systematic review is to assess the nerve-related adverse effects of IAN block anesthesia. A structured and systematic search was performed on the major electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL) for studies published in English until 30 September 2021. A total of 131 articles were identified through database searching using combinations of keywords. Fifteen papers were included and assessed for eligibility. Overall, nerve damage following an IAN block anesthesia injection is a rare occurrence, probably due to the direct nerve trauma of the needle, a neurotoxic effect of the used anesthetic solution and/or a combination of them. From a medico-legal point of view, a balanced discussion prior to nerve block anesthesia should be pursued in order to avoid patients' reluctance to undergo necessary dental treatment due to the remote eventuality of nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Aquilanti
- Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.A.); (L.T.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.A.); (L.T.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2206-226
| | - Lucrezia Togni
- Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.A.); (L.T.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Armanni, 5, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Rappelli
- Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.A.); (L.T.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
- Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.A.); (L.T.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
- Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jia Y, Wang J, Li P, Ma X, Han K. Directionally Modified Fluorophores for Super-Resolution Imaging of Target Enzymes: A Case Study with Carboxylesterases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16177-16186. [PMID: 34694804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the need for improving the labeling quality of super-resolution imaging, multifarious fluorescent labeling strategies have sprang up. Among them, a small molecule inhibitor-probe (SMI-probe) shows its advancement in fine mapping due to its smaller size and its specific binding to a specific site. Herein, we report a novel protocol of mechanism-guided directional modification of fluorophores into fluorescent inhibitors for enzyme targeting, which could half the size of the SMI-probe. To confirm the feasibility of the strategy, carboxylesterase (hCE) inhibitors are designed and developed. Among the constructed molecule candidates, NIC-4 inhibited both isoforms of hCE1 and hCE2, with IC50 values of 4.56 and 4.11 μM. The CE-targeting specificity of NIC-4 was confirmed by colocalizing with an immunofluorescent probe in fixed-cell confocal imaging. Moreover, NIC-4 was used in live-cell super-resolution microscopy, which indicates dotlike structures instead of the larger staining with the immunofluorescent probe. Moreover, it enables the real-time tracking of dynamic flow of carboxylesterases in live cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China.,College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China.,Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McMahon K, Paster J, Baker KA. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity in the pediatric patient: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 54:325.e3-325.e6. [PMID: 34742600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lidocaine and prilocaine are local anesthetics, a class of medications which are frequently used in clinical medicine to minimize pain in a variety of procedures. They are commonly found in over-the-counter products such as topical anesthetic creams advertised to relieve localized muscle and joint pain. While safe and well-tolerated when used appropriately, an overdose of these anesthetics increases the risk for local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), which in severe cases can present with seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias, and ultimately cardiovascular collapse. The reduced muscle mass of pediatric patients puts them at an increased risk of LAST due to the depot effect of the systemically absorbed anesthetic. Methemoglobinemia may also be associated with local anesthetic toxicity. Our case involves a previously healthy 15-month-old female who presented to one of our networks' emergency departments in status epilepticus following an accidental ingestion of a tube of 2.5% lidocaine/2.5% prilocaine cream. Her seizure activity was initially resistant to intraosseous benzodiazepine administration, but ultimately resolved following administration of lipid emulsion and sodium bicarbonate. Additionally, the patient had refractory hypoxia on the monitor which resolved shortly after administration of methylene blue. After stabilization, the patient was transferred to the Pediatric ICU and ultimately made a complete recovery. LAST is a life-threatening presentation which requires early recognition by clinicians, as well as an understanding of the appropriate treatment modalities. We review the assessment and management of LAST, with special focus on the pediatric patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McMahon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Jared Paster
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Keith A Baker
- Section of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:405-425. [PMID: 34499522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically used drugs are metabolized in the body via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions, which are considered phase I reactions. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which primarily catalyze oxidation reactions, contribute to the metabolism of over 50% of clinically used drugs. In the last few decades, the function and regulation of P450s have been extensively studied, whereas the characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes is still incomplete. Recent studies suggest that approximately 30% of drug metabolism is carried out by non-P450 enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-P450 phase I enzymes, focusing on their roles in controlling drug efficacy and adverse reactions as an important aspect of drug development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Honda S, Fukami T, Hirosawa K, Tsujiguchi T, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Uehara S, Uno Y, Yamazaki H, Nakajima M. Differences in Hydrolase Activities in the Liver and Small Intestine between Marmosets and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:718-728. [PMID: 34135089 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For drug development, species differences in drug-metabolism reactions present obstacles for predicting pharmacokinetics in humans. We characterized the species differences in hydrolases among humans and mice, rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, to expand the series of such studies, we attempted to characterize marmoset hydrolases. We measured hydrolase activities for 24 compounds using marmoset liver and intestinal microsomes, as well as recombinant marmoset carboxylesterase (CES) 1, CES2, and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC). The contributions of CES1, CES2, and AADAC to hydrolysis in marmoset liver microsomes were estimated by correcting the activities by using the ratios of hydrolase protein levels in the liver microsomes and those in recombinant systems. For six out of eight human CES1 substrates, the activities in marmoset liver microsomes were lower than those in human liver microsomes. For two human CES2 substrates and three out of seven human AADAC substrates, the activities in marmoset liver microsomes were higher than those in human liver microsomes. Notably, among the three rifamycins, only rifabutin was hydrolyzed by marmoset tissue microsomes and recombinant AADAC. The activities for all substrates in marmoset intestinal microsomes tended to be lower than those in liver microsomes, which suggests that the first-pass effects of the CES and AADAC substrates are due to hepatic hydrolysis. In most cases, the sums of the values of the contributions of CES1, CES2, and AADAC were below 100%, which indicated the involvement of other hydrolases in marmosets. In conclusion, we clarified the substrate preferences of hydrolases in marmosets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study confirmed that there are large differences in hydrolase activities between humans and marmosets by characterizing marmoset hydrolase activities for compounds that are substrates of human CES1, CES2, or arylacetamide deacetylase. The data obtained in this study may be useful for considering whether marmosets are appropriate for examining the pharmacokinetics and efficacies of new chemical entities in preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.H., T.F., K.H., T.T., Ma.N., Mi.N.), WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) (T.F., Y.Z., Ma.N., Mi.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (Y.Z.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan (S.U., H.Y.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (S.U.); Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan (Y.U.); and Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan (Y.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Honda S, Fukami T, Tsujiguchi T, Zhang Y, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Hydrolase activities of cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes and recombinant CES1, CES2, and AADAC. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105807. [PMID: 33722734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey is a nonhuman primate that is often used for pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies of new chemical entities. Species differences in drug metabolism are obstacles for the extrapolation of animal data to humans. This study aimed to characterize hydrolase activities for typical compounds by cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes and recombinant monkey carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) compared with the activities in humans. To estimate the contribution of each hydrolase, the ratios of the expression level of each hydrolase in the liver microsomes and recombinant systems were used. For almost all of the tested human CES1 substrates, hydrolase activities in cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes tended to be lower than those in human liver microsomes, and recombinant cynomolgus monkey CES1 showed catalytic activity, but not for all substrates. For human CES2 substrates, hydrolase activities in cynomolgus monkey liver were higher than those in human liver microsomes, and recombinant monkey CES2 was responsible for their hydrolysis. Among human AADAC substrates, phenacetin was mainly hydrolyzed by monkey AADAC, whereas indiplon and ketoconazole were hydrolyzed by AADAC and other unknown enzymes. Flutamide was hydrolyzed by monkey CES2, not by AADAC. Rifamycins were hardly hydrolyzed in monkey liver microsomes. In conclusion, this study characterized the hydrolase activities of cynomolgus monkeys compared with those in humans. The findings would be helpful for pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies of new chemical entities whose main metabolic pathway is hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takuya Tsujiguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Akgül B, Aycan İÖ, Hidişoğlu E, Afşar E, Yıldırım S, Tanrıöver G, Coşkunfırat N, Sanlı S, Aslan M. Alleviation of prilocaine-induced epileptiform activity and cardiotoxicity by thymoquinone. Daru 2021; 29:85-99. [PMID: 33469802 PMCID: PMC8149770 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether thymoquinone (TQ) could alleviate central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular toxicity of prilocaine, a commonly used local anesthetic. METHODS Rats were randomized to the following groups: control, prilocaine treated, TQ treated and prilocaine + TQ treated. Electroencephalography and electrocardiography electrodes were placed and trachea was intubated. Mechanical ventilation was initiated, right femoral artery was cannulated for continuous blood pressure measurements and blood-gas sampling while the left femoral vein was cannulated for prilocaine infusion. Markers of myocardial injury, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assayed by standard kits. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), nuclear factor(NF)κB-p65 and -p50 subunit in brain tissue were evaluated by histological scoring. RESULTS Blood pH and partial oxygen pressure, was significantly decreased after prilocaine infusion. The decrease in blood pH was alleviated in the prilocaine + TQ treated group. Prilocaine produced seizure activity, cardiac arrhythmia and asystole at significantly lower doses compared to prilocaine + TQ treated rats. Thymoquinone administration attenuated levels of myocardial injury induced by prilocaine. Prilocaine treatment caused increased ROS/RNS formation and decreased TAC in heart and brain tissue. Thymoquinone increased heart and brain TAC and decreased ROS/RNS formation in prilocaine treated rats. AQP4, NFκB-p65 and NFκB-p50 expressions were increased in cerebellum, cerebral cortex, choroid plexus and thalamic nucleus in prilocaine treated rats. Thymoquinone, decreased the expression of AQP4, NFκB-p65 and NFκB-p50 in brain tissue in prilocaine + TQ treated rats. CONCLUSION Results indicate that TQ could ameliorate prilocaine-induced CNS and cardiovascular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barış Akgül
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İlker Öngüç Aycan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Enis Hidişoğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ebru Afşar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sendegül Yıldırım
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanrıöver
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nesil Coşkunfırat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Suat Sanlı
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Trivedi A, Wahlstrom J, Mackowski M, Dutta S, Lee E. Pharmacokinetics, Disposition, and Biotransformation of [ 14C]Omecamtiv Mecarbil in Healthy Male Subjects after a Single Intravenous or Oral Dose. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:619-628. [PMID: 34011533 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) is a novel cardiac myosin activator that is currently in clinical development for the treatment of heart failure. The absorption and disposition of [14C]OM (60 µCi) were studied after a single intravenous infusion (35 mg over 1 hour) or oral solution dose (35 mg) in 14 healthy male subjects. Mean recovery of the administered [14C]OM dose was 85.1% and 86.5% over 336 hours for the intravenous and oral routes, respectively. After intravenous dosing, 47.8% and 37.3% of the dose was recovered in urine and feces, respectively; after oral dosing, 48.6% and 38.0% was recovered in urine and feces, respectively. Unchanged OM accounted for a minor percentage of radioactivity in urine (mean 7.7% of dose) and feces (mean 4.1% of dose) across all subjects. The major metabolites recovered in urine and feces were M3 (decarbamoylation product) and sequential metabolite M4 (lactam of M3), which accounted for means of 26.5% and 11.6% of the administered dose, respectively. The CYP4 family of enzymes was primarily responsible for the formation of M3 based on in vitro studies. Other metabolic pathways accounted for 14.9% of the administered dose. In pooled plasma, OM, M3, and M4 accounted for 83.8%, 6.0%, and 3.3% of the total [14C]OM-related materials. No other plasma metabolites constituted more than 3% of the administered dose. The bioavailability for OM solution was 93.5% after rapid and extensive absorption. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterized the absorption and disposition of OM, a novel small molecule being developed for the treatment of heart failure. OM was primarily cleared through metabolism by the CYP4 family through oxidative cleavage of a terminal carbamate moiety that resembles hydrolysis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Boeni R, Waechter-Gniadek PV. Safety of Tumescent Liposuction Under Local Anesthesia in 9,002 Consecutive Patients. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:e184-e187. [PMID: 33899793 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liposuction has become one of the most popular aesthetic procedures today. Among the different anesthesia methods, tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) has been shown to be the safest. Liposuction is typically performed as an outpatient procedure under minimal oral sedation and without the need for any intravenous (IV) fluid administration. OBJECTIVE To record complications in a larger series of patients undergoing liposuction in TLA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2003 and 2020, 9,002 consecutive patients underwent liposuction in TLA with the same team of surgeons. The occurrence of complications was recorded in detail. RESULTS There were neither fatal complications nor damage to deeper structures such as nerves, blood vessels, muscles, lungs, abdominal organs, nor permanent lymphedema. A total of 19 of the following side effects, mainly minor, required closer follow-up or intervention: allergic drug reaction to doxycycline (0.06%), seroma (0.04%), large hematoma (0.03%), erysipelas (0.02%), transient acrocyanosis (0.02%), deep vein thrombosis (0.01%), skin necrosis (0.01%), and generalized edema (0.01%). CONCLUSION Liposuction in TLA is a reliable and safe procedure if it is performed by an experienced surgeon and the guidelines of care are strictly followed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Boeni
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- White House Center for Liposuction, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yasuda K, Watanabe K, Fukami T, Nakashima S, Ikushiro SI, Nakajima M, Sakaki T. Epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate are potent inhibitors of human arylacetamide deacetylase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 39:100397. [PMID: 34171773 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, in addition to carboxylesterases (CESs), we found that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) plays an important role in the metabolism of some clinical drugs. In this study, we screened for food-related natural compounds that could specifically inhibit human AADAC, CES1, or CES2. AADAC, CES1, and CES2 activities in human liver microsomes were measured using phenacetin, fenofibrate, and procaine as specific substrates, respectively. In total, 43 natural compounds were screened for their inhibitory effects on each of these enzymes. Curcumin and quercetin showed strong inhibitory effects against all three enzymes, whereas epicatechin, epicatechin gallate (ECg), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) specifically inhibited AADAC. In particular, ECg and EGCg showed strong inhibitory effects on AADAC (IC50 values: 3.0 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.2 μM, respectively). ECg and EGCg also strongly inhibited AADAC-mediated rifampicin hydrolase activity in human liver microsomes with IC50 values of 2.2 ± 1.4 and 1.7 ± 0.4 μM, respectively, whereas it weakly inhibited p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolase activity, which is catalyzed by AADAC, CES1, and CES2. Our results indicate that ECg and EGCg are potent inhibitors of AADAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shimon Nakashima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Takahashi M, Hirota I, Nakano T, Kotani T, Takani D, Shiratori K, Choi Y, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Effects of steric hindrance and electron density of ester prodrugs on controlling the metabolic activation by human carboxylesterase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 38:100391. [PMID: 33872946 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) plays an important role in the hydrolysis metabolism of ester-type drugs and prodrugs. In this study, we investigated the change in the hydrolysis rate of hCE1 by focusing on the steric hindrance of the ester structure and the electron density. For 26 kinds of synthesized indomethacin prodrugs, the hydrolytic rate was measured in the presence of human liver microsomes (HLM), human small intestine microsomes (HIM), hCE1 and hCE2. The synthesized prodrugs were classified into three types: an alkyl ester type that is specifically metabolized by hCE1, a phenyl ester type that is more easily metabolized by hCE1 than by hCE2, and a carbonate ester type that is easily metabolized by both hCE1 and hCE2. The hydrolytic rate of 1-methylpentyl (hexan-2-yl) ester was 10-times lower than that of 4-methylpentyl ester in hCE1 solution. hCE2 was susceptible to electron density of the substrate, and there was a difference in the hydrolysis rate of up to 3.5-times between p-bromophenyl ester and p-acetylphenyl ester. By changing the steric hindrance and electron density of the alkoxy group, the factors that change the hydrolysis rate by CES were elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan.
| | - Ibuki Hirota
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kotani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Kana Shiratori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yura Choi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Masami Haba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A weight of evidence assessment of the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine based on existing and new data, with relevance to safety of lidocaine exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 119:104838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Quantification of systemic o-toluidine after intrathecal administration of hyperbaric prilocaine in humans: a prospective cohort study. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:925-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
22
|
Walters E, Wurster Ovalle V, Yin S, Dribin T. Republished: Infant with status epilepticus secondary to systemic lidocaine toxicity from topical application. Drug Ther Bull 2020; 58:141-143. [PMID: 32527849 DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2020.233119rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Walters
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Shan Yin
- Drug and Poison Information Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy Dribin
- Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Strain and sex differences in drug hydrolase activities in rodent livers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
24
|
Walters E, Wurster Ovalle V, Yin S, Dribin T. Infant with status epilepticus secondary to systemic lidocaine toxicity from topical application. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/1/e233119. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy 11-month-old infant presented to the emergency department in status epilepticus. There was no clear trigger of her seizure activity which resolved with benzodiazepines and fosphenytoin. On further review, her parents disclosed that she had been prescribed topical 4% lidocaine cream for a groin rash and was ultimately diagnosed with lidocaine toxicity in the emergency department. She was monitored in the intensive care unit without cardiovascular abnormalities or recurrence of seizure activity. Emergency medicine providers must maintain a broader differential of status epileptics and be able to recognise and manage potential complications from systemic lidocaine toxicity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen J, Jiang S, Wang J, Renukuntla J, Sirimulla S, Chen J. A comprehensive review of cytochrome P450 2E1 for xenobiotic metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:178-195. [PMID: 31203697 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1632889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays a vital role in drug-induced hepatotoxicity and cancers (e.g. lung and bladder cancer), since it is responsible for metabolizing a number of medications and environmental toxins to reactive intermediate metabolites. CYP2E1 was recently found to be the highest expressed CYP enzyme in human livers using a proteomics approach, and CYP2E1-related toxicity is strongly associated with its protein level that shows significant inter-individual variability related to ethnicity, age, and sex. Furthermore, the expression of CYP2E1 demonstrates regulation by extensive genetic polymorphism, endogenous hormones, cytokines, xenobiotics, and varying pathological states. Over the past decade, the knowledge of pharmacology, toxicology, and biology about CYP2E1 has grown remarkably, but the research progress has yet to be summarized. This study presents a timely systematic review on CYP2E1's xenobiotic metabolism, genetic polymorphism, and inhibitors, with the focus on their clinical relevance for the efficacy and toxicity of various CYP2E1 substrates. Moreover, several knowledge gaps have been identified towards fully understanding the potential interactions among different CYP2E1 substrates in clinical settings. Through in-depth analyses of these knowns and unknowns, we expect this review will aid in future drug development and improve management of CYP2E1 related clinical toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Sibo Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Jin Wang
- AbbVie Inc , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA
| | - Suman Sirimulla
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mizoi K, Takahashi M, Sakai S, Ogihara T, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Structure-activity relationship of atorvastatin derivatives for metabolic activation by hydrolases. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:261-269. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1625083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Haba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Okuno T, Gi M, Fujioka M, Yukimatu N, Kakehashi A, Takeuchi A, Endo G, Endo Y, Wanibuchi H. Acetoaceto-o-Toluidide Enhances Cellular Proliferative Activity in the Urinary Bladder of Rats. Toxicol Sci 2019; 169:456-464. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okuno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nao Yukimatu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akito Takeuchi
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ginji Endo
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo
- Endo Occupational Health Consultant Office, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bradshaw PR, Wilson ID, Gill RU, Butler PJ, Dilworth C, Athersuch TJ. Metabolic Hydrolysis of Aromatic Amides in Selected Rat, Minipig, and Human In Vitro Systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2405. [PMID: 29402925 PMCID: PMC5799297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of aromatic amines from drugs and other xenobiotics resulting from the hydrolysis of metabolically labile amide bonds presents a safety risk through several mechanisms, including geno-, hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Whilst multiple in vitro systems used for studying metabolic stability display serine hydrolase activity, responsible for the hydrolysis of amide bonds, they vary in their efficiency and selectivity. Using a range of amide-containing probe compounds (0.5–10 µM), we have investigated the hydrolytic activity of several rat, minipig and human-derived in vitro systems - including Supersomes, microsomes, S9 fractions and hepatocytes - with respect to their previously observed human in vivo metabolism. In our hands, human carboxylesterase Supersomes and rat S9 fractions systems showed relatively poor prediction of human in vivo metabolism. Rat S9 fractions, which are commonly utilised in the Ames test to assess mutagenicity, may be limited in the detection of genotoxic metabolites from aromatic amides due to their poor concordance with human in vivo amide hydrolysis. In this study, human liver microsomes and minipig subcellular fractions provided more representative models of human in vivo hydrolytic metabolism of the aromatic amide compounds tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Bradshaw
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Philip J Butler
- Cyprotex, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Clive Dilworth
- Cyprotex, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kodani SD, Barthélemy M, Kamita SG, Hammock B, Morisseau C. Development of amide-based fluorescent probes for selective measurement of carboxylesterase 1 activity in tissue extracts. Anal Biochem 2017; 539:81-89. [PMID: 29054529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are well known for their role in the metabolism of xenobiotics. However, recent studies have also implicated carboxylesterases in regulating a number of physiological processes including metabolic homeostasis and macrophage development, underlying the need to quantify them individually. Unfortunately, current methods for selectively measuring the catalytic activity of individual carboxylesterases are not sufficiently sensitive to support many biological studies. In order to develop a more sensitive and selective method to measure the activity of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1), we generated and tested novel substrates with a fluorescent aminopyridine leaving group. hCE1 showed at least a 10-fold higher preference for the optimized substrate 4-MOMMP than the 13 other esterases tested. Because of the high stability of 4-MOMMP and its hydrolysis product, this substrate can be used to measure esterase activity over extended incubation periods yielding a low picogram (femtomol) limit of detection. This sensitivity is comparable to current ELISA methods; however, the new assay quantifies only the catalytically active enzyme facilitating direct correlation to biological processes. The method described herein may allow hCE1 activity to be used as a biomarker for predicting drug pharmacokinetics, early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, and other disease states where the activity of hCE1 is altered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Morgane Barthélemy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shizuo G Kamita
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yoshida T, Fukami T, Kurokawa T, Gotoh S, Oda A, Nakajima M. Difference in substrate specificity of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase between dogs and humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 111:167-176. [PMID: 28966098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) are the major enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of various clinical drugs. Our recent study demonstrated that the identity of the responsible hydrolase can be roughly surmised based on the chemical structures of compounds in humans. Dogs are used for preclinical studies in drug development, but the substrate specificities of dog CES and AADAC remain to be clarified. The purpose of this study is to characterize their substrate specificities. We prepared recombinant dog CES1, CES2, and AADAC. p-Nitrophenyl acetate, a general substrate for esterases, was hydrolyzed by dog CES1 and AADAC, while it was not hydrolyzed by CES2. CES2 protein was not substantially detected in the recombinant system or in the dog liver and intestinal microsomes by Western blot using anti-human CES2 antibodies. In silico analyses demonstrated slight differences in the three-dimensional structures of dog CES2 and human CES2, indicating that dog CES2 might be unstable or inactive. By evaluating the hydrolase activities of 22 compounds, which are known to be substrates of human CES and/or AADAC, we found that the activities of dog recombinant CES1 and AADAC as well as dog tissue preparations for nearly all compounds were lower than those of human enzymes. The dog enzymes that were responsible for the hydrolysis of most compounds corresponded to the human enzymes, but the following differences were observed: oseltamivir, irinotecan, and rifampicin were not hydrolyzed in the dog liver or by any of the recombinant esterases and procaine, a human CES2 substrate, was hydrolyzed by dog CES1. In conclusion, the present study could provide new finding to facilitate our understanding of species differences in drug hydrolysis, which can facilitate drug development and drug safety evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Takaya Kurokawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Gotoh
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kabeya T, Matsumura W, Iwao T, Hosokawa M, Matsunaga T. Functional analysis of carboxylesterase in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived enterocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
32
|
Wang DD, Zou LW, Jin Q, Hou J, Ge GB, Yang L. Recent progress in the discovery of natural inhibitors against human carboxylesterases. Fitoterapia 2017; 117:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
33
|
Muta K, Fukami T, Nakajima M. A proposed mechanism for the adverse effects of acebutolol: CES2 and CYP2C19-mediated metabolism and antinuclear antibody production. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
34
|
Comparison of substrate specificity among human arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:47-53. [PMID: 26164127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is an esterase responsible for the hydrolysis of some drugs, including flutamide, indiplon, phenacetin, and rifamycins. AADAC is highly expressed in the human liver, where carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes, namely, CES1 and CES2, are also expressed. It is generally recognized that CES1 prefers compounds with a large acyl moiety and a small alcohol or amine moiety as substrates, whereas CES2 prefers compounds with a small acyl moiety and a large alcohol or amine moiety. In a comparison of the chemical structures of known AADAC substrates, AADAC most likely prefers compounds with the same characteristics as does CES2. However, the substrate specificity of human AADAC has not been fully clarified. To expand the knowledge of substrates of human AADAC, we measured its hydrolase activities toward 13 compounds, including known human CES1 and CES2 substrates, using recombinant enzymes expressed in Sf21 cells. Recombinant AADAC catalyzed the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate, N-monoacetyldapsone, and propanil, which possess notably small acyl moieties, and these substrates were also hydrolyzed by CES2. However, AADAC could not hydrolyze another CES2 substrate, procaine, which possesses a moderately small acyl moiety. In addition, AADAC did not hydrolyze several known CES1 substrates, including clopidogrel and oseltamivir, which have large acyl moieties and small alcohol moieties. Collectively, these results suggest that AADAC prefers compounds with smaller acyl moieties than does CES2. The role of AADAC in the hydrolysis of drugs has been clarified. For this reason, AADAC should receive attention in ADMET studies during drug development.
Collapse
|
35
|
Filipiak-Strzecka D, Kasprzak JD, Wiszniewska M, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Lipiec P. The influence of lidocaine topical anesthesia during transesophageal echocardiography on blood methemoglobin level and risk of methemoglobinemia. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31:727-31. [PMID: 25663608 PMCID: PMC4428890 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia is a relatively rare, but potentially life-threating medical condition, which may be induced by application of topical anaesthetic agents commonly used during endoscopic procedure. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of lidocaine used prior to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) on the blood level of methemoglobin in vivo. Additionally we attempted to establish the occurrence rate of clinically evident lidocaine-induced methemoglobinemia on the basis of data collected in our institution. We retrospectively analyzed patient records from 3,354 TEEs performed in our echocardiographic laboratory over the course of 13 years in search for clinically evident methemoglobinemia cases. Additionally, 18 consecutive patients referred for TEE were included in the prospective part of our analysis. Blood samples were tested before and 60 min after pre-TEE lidocaine anesthesia application. Information concerning concomitant conditions and pharmacotherapy were also obtained. In 3,354 patients who underwent TEE in our institution no cases of clinically evident methemoglobinemia occurred. In the prospective part of the study, none of 18 patients [16 (89 %) men, mean age 63 ± 13] was diagnosed with either clinical symptoms of methemoglobinemia or exceeded normal blood concentration of methemoglobin. Initial mean methemoglobin level was 0.5 ± 0.1 % with mild, statistically (but not clinically) significant rise to 0.6 ± 0.1 % after 60 min (p = 0.02). Among the analyzed factors only the relation between the proton pump inhibitors intake and methemoglobin blood level rise was identified as statistically relevant (p = 0.03). In adults, pre-TEE lidocaine anesthesia with recommended dosage results in significant increase in methemoglobin blood level, which however does not exceed normal values and does not result in clinically evident methemoglobinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Filipiak-Strzecka
- Department of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347, Lodz, Poland,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wollina U, Graf A, Hanisch V. Acute pulmonary edema following liposuction due to heart failure and atypical pneumonia. Wien Med Wochenschr 2015; 165:189-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
37
|
Hartman NR, Mao JJ, Zhou H, Boyne MT, Wasserman AM, Taylor K, Racoosin JA, Patel V, Colatsky T. More methemoglobin is produced by benzocaine treatment than lidocaine treatment in human in vitro systems. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Shimizu M, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Screening of Specific Inhibitors for Human Carboxylesterases or Arylacetamide Deacetylase. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1103-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.056994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|