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Zhang M, Xiao B, Chen X, Ou B, Wang S. Physical exercise plays a role in rebalancing the bile acids of enterohepatic axis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14065. [PMID: 38037846 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common diseases of lipid metabolism disorders, which is closely related to bile acids disorders and gut microbiota disorders. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and processed by gut microbiota in intestinal tract, and participate in metabolic regulation through the enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids not only promote the consumption and absorption of intestinal fat but also play an important role in biological metabolic signaling network, affecting fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that exercise plays an important role in regulating the composition and function of bile acid pool in enterohepatic axis, which maintains the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota. Exercise has been recommended by several health guidelines as the first-line intervention for patients with NAFLD. Can exercise alter bile acids through the microbiota in the enterohepatic axis? If so, regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy for NAFLD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we tried to review the relationship among NAFLD, physical exercise, bile acids, and gut microbiota through the existing data and literature, highlighting the role of physical exercise in rebalancing bile acid and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Usui S, Zhu Q, Komori H, Iwamoto Y, Nishiuchi T, Shirasaka Y, Tamai I. Apple-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the expression of human intestinal bile acid transporter ASBT/SLC10A2 via downregulation of transcription factor RARα. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 52:100512. [PMID: 37517353 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been reported to exert biological activity on intestinal tissues by delivering their contents into intestinal cells. We previously reported that ASBT/SLC10A2 mRNA was downregulated by apple-derived extracellular vesicles (APEVs). ASBT downregulation is effective in the treatment of cholestasis and chronic constipation, similar to the beneficial effects of apples. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the mechanism of ASBT downregulation by APEVs, focusing on microRNAs present in APEVs. RESULTS APEVs downregulated the expression of ASBT, but no significant effect on SLC10A2-3'UTR was observed. Proteomics revealed that APEVs decreased the expression of RARα/NR1B1. The binding of RARα to SLC10A2 promoter was also decreased by APEVs. The stability of NR1B1 mRNA was attenuated by APEVs and its 3'UTR was found to be a target for APEVs. Apple microRNAs that were predicted to interact with NR1B1-3'UTR were present in APEVs, and their mimics suppressed NR1B1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of ASBT by APEVs was indirectly mediated by the downregulation of RARα, and its stability was lowered by microRNAs present in APEVs. This study suggested that macromolecules in food directly affect intestinal function by means of EVs that stabilize them and facilitate their cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Usui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qiunan Zhu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Komori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yui Iwamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Zeng J, Fan J, Zhou H. Bile acid-mediated signaling in cholestatic liver diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:77. [PMID: 37120573 PMCID: PMC10149012 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are associated with bile stasis and gradually progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure, which requires liver transplantation. Although ursodeoxycholic acid is effective in slowing the disease progression of PBC, it has limited efficacy in PSC patients. It is challenging to develop effective therapeutic agents due to the limited understanding of disease pathogenesis. During the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that disruption of bile acid (BA) metabolism and intrahepatic circulation promotes the progression of cholestatic liver diseases. BAs not only play an essential role in nutrition absorption as detergents but also play an important role in regulating hepatic metabolism and modulating immune responses as key signaling molecules. Several excellent papers have recently reviewed the role of BAs in metabolic liver diseases. This review focuses on BA-mediated signaling in cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and Richmond VA Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and Richmond VA Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA.
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4
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Role of Hepatocyte Transporters in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)-In Vitro Testing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010029. [PMID: 36678658 PMCID: PMC9866820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids and bile salts (BA/BS) are substrates of both influx and efflux transporters on hepatocytes. Canalicular efflux transporters, such as BSEP and MRP2, are crucial for the removal of BA/BS to the bile. Basolateral influx transporters, such as NTCP, OATP1B1/1B3, and OSTα/β, cooperate with canalicular transporters in the transcellular vectorial flux of BA/BS from the sinusoids to the bile. The blockage of canalicular transporters not only impairs the bile flow but also causes the intracellular accumulation of BA/BS in hepatocytes that contributes to, or even triggers, liver injury. In the case of BA/BS overload, the efflux of these toxic substances back to the blood via MRP3, MRP4, and OST α/β is considered a relief function. FXR, a key regulator of defense against BA/BS toxicity suppresses de novo bile acid synthesis and bile acid uptake, and promotes bile acid removal via increased efflux. In drug development, the early testing of the inhibition of these transporters, BSEP in particular, is important to flag compounds that could potentially inflict drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In vitro test systems for efflux transporters employ membrane vesicles, whereas those for influx transporters employ whole cells. Additional in vitro pharmaceutical testing panels usually include cellular toxicity tests using hepatocytes, as well as assessments of the mitochondrial toxicity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Primary hepatocytes are the cells of choice for toxicity testing, with HepaRG cells emerging as an alternative. Inhibition of the FXR function is also included in some testing panels. The molecular weight and hydrophobicity of the drug, as well as the steady-state total plasma levels, may positively correlate with the DILI potential. Depending on the phase of drug development, the physicochemical properties, dosing, and cut-off values of BSEP IC50 ≤ 25-50 µM or total Css,plasma/BSEP IC50 ≥ 0.1 may be an indication for further testing to minimize the risk of DILI liability.
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Zhao JQ, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Sun JX, Liu FJ, Yu T, Jiang Y, Li HJ. Long-term oral administration of Epimedii Folium induced cholestasis in mice by interfering with bile acid transport. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115254. [PMID: 35381309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epimedii Folium (EF) is a common traditional Chinese medicine that functions as a tonifying kidney yang to strengthen bones and muscles and dispel wind dampness (limb pain, lethargy, nausea, anorexia, and loose stools). Several studies have reported the potential risk of cholestatic liver damage from EF use; however, there have been few investigations of EF-induced cholestasis, particularly the underlying mechanisms. AIMS OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of EF-induced cholestasis in vivo and to explore the mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were orally administered a water extract of EF (WEF) in doses of 6.5 and 19.5 g/kg/day for 14 weeks. Liver-to-body weight ratios, body weight, histopathological examination, and biochemical analyses were performed to assess WEF-induced cholestasis in the mice. Genes associated with bile acid (BA) metabolism and transport, including sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1), bile-salt export pump (BSEP), multidrug resistance P-glycoproteins 1 (MDR1), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), were measured at the transcript and protein levels to investigate the potential mechanisms through which cholestasis is aroused by EF. RESULTS After administration of WEF for 14 weeks, mice in the high-dose WEF group showed poor health with an increased liver-to-body weight ratio as well as higher serum aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, and total BA levels. Compared with the control group, mRNA expression of NTCP and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) increased, and levels of BSEP, MDR1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 decreased in the WEF-treated group. NTCP, BSEP, MDR1, and CYP8B1 showed similar mRNA and protein expression trends. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the long-term oral administration of WEF causes cholestatic liver injury in mice, which is consistent with reported clinical cases. Furthermore, we found that the destruction of BA metabolism and transport is involved in WEF-induced cholestasis. The fine-scale molecular mechanisms of WEF-induced cholestasis and the active compounds of EF need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Quan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jia-Xing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Feng-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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de Bruijn VMP, Wang Z, Bakker W, Zheng W, Spee B, Bouwmeester H. Hepatic bile acid synthesis and secretion: Comparison of in vitro methods. Toxicol Lett 2022; 365:46-60. [PMID: 35724847 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reliable hepatic in vitro systems are crucial for the safety assessment of xenobiotics. Certain xenobiotics decrease the hepatic bile efflux, which can ultimately result in cholestasis. Preclinical animal models and the currently available in vitro systems poorly predict a xenobiotic's cholestatic potential. Here, we compared the phenotype and capacity of three liver derived in vitro systems to emulate human functionality to synthesize and secrete bile acids (BAs). To this end, basal BA production of sandwich cultured human hepatocytes (SCHHs), HepaRG cells (HepaRGs) and hepatocyte-like intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICO-heps) were analysed, and the effect of the known BSEP (Bile Salt Export Pump)-inhibitors bosentan and lopinavir on BA disposition in SCHHs and HepaRGs was quantified. RT-qPCR of selected target genes involved in maturation status, synthesis, transport and conjugation of BAs was performed to mechanistically underpin the observed differences in BA homeostasis. ICO-heps produced a (very) low amount of BAs. SCHHs are a powerful tool in cholestasis-testing due to their high basal BA production and high transporter expression compared to the other models tested. HepaRGs were responsive to both selected BSEP-inhibitors and produced a BA profile that is most similar to the human in vivo situation, making them a suitable and practical candidate for cholestasis-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
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Füzi B, Malik-Sheriff RS, Manners EJ, Hermjakob H, Ecker GF. KNIME workflow for retrieving causal drug and protein interactions, building networks, and performing topological enrichment analysis demonstrated by a DILI case study. J Cheminform 2022; 14:37. [PMID: 35692045 PMCID: PMC9188852 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to one drug-one target approaches, systems biology methods can provide a deeper insight into the holistic effects of drugs. Network-based approaches are tools of systems biology, that can represent valuable methods for visualizing and analysing drug-protein and protein-protein interactions. In this study, a KNIME workflow is presented which connects drugs to causal target proteins and target proteins to their causal protein interactors. With the collected data, networks can be constructed for visualizing and interpreting the connections. The last part of the workflow provides a topological enrichment test for identifying relevant pathways and processes connected to the submitted data. The workflow is based on openly available databases and their web services. As a case study, compounds of DILIRank were analysed. DILIRank is the benchmark dataset for Drug-Induced Liver Injury by the FDA, where compounds are categorized by their likeliness of causing DILI. The study includes the drugs that are most likely to cause DILI ("mostDILI") and the ones that are not likely to cause DILI ("noDILI"). After selecting the compounds of interest, down- and upregulated proteins connected to the mostDILI group were identified; furthermore, a liver-specific subset of those was created. The downregulated sub-list had considerably more entries, therefore, network and causal interactome were constructed and topological pathway enrichment analysis was performed with this list. The workflow identified proteins such as Prostaglandin G7H synthase 1 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 as key participants in the potential toxic events disclosing the possible mode of action. The topological network analysis resulted in pathways such as recycling of bile acids and salts and glucuronidation, indicating their involvement in DILI. The KNIME pipeline was built to support target and network-based approaches to analyse any sets of drug data and identify their target proteins, mode of actions and processes they are involved in. The fragments of the pipeline can be used separately or can be combined as required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Füzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rahuman S Malik-Sheriff
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma J Manners
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Henning Hermjakob
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Zhang F, Xiao X, Li Y, Wu H, Deng X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Ma X, Zhao Y. Therapeutic Opportunities of GPBAR1 in Cholestatic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805269. [PMID: 35095513 PMCID: PMC8793736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1, a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor for bile acids, is widely expressed in multiple tissues in humans and rodents. In recent years, GPBAR1 has been thought to play an important role in bile homeostasis, metabolism and inflammation. This review specifically focuses on the function of GPBAR1 in cholestatic liver disease and summarizes the various pathways through which GPBAR1 acts in cholestatic models. GPBAR1 mainly regulates cholestasis in a holistic system of liver-gallbladder-gut formation. In the state of cholestasis, the activation of GPBAR1 could regulate liver inflammation, induce cholangiocyte regeneration to maintain the integrity of the biliary tree, control the hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool and promote the secretion of bile HCO3−. All these functions of GPBAR1 might be clear ways to protect against cholestatic diseases and liver injury. However, the characteristic of GPBAR1-mediated proliferation increases the risk of proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma in malignant transformed cholangiocytes. This dichotomous function of GPBAR1 limits its use in cholestasis. During disease treatment, simultaneous activation of GPBAR1 and FXR receptors often results in improved outcomes, and this strategy may become a crucial direction in the development of bile acid-activated receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Rizki-Safitri A, Tokito F, Nishikawa M, Tanaka M, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Sakai Y. Prospect of in vitro Bile Fluids Collection in Improving Cell-Based Assay of Liver Function. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:657432. [PMID: 35295147 PMCID: PMC8915818 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.657432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in the clearance of drugs. Reliable assays for liver function are crucial for various metabolism investigation, including toxicity, disease, and pre-clinical testing for drug development. Bile is an aqueous secretion of a functioning liver. Analyses of bile are used to explain drug clearance and related effects and are thus important for toxicology and pharmacokinetic research. Bile fluids collection is extensively performed in vivo, whereas this process is rarely reproduced as in the in vitro studies. The key to success is the technology involved, which needs to satisfy multiple criteria. To ensure the accuracy of subsequent chemical analyses, certain amounts of bile are needed. Additionally, non-invasive and continuous collections are preferable in view of cell culture. In this review, we summarize recent progress and limitations in the field. We highlight attempts to develop advanced liver cultures for bile fluids collection, including methods to stimulate the secretion of bile in vitro. With these strategies, researchers have used a variety of cell sources, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factors to investigate different cell-culture environments, including three-dimensional spheroids, cocultures, and microfluidic devices. Effective combinations of expertise and technology have the potential to overcome these obstacles to achieve reliable in vitro bile assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (IQB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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De Vocht T, Buyck C, Deferm N, Qi B, Van Brantegem P, van Vlijmen H, Snoeys J, Hoeben E, Vermeulen A, Annaert P. Identification of novel inhibitors of rat Mrp3. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105813. [PMID: 33753214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP; ABCC gene family) mediated efflux transport plays an important role in the systemic and tissue exposure profiles of many drugs and their metabolites, and also of endogenous compounds like bile acids and bilirubin conjugates. However, potent and isoform-selective inhibitors of the MRP subfamily are currently lacking. Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to identify novel rat Mrp3 inhibitors. Using 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (CDFDA) as a model-(pro)substrate for Mrp3 in an oil-spin assay with primary rat hepatocytes, the extent of inhibition of CDF efflux was determined for 1584 compounds, yielding 59 hits (excluding the reference inhibitor) that were identified as new Mrp3 inhibitors. A naive Bayesian prediction model was constructed in Pipeline Pilot to elucidate physicochemical and structural features of compounds causing Mrp3 inhibition. The final Bayesian model generated common physicochemical properties of Mrp3 inhibitors. For instance, more than half of the hits contain a phenolic structure. The identified compounds have an AlogP between 2 and 4.5, between 5 to 8 hydrogen bond acceptor atoms, a molecular weight between 260 and 400, and 2 or more aromatic rings. Compared to the depleted dataset (i.e. 90% remaining compounds), the Mrp3 hit rate in the enriched set was 7.5-fold higher (i.e. 17.2% versus 2.3%). Several hits from this first screening approach were confirmed in an additional study using Mrp3 transfected inside-out membrane vesicles. In conclusion, several new and potent inhibitors of Mrp3 mediated efflux were identified in an optimized in vitro rat hepatocyte assay and confirmed using Mrp3 transfected inside-out membrane vesicles. A final naive Bayesian model was developed in an iterative way to reveal common physicochemical and structural features for Mrp3 inhibitors. The final Bayesian model will enable in silico screening of larger libraries and in vitro identification of more potent Mrp3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Vocht
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49 box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Buyck
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49 box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bing Qi
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49 box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49 box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman van Vlijmen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eef Hoeben
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium; BioNotus GCV, Wetenschapspark Universiteit Antwerpen, Galileilaan 15, B-2845 Niel, Belgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49 box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; BioNotus GCV, Wetenschapspark Universiteit Antwerpen, Galileilaan 15, B-2845 Niel, Belgium.
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Huang YS, Chang TE, Perng CL, Huang YH. The association of transporter ABCC2 (MRP2) genetic variation and drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:129-135. [PMID: 33323685 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia is a predictor of severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Hepatobiliary ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play an important role in the transportation of many drugs and bilirubin; however, little is known about these transporters and the risk of DILI. The aim of this study was to explore associations between genetic variations in important ABC transporters and susceptibility to DILI, with a particular focus on hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS A total of 200 patients with DILI and 200 healthy controls were enrolled as the training dataset. Another 106 patients with DILI were recruited as the validation dataset. They were genotyped for ABCB11 (BSEP) rs2287622, ABCB1 (MDR1) rs1128503, rs1045642, ABCB4 (MDR3) rs2230028, ABCC2 (MRP2) rs1885301, rs717620, rs2273697, rs3740066 and rs8187710 using polymerase chain reaction-based TaqMan genotyping assays. RESULTS There were no statistical differences in any of the nine ABC transporter single nucleotide polymorphisms between the DILI and control groups. However, in the DILI group, the patients with hyperbilirubinemia had a higher frequency of the ABCC2 rs717620 C/T and T/T genotypes than those without hyperbilirubinemia (44.2% vs 20.2%, p = 0.001). After adjusting for other confounding factors, the ABCC2 rs717620 T variant was still associated with an increased risk of hyperbilirubinemia (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.73-8.48, p = 0.001). This association was confirmed by the validation dataset (adjusted OR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.42-10.81, p = 0.015). We also found that the mortality group had higher frequencies of the ABCC2 (MRP2) rs717620 C/T and T/T genotypes than the survival group (50.0% vs 27.9%, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION Carriage of the ABCC2 (MRP2) rs717620 T variant may increase the risk of hyperbilirubinemia and mortality in patients with DILI. Screening for this variant may help to prevent and mitigate drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shin Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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12
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Potmešil P, Szotkowská R. Drug-induced liver injury after switching from tamoxifen to anastrozole in a patient with a history of breast cancer being treated for hypertension and diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320964152. [PMID: 33240477 PMCID: PMC7675855 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320964152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastrozole is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that blocks the
conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral tissues. It is used as
adjuvant therapy for early-stage hormone-sensitive breast cancer in
postmenopausal women. Significant side effects of anastrozole include
osteoporosis and increased levels of cholesterol. To date, seven case reports on
anastrozole hepatotoxicity have been published. We report the case of an
81-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer, arterial hypertension, type 2
diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and chronic renal insufficiency. Four days
after switching hormone therapy from tamoxifen to anastrozole, icterus developed
along with a significant increase in liver enzymes (measured in the blood). The
patient was admitted to hospital, where a differential diagnosis of jaundice was
made and anastrozole was withdrawn. Subsequently, hepatic functions quickly
normalized. The observed liver injury was attributed to anastrozole since other
possible causes of jaundice were excluded. However, concomitant pharmacotherapy
could have contributed to the development of jaundice and hepatotoxicity, after
switching from tamoxifen to anastrozole since several the patient’s medications
were capable of inhibiting hepatobiliary transport of bilirubin, bile acids, and
metabolized drugs through inhibition of ATP-binding cassette proteins.
Telmisartan, tamoxifen, and metformin all block bile salt efflux pumps. The
efflux function of multidrug resistance protein 2 is known to be reduced by
telmisartan and tamoxifen and breast cancer resistance protein is known to be
inhibited by telmisartan and amlodipine. Moreover, the activity of
P-glycoprotein transporters are known to be decreased by telmisartan,
amlodipine, gliquidone, as well as the previously administered tamoxifen.
Finally, the role of genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes and/or
drug transporters cannot be ruled out since the patient was not tested for
polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Potmešil
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Szotkowská
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Hafey MJ, Houle R, Tanis KQ, Knemeyer I, Shang J, Chen Q, Baudy A, Monroe J, Sistare FD, Evers R. A Two-Tiered In Vitro Approach to De-Risk Drug Candidates for Potential Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition Liabilities in Drug Discovery. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1147-1160. [PMID: 32943412 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular accumulation of bile salts by inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) may result in cholestasis and is one proposed mechanism of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). To understand the relationship between BSEP inhibition and DILI, we evaluated 64 DILI-positive and 57 DILI-negative compounds in BSEP, multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP3, and MRP4 vesicular inhibition assays. An empirical cutoff (5 μM) for BSEP inhibition was established based on a relationship between BSEP IC50 values and the calculated maximal unbound concentration at the inlet of the human liver (fu*Iin,max, assay specificity = 98%). Including inhibition of MRP2-4 did not increase DILI predictivity. To further understand the potential to inhibit bile salt transport, a selected subset of 30 compounds were tested for inhibition of taurocholate (TCA) transport in a long-term human hepatocyte micropatterned co-culture (MPCC) system. The resulting IC50 for TCA in vitro biliary clearance and biliary excretion index (BEI) in MPCCs were compared with the compound's fu*Iin,max to assess potential risk for bile salt transport perturbation. The data show high specificity (89%). Nine out of 15 compounds showed an IC50 value in the BSEP vesicular assay of <5μM, but the BEI IC50 was more than 10-fold the fu*Iin,max, suggesting that inhibition of BSEP in vivo is unlikely. The data indicate that although BSEP inhibition measured in membrane vesicles correlates with DILI risk, that measurement of this assay activity is insufficient. A two-tiered strategy incorporating MPCCs is presented to reduce BSEP inhibition potential and improve DILI risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes a two-tiered in vitro approach to de-risk compounds for potential bile salt export pump inhibition liabilities in drug discovery utilizing membrane vesicles and a long-term human hepatocyte micropatterned co-culture system. Cutoffs to maximize specificity were established based on in vitro data from a set of 121 DILI-positive and -negative compounds and associated calculated maximal unbound concentration at the inlet of the human liver based on the highest clinical dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hafey
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Robert Houle
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Keith Q Tanis
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Jackie Shang
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Qing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Andreas Baudy
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - James Monroe
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Frank D Sistare
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Raymond Evers
- Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM) (M.J.H., R.H., I.K., J.S., Q.C., R.E.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (K.Q.T.), and Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources (SALAR) (A.B., J.M., F.D.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
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14
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Yang F, Takeuchi T, Tsuneyama K, Yokoi T, Oda S. Experimental Evidence of Liver Injury by BSEP-Inhibiting Drugs With a Bile Salt Supplementation in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:95-108. [PMID: 30985903 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) mediates bile acid efflux from hepatocytes into bile. Although the inhibition of BSEP has been implicated as an important mechanism of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), liver injury caused by BSEP-inhibiting drugs is rarely reproduced in experimental animals, probably due to species differences in bile acid composition between humans and rodents. In this study, we tested whether supplementation with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) sodium, a hydrophobic bile salt, could sensitize rats to liver injury caused by a BSEP-inhibiting drug. A potent BSEP inhibitor, ketoconazole (KTZ), which is associated with clinical DILI, was intragastrically administered simultaneously with CDCA at a nontoxic dose once a day for 3 days. Plasma transaminase levels significantly increased in rats receiving CDCA+KTZ, whereas neither treatment with CDCA alone, KTZ alone nor a combination of CDCA and miconazole, a safe analog to KTZ, induced liver injury. In CDCA+KTZ-treated rats, most bile acid species in the liver significantly increased compared with treatment with vehicle or CDCA alone, suggesting that KTZ administration inhibited bile acid excretion. Furthermore, hepatic mRNA expression levels of a bile acid synthesis enzyme, Cyp7a1, and a basolateral bile salt influx transporter, Ntcp, decreased, whereas a canalicular phosphatidylcholine flippase, Mdr2, increased in the CDCA+KTZ group to compensate for hepatic bile acid accumulation. In conclusion, we found that oral CDCA supplementation predisposed rats to KTZ-induced liver injury due to the hepatic accumulation of bile acids. This method may be useful for assessing the potential of BSEP-inhibiting drugs inducing liver injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Yang
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taiki Takeuchi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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15
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Li Y, Evers R, Hafey MJ, Cheon K, Duong H, Lynch D, LaFranco-Scheuch L, Pacchione S, Tamburino AM, Tanis KQ, Geddes K, Holder D, Zhang NR, Kang W, Gonzalez RJ, Galijatovic-Idrizbegovic A, Pearson KM, Lebron JA, Glaab WE, Sistare FD. Use of a Bile Salt Export Pump Knockdown Rat Susceptibility Model to Interrogate Mechanism of Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:180-198. [PMID: 30903168 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) may be associated with clinical drug-induced liver injury, but is poorly predicted by preclinical animal models. Here we present the development of a novel rat model using siRNA knockdown (KD) of Bsep that displayed differentially enhanced hepatotoxicity to 8 Bsep inhibitors and not to 3 Bsep noninhibitors when administered at maximally tolerated doses for 7 days. Bsep KD alone resulted in 3- and 4.5-fold increases in liver and plasma levels, respectively, of the sum of the 3 most prevalent taurine conjugated bile acids (T3-BA), approximately 90% decrease in plasma and liver glycocholic acid, and a distinct bile acid regulating gene expression pattern, without resulting in hepatotoxicity. Among the Bsep inhibitors, only asunaprevir and TAK-875 resulted in serum transaminase and total bilirubin increases associated with increases in plasma T3-BA that were enhanced by Bsep KD. Benzbromarone, lopinavir, and simeprevir caused smaller increases in plasma T3-BA, but did not result in hepatotoxicity in Bsep KD rats. Bosentan, cyclosporine A, and ritonavir, however, showed no enhancement of T3-BA in plasma in Bsep KD rats, as well as Bsep noninhibitors acetaminophen, MK-0974, or clarithromycin. T3-BA findings were further strengthened through monitoring TCA-d4 converted from cholic acid-d4 overcoming interanimal variability in endogenous bile acids. Bsep KD also altered liver and/or plasma levels of asunaprevir, TAK-875, TAK-875 acyl-glucuronide, benzbromarone, and bosentan. The Bsep KD rat model has revealed differences in the effects on bile acid homeostasis among Bsep inhibitors that can best be monitored using measures of T3-BA and TCA-d4 in plasma. However, the phenotype caused by Bsep inhibition is complex due to the involvement of several compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutai Li
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
| | - Raymond Evers
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism
| | | | | | - Hong Duong
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
| | - Donna Lynch
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
| | | | | | | | - Keith Q Tanis
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, West Point, PA 19486
| | | | | | | | - Wen Kang
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources
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16
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Prescher M, Kroll T, Schmitt L. ABCB4/MDR3 in health and disease – at the crossroads of biochemistry and medicine. Biol Chem 2019; 400:1245-1259. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several ABC transporters of the human liver are responsible for the secretion of bile salts, lipids and cholesterol. Their interplay protects the biliary tree from the harsh detergent activity of bile salts. Among these transporters, ABCB4 is essential for the translocation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. ABCB4 deficiency can result in altered PC to bile salt ratios, which led to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis, drug induced liver injury or even progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3. Although PC lipids only account for 30–40% of the lipids in the canalicular membrane, 95% of all phospholipids in bile are PC lipids. We discuss this discrepancy in the light of PC synthesis and bile salts favoring certain lipids. Nevertheless, the in vivo extraction of PC lipids from the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane by bile salts should be considered as a separate step in bile formation. Therefore, methods to characterize disease causing ABCB4 mutations should be considered carefully, but such an analysis represents a crucial point in understanding the currently unknown transport mechanism of this ABC transporter.
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17
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Deferm N, De Vocht T, Qi B, Van Brantegem P, Gijbels E, Vinken M, de Witte P, Bouillon T, Annaert P. Current insights in the complexities underlying drug-induced cholestasis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:520-548. [PMID: 31589080 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1635081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) and their conjugate bile salts. Due to the high number of mechanisms underlying DIC, predicting a compound's cholestatic potential during early stages of drug development remains elusive. A profound understanding of the different molecular mechanisms of DIC is, therefore, of utmost importance. Although many knowledge gaps and caveats still exist, it is generally accepted that alterations of certain hepatobiliary membrane transporters and changes in hepatocellular morphology may cause DIC. Consequently, liver models, which represent most of these mechanisms, are valuable tools to predict human DIC. Some of these models, such as membrane-based in vitro models, are exceptionally well-suited to investigate specific mechanisms (i.e. transporter inhibition) of DIC, while others, such as liver slices, encompass all relevant biological processes and, therefore, offer a better representation of the in vivo situation. In the current review, we highlight the principal molecular mechanisms associated with DIC and offer an overview and critical appraisal of the different liver models that are currently being used to predict the cholestatic potential of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Deferm
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Vocht
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouillon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Pan G. Roles of Hepatic Drug Transporters in Drug Disposition and Liver Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:293-340. [PMID: 31571168 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic drug transporters are mainly distributed in parenchymal liver cells (hepatocytes), contributing to drug's liver disposition and elimination. According to their functions, hepatic transporters can be roughly divided into influx and efflux transporters, translocating specific molecules from blood into hepatic cytosol and mediating the excretion of drugs and metabolites from hepatic cytosol to blood or bile, respectively. The function of hepatic transport systems can be affected by interspecies differences and inter-individual variability (polymorphism). In addition, some drugs and disease can redistribute transporters from the cell surface to the intracellular compartments, leading to the changes in the expression and function of transporters. Hepatic drug transporters have been associated with the hepatic toxicity of drugs. Gene polymorphism of transporters and altered transporter expressions and functions due to diseases are found to be susceptible factors for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this chapter, the localization of hepatic drug transporters, their regulatory factors, physiological roles, and their roles in drug's liver disposition and DILI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Kenna JG, Taskar KS, Battista C, Bourdet DL, Brouwer KLR, Brouwer KR, Dai D, Funk C, Hafey MJ, Lai Y, Maher J, Pak YA, Pedersen JM, Polli JW, Rodrigues AD, Watkins PB, Yang K, Yucha RW. Can Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition Testing in Drug Discovery and Development Reduce Liver Injury Risk? An International Transporter Consortium Perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 104:916-932. [PMID: 30137645 PMCID: PMC6220754 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition has emerged as an important mechanism that may contribute to the initiation of human drug‐induced liver injury (DILI). Proactive evaluation and understanding of BSEP inhibition is recommended in drug discovery and development to aid internal decision making on DILI risk. BSEP inhibition can be quantified using in vitro assays. When interpreting assay data, it is important to consider in vivo drug exposure. Currently, this can be undertaken most effectively by consideration of total plasma steady state drug concentrations (Css,plasma). However, because total drug concentrations are not predictive of pharmacological effect, the relationship between total exposure and BSEP inhibition is not causal. Various follow‐up studies can aid interpretation of in vitro BSEP inhibition data and may be undertaken on a case‐by‐case basis. BSEP inhibition is one of several mechanisms by which drugs may cause DILI, therefore, it should be considered alongside other mechanisms when evaluating possible DILI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services Inc., a Simulations Plus Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Bourdet
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Theravance Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David Dai
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research and Development Sciences, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Funk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Hafey
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Y Anne Pak
- Lilly Research Laboratory, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jenny M Pedersen
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joseph W Polli
- Mechanistic Safety and Drug Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc., a Simulations Plus Company, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert W Yucha
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Metabolic Comorbidities and Risk of Development and Severity of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8764093. [PMID: 31531370 PMCID: PMC6720367 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8764093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and rates of diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have been increasing in recent years as findings from basic research and the examination of clinical databases reveal information about the clinical course, etiology, and prognosis of this complex disease. The prevalence of metabolic comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS)) has been increasing during the same period. The results of preclinical and clinical research studies indicate that characteristics of metabolic comorbidities are also factors that affect DILI phenotype and progression. The objective of this review is to present the evidence for DILI and hepatotoxicity mechanisms, incidence, and outcomes in patients with MetS and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, we also summarize the relationships between drugs used to treat metabolic comorbidities and DILI.
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21
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Messner CJ, Mauch L, Suter-Dick L. Bile salts regulate CYP7A1 expression and elicit a fibrotic response and abnormal lipid production in 3D liver microtissues. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:261-271. [PMID: 31195089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted regulation and accumulation of bile salts (BS) in the liver can contribute towards progressive liver damage and fibrosis. Here, we investigated the role of BS in the progression of cholestatic injury and liver fibrosis using 3D scaffold-free multicellular human liver microtissues (MTs) comprising the cell lines HepaRG, THP-1 and hTERT-HSCs. This in vitro model has been shown to recapitulate cellular events leading to fibrosis including hepatocellular injury, inflammation and activation of HSCs, ultimately leading to increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). In order to better differentiate the contribution of individual cells during cholestasis, the effects of BS were evaluated either on each of the three cell types individually or on the multicellular MTs. Our data corroborate the toxic effects of BS on HepaRG cells and indicate that BS exposure elicited a slight increase in cytokines without causing stellate cell activation. Contrarily, using the MTs, we could demonstrate that low concentrations of BS led to cellular damage and triggered a fibrotic response. This indicates that cellular interplay is required to achieve BS-triggered activation of HSC. Moreover, BS were capable of down-regulating CYP7A1 expression in MTs and elicited abnormal lipid production (accumulation) concordant with clinical cases where chronic cholestasis results in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jane Messner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Mauch
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Laura Suter-Dick
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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Stem cell models as an in vitro model for predictive toxicology. Biochem J 2019; 476:1149-1158. [PMID: 30988136 PMCID: PMC6463389 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the unintended side effects of drugs. They are categorised as either predictable or unpredictable drug-induced injury and may be exhibited after a single or prolonged exposure to one or multiple compounds. Historically, toxicology studies rely heavily on animal models to understand and characterise the toxicity of novel compounds. However, animal models are imperfect proxies for human toxicity and there have been several high-profile cases of failure of animal models to predict human toxicity e.g. fialuridine, TGN1412 which highlight the need for improved predictive models of human toxicity. As a result, stem cell-derived models are under investigation as potential models for toxicity during early stages of drug development. Stem cells retain the genotype of the individual from which they were derived, offering the opportunity to model the reproducibility of rare phenotypes in vitro Differentiated 2D stem cell cultures have been investigated as models of hepato- and cardiotoxicity. However, insufficient maturity, particularly in the case of hepatocyte-like cells, means that their widespread use is not currently a feasible method to tackle the complex issues of off-target and often unpredictable toxicity of novel compounds. This review discusses the current state of the art for modelling clinically relevant toxicities, e.g. cardio- and hepatotoxicity, alongside the emerging need for modelling gastrointestinal toxicity and seeks to address whether stem cell technologies are a potential solution to increase the accuracy of ADR predictivity in humans.
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Kolarić TO, Ninčević V, Smolić R, Smolić M, Wu GY. Mechanisms of Hepatic Cholestatic Drug Injury. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:86-92. [PMID: 30944824 PMCID: PMC6441637 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis represents a form of drug-induced liver disease that can lead to severe impairment of liver function. Numerous drugs have been shown to cause cholestasis and consequently bile duct toxicity. However, there is still lack of therapeutic tools that can prevent progression to advanced stages of liver injury. This review focuses on the various pathological mechanisms by which drugs express their hepatotoxic effects, as well as consequences of increased bile acid and toxin accumulation in the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Omanović Kolarić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vjera Ninčević
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia
- *Correspondence to: Martina Smolic, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Osijek 31000, Croatia. Tel: +38-531512800, E-mail:
| | - George Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Abstract
Since HepaRG cells can differentiate into well-polarized mature hepatocyte-like cells that synthesize, conjugate, and secrete bile acids, they represent an appropriate surrogate to primary human hepatocytes for investigations on drug-induced cholestasis mechanisms. In this chapter, culture conditions for obtaining HepaRG hepatocytes and the main methods used to detect cholestatic potential of drugs are described. Assays for evaluation of bile canaliculi dynamics and morphology are mainly based on time-lapse and phase-contrast microscopy analysis. Bile acid uptake, trafficking, and efflux are investigated using fluorescent probes. Individual bile acids are quantified in both culture media and cell layers by high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Preferential cellular accumulation of toxic hydrophobic bile acids is easily evidenced when exogenous primary and secondary bile acids are added to the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Guillouzo
- INSERM U1241, NuMeCan, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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Uetrecht J. Mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 85:133-163. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Kochansky CJ, Lyman MJ, Fauty SE, Vlasakova K, D'mello AP. Administration of Fenofibrate Markedly Elevates Fabp3 in Rat Liver and Plasma and Confounds Its Use as a Preclinical Biomarker of Cardiac and Muscle Toxicity. Lipids 2018; 53:947-960. [PMID: 30592062 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins involved in lipid homeostasis are often regulated through the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). PPARα is the target for the fibrate-class of drugs. Fenofibrate has been approved for its lipid-lowering effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. We were interested in understanding the expression of the energy transporters in energy-utilizing tissues like liver, heart, muscle, and adipose tissues in rat with the hypothesis that the change in transporter expression would align with the known lipid-lowering effects of PPARα agonists like fenofibrate. We found that several fatty-acid transporter proteins had significantly altered levels following 8 days of fenofibrate dosing. The mRNA levels of the highly abundant Fatp2 and Fatp5 in rat liver increased approximately twofold and decreased fourfold, respectively. Several fatty-acid-binding proteins and acyl-CoA-binding proteins had a significant increase in mRNA abundance but not the major liver fatty-acid-binding protein, Fabp1. Of particular interest was the increased liver expression of Fabp3 also known as heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP or FABP3). FABP3 has been proposed as a circulating clinical biomarker for cardiomyopathy and muscle toxicity, as well as a preclinical marker for PPARα-induced muscle toxicity. Here, we show that fenofibrate induces liver mRNA levels of Fabp3 ~5000-fold resulting in an approximately 50-fold increase in FABP3 protein levels in the whole liver. This increased liver expression complicates the interpretation and potential use of FABP3 as a specific biomarker for PPARα-induced muscle toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kochansky
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75A-203A, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4495, USA
| | - Michael J Lyman
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP75A-203A, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Scott E Fauty
- Safety Assessment, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP81-217, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Katerina Vlasakova
- Safety Assessment, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP81-217, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Anil P D'mello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4495, USA
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Wang T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. The improvements of functional ingredients from marine foods in lipid metabolism. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Human OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) transports sulfated bile acids and bile salts with particular efficiency. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jackson JP, Freeman KM, St. Claire RL, Black CB, Brouwer KR. Cholestatic Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Function of Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition and Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Thakare R, Alamoudi JA, Gautam N, Rodrigues AD, Alnouti Y. Species differences in bile acids II. Bile acid metabolism. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1336-1352. [PMID: 29845631 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) involves alterations in bile acid (BA) homeostasis and elimination, which encompass several metabolic pathways including hydroxylation, amidation, sulfation, glucuronidation and glutathione conjugation. Species differences in BA metabolism may play a major role in the failure of currently used in vitro and in vivo models to predict reliably the DILI during the early stages of drug discovery and development. We developed an in vitro cofactor-fortified liver S9 fraction model to compare the metabolic profiles of the four major BAs (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid) between humans and several animal species. High- and low-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of BAs and their metabolites. Major species differences were found in the metabolism of BAs. Sulfation into 3-O-sulfates was a major pathway in human and chimpanzee (4.8%-52%) and it was a minor pathway in all other species (0.02%-14%). Amidation was primarily with glycine (62%-95%) in minipig and rabbit and it was primarily with taurine (43%-81%) in human, chimpanzee, dog, hamster, rat and mice. Hydroxylation was highest (13%-80%) in rat and mice followed by hamster, while it was lowest (1.6%-22%) in human, chimpanzee and minipig. C6-β hydroxylation was predominant (65%-95%) in rat and mice, while it was at C6-α position in minipig (36%-97%). Glucuronidation was highest in dog (10%-56%), while it was a minor pathway in all other species (<12%). The relative contribution of the various pathways involved in BA metabolism in vitro were in agreement with the observed plasma and urinary BA profiles in vivo and were able to predict and quantify the species differences in BA metabolism. In general, overall, BA metabolism in chimpanzee is most similar to human, while BA metabolism in rats and mice is most dissimilar from human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhishikesh Thakare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Wolenski FS, Zhu AZX, Johnson M, Yu S, Moriya Y, Ebihara T, Csizmadia V, Grieves J, Paton M, Liao M, Gemski C, Pan L, Vakilynejad M, Dragan YP, Chowdhury SK, Kirby PJ. Fasiglifam (TAK-875) Alters Bile Acid Homeostasis in Rats and Dogs: A Potential Cause of Drug Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:50-61. [PMID: 28108665 PMCID: PMC5414857 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasiglifam (TAK-875), a Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (FFAR1) agonist in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, was voluntarily terminated in phase 3 due to adverse liver effects. A mechanistic investigation described in this manuscript focused on the inhibition of bile acid (BA) transporters as a driver of the liver findings. TAK-875 was an in vitro inhibitor of multiple influx (NTCP and OATPs) and efflux (BSEP and MRPs) hepatobiliary BA transporters at micromolar concentrations. Repeat dose studies determined that TAK-875 caused a dose-dependent increase in serum total BA in rats and dogs. Additionally, there were dose-dependent increases in both unconjugated and conjugated individual BAs in both species. Rats had an increase in serum markers of liver injury without correlative microscopic signs of tissue damage. Two of 6 dogs that received the highest dose of TAK-875 developed liver injury with clinical pathology changes, and by microscopic analysis had portal granulomatous inflammation with neutrophils around a crystalline deposition. The BA composition of dog bile also significantly changed in a dose-dependent manner following TAK-875 administration. At the highest dose, levels of taurocholic acid were 50% greater than in controls with a corresponding 50% decrease in taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Transporter inhibition by TAK-875 may cause liver injury in dogs through altered bile BA composition characteristics, as evidenced by crystalline deposition, likely composed of test article, in the bile duct. In conclusion, a combination of in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that BA transporter inhibition could contribute to TAK-875-mediated liver injury in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy Z X Zhu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mike Johnson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaoxia Yu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuu Moriya
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Ebihara
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vilmos Csizmadia
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Grieves
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Paton
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingxiang Liao
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Liping Pan
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Yvonne P Dragan
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Patrick J Kirby
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Shah F, Medvedev A, Wassermann AM, Brodney M, Zhang L, Makarov S, Stanton RV. The Identification of Pivotal Transcriptional Factors Mediating Cell Responses to Drugs With Drug-Induced Liver Injury Liabilities. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:177-188. [PMID: 29106686 PMCID: PMC6257024 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition during drug development and a common reason for drug withdrawal from the market. The poor predictability of conventional animal-based approaches necessitates the development of alternative testing approaches. A body of evidence associates DILI with the induction of stress-response genes in liver cells. Here, we set out to identify signal transduction pathways predominantly involved in the regulation of gene transcription by DILI drugs. To this end, we employed ATTAGENE's cell-based multiplexed reporter assay, the FACTORIAL transcription factor (TF), that enables quantitative assessment of the activity of multiple stress-responsive TFs in a single well of cells. Homogeneous reporter system enables quantitative functional assessment of multiple transcription factors. Nat. Methods 5, 253-260). Using this assay, we assessed TF responses of the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 to a panel of 64 drug candidates, including 23 preclinical DILI and 11 clinical DILI compounds and 30 nonhepatotoxic compounds from a diverse physicochemical property space. We have identified 16 TF families that specifically responded to DILI drugs, including nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 antioxidant response element, octamer, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha, farnesoid-X receptor, TCF/beta-catenin, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, activator protein-1, E2F, early growth response-1, metal-response transcription factor 1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein, paired box protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, liver X receptor, interferone regulating factor, and P53, and 2 promoters that responded to multiple TFs (cytomegalovirus and direct repeat 3/vitamin D receptor). Some of TFs identified here also have previously defined role in pathogenesis of liver diseases. These data demonstrate the utility of cost-effective, animal-free, TF profiling assay for detecting DILI potential of drug candidates at early stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falgun Shah
- Computational Sciences, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Anne Mai Wassermann
- Computational Sciences, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marian Brodney
- Computational Sciences, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Liying Zhang
- Computational Sciences, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Robert V Stanton
- Computational Sciences, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Matsunaga N, Fukuchi Y, Imawaka H, Tamai I. Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes for Mechanistic Understanding of Hepatic Disposition of Parent Drugs and Metabolites by Transporter-Enzyme Interplay. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:680-691. [PMID: 29352067 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interplay between transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes is currently one of the hottest topics in the field of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Uptake transporter-enzyme interplay is important to determine intrinsic hepatic clearance based on the extended clearance concept. Enzyme and efflux transporter interplay, which includes both sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular efflux transporters, determines the fate of metabolites formed in the liver. As sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCHs) maintain metabolic activities and form a canalicular network, the whole interplay between uptake and efflux transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes can be investigated simultaneously. In this article, we review the utility and applicability of SCHs for mechanistic understanding of hepatic disposition of both parent drugs and metabolites. In addition, the utility of SCHs for mimicking species-specific disposition of parent drugs and metabolites in vivo is described. We also review application of SCHs for clinically relevant prediction of drug-drug interactions caused by drugs and metabolites. The usefulness of mathematical modeling of hepatic disposition of parent drugs and metabolites in SCHs is described to allow a quantitative understanding of an event in vitro and to develop a more advanced model to predict in vivo disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Matsunaga
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Yukina Fukuchi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan (N.M. Y.F., H.I.); Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (I.T.)
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Xiao L, Pan G. An important intestinal transporter that regulates the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and cholesterol homeostasis: The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2/ASBT). Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:509-515. [PMID: 28336180 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BAs) is governed by specific transporters expressed in the liver and the intestine and plays a critical role in the digestion of fats and oils. During this process, the majority of the BAs secreted from the liver is reabsorbed in intestinal epithelial cells via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT/SLC10A2) and then transported into the portal vein. Previous studies revealed that regulation of the ASBT involves BAs and cholesterol. In addition, abnormal ASBT expression and function might lead to some diseases associated with disorders in the enterohepatic circulation of BAs and cholesterol homeostasis, such as diarrhoea and gallstones. However, decreasing cholesterol or BAs by partly inhibiting ASBT-mediated transport might be used for treatments of hypercholesterolemia, cholestasis and diabetes. This review mainly discusses the regulation of the ASBT by BAs and cholesterol and its relevance to diseases and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sharanek A, Burban A, Humbert L, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Rainteau D, Guillouzo A. Progressive and Preferential Cellular Accumulation of Hydrophobic Bile Acids Induced by Cholestatic Drugs Is Associated with Inhibition of Their Amidation and Sulfation. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1292-1303. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lepist EI, Ray AS. Beyond drug-drug interactions: effects of transporter inhibition on endobiotics, nutrients and toxins. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:1075-1087. [PMID: 28847160 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1372425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Membrane transport proteins play a central role in regulating the disposition of endobiotics, dietary nutrients and environmental toxins. The inhibition of transporters by drugs has potential physiologic consequences. The full extent of the effect of drugs on the function of transporters is poorly understood because only a small subset of the hundreds of transporters expressed in humans - primarily those mediating the rate-determining step in the elimination of specific drugs - are assessed during clinical development. Areas covered: We provide a comprehensive overview of literature reports implicating the inhibition of transporters as the mechanism for off-target effects of drugs. Expert opinion: Transporter inhibition, the mechanism of action of many marketed drugs, appears to play an underappreciated role in a number of side effects including vitamin deficiency, edema, dyslipidemia, cholestasis and gout. Cell systems more broadly expressing transporter networks and methods like unbiased metabolomics should be incorporated into the screening paradigm to expand our understanding of the impact of drugs on the physiologic function of transporters and to allow for these effects to be taken into account in drug discovery and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Irene Lepist
- a Departments of Drug Metabolism , Gilead Sciences, Inc ., Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- b Clinical Research , Gilead Sciences, Inc ., Foster City , CA , USA
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Cheng Y, Chen S, Freeden C, Chen W, Zhang Y, Abraham P, Nelson DM, Humphreys WG, Gan J, Lai Y. Bile Salt Homeostasis in Normal and Bsep Gene Knockout Rats with Single and Repeated Doses of Troglitazone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017. [PMID: 28645914 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interference of bile acid secretion through bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition is one of the mechanisms for troglitazone (TGZ)-induced hepatotoxicity. Here, we investigated the impact of single or repeated oral doses of TGZ (200 mg/kg/day, 7 days) on bile acid homoeostasis in wild-type (WT) and Bsep knockout (KO) rats. Following oral doses, plasma exposures of TGZ were not different between WT and KO rats, and were similar on day 1 and day 7. However, plasma exposures of the major metabolite, troglitazone sulfate (TS), in KO rats were 7.6- and 9.3-fold lower than in WT on day 1 and day 7, respectively, due to increased TS biliary excretion. With Bsep KO, the mRNA levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), Mrp3, Mrp4, Mdr1, breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, small heterodimer partner, and Sult2A1 were significantly altered in KO rats. Following seven daily TGZ treatments, Cyp7A1 was significantly increased in both WT and KO rats. In the vehicle groups, plasma exposures of individual bile acids demonstrated variable changes in KO rats as compared with WT. WT rats dosed with TGZ showed an increase of many bile acid species in plasma on day 1, suggesting the inhibition of Bsep. Conversely, these changes returned to base levels on day 7. In KO rats, alterations of most bile acids were observed after seven doses of TGZ. Collectively, bile acid homeostasis in rats was regulated through bile acid synthesis and transport in response to Bsep deficiency and TGZ inhibition. Additionally, our study is the first to demonstrate that repeated TGZ doses can upregulate Cyp7A1 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Shenjue Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Chris Freeden
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Pamela Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David M Nelson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
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Takehara I, Terashima H, Nakayama T, Yoshikado T, Yoshida M, Furihata K, Watanabe N, Maeda K, Ando O, Sugiyama Y, Kusuhara H. Investigation of Glycochenodeoxycholate Sulfate and Chenodeoxycholate Glucuronide as Surrogate Endogenous Probes for Drug Interaction Studies of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in Healthy Japanese Volunteers. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1601-1614. [PMID: 28550384 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the use of glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate (GCDCA-S) and chenodeoxycholate 3- or 24-glucuronide (CDCA-3G or -24G) as surrogate endogenous substrates in the investigation of drug interactions involving OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. METHODS Uptake of GCDCA-S and CDCA-24G was examined in HEK293 cells transfected with cDNA for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and NTCP and in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Plasma concentrations of bile acids and their metabolites (GCDCA-S, CDCA-3G, and CDCA-24G) were determined by LC-MS/MS in eight healthy volunteers with or without administration of rifampicin (600 mg, po). RESULTS GCDCA-S and CDCA-24G were substrates for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and NTCP. The uptake of [3H]atorvastatin, GCDCA-S, and CDCA-24G by human hepatocytes was significantly inhibited by both rifampicin and pioglitazone, whereas that of taurocholate was inhibited only by pioglitazone. Rifampicin elevated plasma concentrations of GCDCA-S more than those of other bile acids. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for GCDCA-S was 20.3 times higher in rifampicin-treated samples. CDCA-24G could be detected only in plasma from the rifampicin-treatment phase, and CDCA-3G was undetectable in both phases. CONCLUSIONS We identified GCDCA-S and CDCA-24G as substrates of NTCP, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3. GCDCA-S is a surrogate endogenous probe for the assessment of drug interactions involving hepatic OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issey Takehara
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Biomarker Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanano Terashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshikado
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miwa Yoshida
- P-One Clinic, Keikokai Medical Corp, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Ando
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Aleo MD, Shah F, He K, Bonin PD, Rodrigues AD. Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1219-1229. [PMID: 28437613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of bile salt export protein (BSEP) inhibition in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been investigated widely, while inhibition of the canalicular multidrug resistant protein 3 (MDR3) has received less attention. This transporter plays a pivotal role in secretion of phospholipids into bile and functions coordinately with BSEP to mediate the formation of bile acid-containing biliary micelles. Therefore, inhibition of MDR3 in human hepatocytes was examined across 125 drugs (70 of Most-DILI-concern and 55 of No-DILI-concern). Of these tested, 41% of Most-DILI-concern and 47% of No-DILI-concern drugs had MDR3 IC50 values of <50 μM. A better distinction across DILI classifications occurred when systemic exposure was considered where safety margins of 50-fold had low sensitivity (0.29), but high specificity (0.96). Analysis of physical chemical property space showed that basic compounds were twice as likely to be MDR3 inhibitors as acids, neutrals, and zwitterions and that inhibitors were more likely to have polar surface area (PSA) values of <100 Å2 and cPFLogD values between 1.5 and 5. These descriptors, with different cutoffs, also highlighted a group of compounds that shared dual potency as MDR3 and BSEP inhibitors. Nine drugs classified as Most-DILI-concern compounds (four withdrawn, four boxed warning, and one liver injury warning in their approved label) had intrinsic potency features of <20 μM in both assays, thereby reinforcing the notion that multiple inhibitory mechanisms governing bile formation (bile acid and phospholipid efflux) may confer additional risk factors that play into more severe forms of DILI as shown by others for BSEP inhibitors combined with multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP2, MRP3, MRP4) inhibitory properties. Avoiding physical property descriptors that highlight dual BSEP and MDR3 inhibition or testing drug candidates for inhibition of multiple efflux transporters (e.g., BSEP, MDR3, and MRPs) may be an effective strategy for prioritizing drug candidates with less likelihood of causing clinical DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Falgun Shah
- Computational Sciences, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kan He
- Biotranex LLC , Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Paul D Bonin
- Medicinal Sciences, Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Medicinal Sciences, ADME CoE, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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40
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Li R, Bi YA, Vildhede A, Scialis RJ, Mathialagan S, Yang X, Marroquin LD, Lin J, Varma MVS. Transporter-Mediated Disposition, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Cholestatic Potential of Glyburide and Its Primary Active Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:737-747. [PMID: 28438781 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyburide is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We studied the mechanisms involved in the disposition of glyburide and its pharmacologically active hydroxy metabolites M1 and M2b and evaluated their clinical pharmacokinetics and the potential role in glyburide-induced cholestasis employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Transport studies of parent and metabolites in human hepatocytes and transfected cell systems imply hepatic uptake mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Metabolites are also subjected to basolateral and biliary efflux by P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and are substrates to renal organic anion transporter 3. A PBPK model in combination with a Bayesian approach was developed considering the identified disposition mechanisms. The model reasonably described plasma concentration time profiles and urinary recoveries of glyburide and the metabolites, implying the role of multiple transport processes in their pharmacokinetics. Predicted free liver concentrations of the parent (∼30-fold) and metabolites (∼4-fold) were higher than their free plasma concentrations. Finally, all three compounds showed bile salt export pump inhibition in vitro; however, significant in vivo inhibition was not apparent for any compound on the basis of a predicted unbound liver exposure-response effect model using measured in vitro IC50 values. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important role of multiple drug transporters in the disposition of glyburide and its active metabolites, suggesting that variability in the function of these processes may lead to pharmacokinetic variability in the parent and the metabolites, potentially translating to pharmacodynamic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Renato J Scialis
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Lisa D Marroquin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
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Middle-distance running acutely influences the concentration and composition of serum bile acids: Potential implications for cancer risk? Oncotarget 2017; 8:52775-52782. [PMID: 28881769 PMCID: PMC5581068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed to investigate the acute effect of medium-distance running on bile acids concentration and composition, in order to verify whether the positive impact of physical exercise on cancer risk may also be mediated by variation of bile acids concentration and composition in serum. METHODS The concentration and composition of serum bile acids was analyzed in 30 middle-aged and healthy recreational athletes with a reference liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, immediately before and shortly after the end of the running trial. The concentration of bile acids after the run was adjusted for plasma volume change. RESULTS All athletes successfully completed the trial. After correction of values for the individual plasma volume change calculated after the run, the serum concentration of total bile acids was found to be significantly reduced by approximately 46%. A statistically significant decrease was observed for cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, glycoursodeoxycholic and hyodeoxycholic acids, whereas the concentration of the remaining compounds remained unvaried after the run. A considerable variation of bile acids profile was also observed. No significant association was found between running performance and variation of bile acids concentrations. CONCLUSION These results show that middle distance running acutely decreases the concentration of total bile acids in serum, especially that of the more mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, so providing an intriguing support to the favorable effects of physical exercise for lowering the risk of many gastrointestinal cancers.
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Thakare R, Gao H, Kosa RE, Bi YA, Varma MVS, Cerny MA, Sharma R, Kuhn M, Huang B, Liu Y, Yu A, Walker GS, Niosi M, Tremaine L, Alnouti Y, Rodrigues AD. Leveraging of Rifampicin-Dosed Cynomolgus Monkeys to Identify Bile Acid 3-O-Sulfate Conjugates as Potential Novel Biomarkers for Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:721-733. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Starokozhko V, Greupink R, van de Broek P, Soliman N, Ghimire S, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM. Rat precision-cut liver slices predict drug-induced cholestatic injury. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3403-3413. [PMID: 28391356 PMCID: PMC5608839 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is one of the leading manifestations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). As the underlying mechanisms for DIC are not fully known and specific and predictive biomarkers and pre-clinical models are lacking, the occurrence of DIC is often only reported when the drug has been approved for registration. Therefore, appropriate models that predict the cholestatic potential of drug candidates and/or provide insight into the mechanism of DIC are highly needed. We investigated the application of rat precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to predict DIC, using several biomarkers of cholestasis: hepatocyte viability, intracellular accumulation of total as well as individual bile acids and changes in the expression of genes known to play a role in cholestasis. Rat PCLS exposed to the cholestatic drugs chlorpromazine, cyclosporine A and glibenclamide for 48 h in the presence of a 60 μM physiological bile acid (BA) mix reflected various changes associated with cholestasis, such as decrease in hepatocyte viability, accumulation and changes in the composition of BA and changes in the gene expression of Fxr, Bsep and Ntcp. The toxicity of the drugs was correlated with the accumulation of BA, and especially DCA and CDCA and their conjugates, but to a different extent for different drugs, indicating that BA toxicity is not the only cause for the toxicity of cholestatic drugs. Moreover, our study supports the use of several biomarkers to test drugs for DIC. In conclusion, our results indicate that PCLS may represent a physiological and valuable model to identify cholestatic drugs and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van de Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nashwa Soliman
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samiksha Ghimire
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kang L, Si L, Rao J, Li D, Wu Y, Wu S, Wu M, He S, Zhu W, Wu Y, Xu J, Li G, Huang J. Polygoni Multiflori Radix derived anthraquinones alter bile acid disposition in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:313-323. [PMID: 28161596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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45
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Yucha RW, He K, Shi Q, Cai L, Nakashita Y, Xia CQ, Liao M. In Vitro Drug-Induced Liver Injury Prediction: Criteria Optimization of Efflux Transporter IC50 and Physicochemical Properties. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:487-499. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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46
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Zhou L, Pang X, Jiang J, Zhong D, Chen X. Nimesulide and 4′-Hydroxynimesulide as Bile Acid Transporters Inhibitors Are Contributory Factors for Drug-Induced Cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:441-448. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Cheng Y, Freeden C, Zhang Y, Abraham P, Shen H, Wescott D, Humphreys WG, Gan J, Lai Y. Biliary excretion of pravastatin and taurocholate in rats with bile salt export pump (Bsep) impairment. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 37:276-86. [PMID: 27059119 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is expressed on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes regulating liver bile salt excretion, and impairment of BSEP function may lead to cholestasis in humans. This study explored drug biliary excretion, as well as serum chemistry, individual bile acid concentrations and liver transporter expressions, in the SAGE Bsep knockout (KO) rat model. It was observed that the Bsep protein in KO rats was decreased to 15% of that in the wild type (WT), as quantified using LC-MS/MS. While the levels of Ntcp and Mrp2 were not significantly altered, Mrp3 expression increased and Oatp1a1 decreased in KO animals. Compared with the WT rats, the KO rats had similar serum chemistry and showed normal liver transaminases. Although the total plasma bile salts and bile flow were not significantly changed in Bsep KO rats, individual bile acids in plasma and liver demonstrated variable changes, indicating the impact of Bsep KO. Following an intravenous dose of deuterium labeled taurocholic acid (D4-TCA, 2 mg/kg), the D4-TCA plasma exposure was higher and bile excretion was delayed by approximately 0.5 h in the KO rats. No differences were observed for the pravastatin plasma concentration-time profile or the biliary excretion after intravenous administration (1 mg/kg). Collectively, the results revealed that these rats have significantly lower Bsep expression, therefore affecting the biliary excretion of endogenous bile acids and Bsep substrates. However, these rats are able to maintain a relatively normal liver function through the remaining Bsep protein and via the regulation of other transporters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Chris Freeden
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pamela Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Debra Wescott
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Yee SW, Giacomini MM, Hsueh CH, Weitz D, Liang X, Goswami S, Kinchen JM, Coelho A, Zur AA, Mertsch K, Brian W, Kroetz DL, Giacomini KM. Metabolomic and Genome-wide Association Studies Reveal Potential Endogenous Biomarkers for OATP1B1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:524-536. [PMID: 27447836 PMCID: PMC6365106 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a major cause of drug toxicities. Using published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the human metabolome, we identified 20 metabolites associated with genetic variants in organic anion transporter, OATP1B1 (P < 5 × 10-8 ). Of these, 12 metabolites were significantly higher in plasma samples from volunteers dosed with the OATP1B1 inhibitor, cyclosporine (CSA) vs. placebo (q-value < 0.2). Conjugated bile acids and fatty acid dicarboxylates were among the metabolites discovered using both GWAS and CSA administration. In vitro studies confirmed tetradecanedioate (TDA) and hexadecanedioate (HDA) were novel substrates of OATP1B1 as well as OAT1 and OAT3. This study highlights the use of multiple datasets for the discovery of endogenous metabolites that represent potential in vivo biomarkers for transporter-mediated DDIs. Future studies are needed to determine whether these metabolites can serve as qualified biomarkers for organic anion transporters. Quantitative relationships between metabolite levels and modulation of transporters should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - M M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - C-H Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - D Weitz
- Research and Development Drug Disposition, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - X Liang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J M Kinchen
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A Coelho
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - A A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - K Mertsch
- Research and Development Drug Disposition, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - W Brian
- Disposition Safety and Animal Research, Sanofi-Aventis, Great Valley, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D L Kroetz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - K M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Both cholestatic and steatotic drugs trigger extensive alterations in the mRNA level of biliary transporters in rat hepatocytes: Application to develop new predictive biomarkers for early drug development. Toxicol Lett 2016; 263:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Otieno MA, Bhaskaran V, Janovitz E, Callejas Y, Foster WB, Washburn W, Megill JR, Lehman-McKeeman L, Gemzik B. Mechanisms for Hepatobiliary Toxicity in Rats Treated with an Antagonist of Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 (MCHR1). Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:379-388. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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