1
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Tateishi Y, McCarty KD, Martin MV, Guengerich FP. Oxygen-18 Labeling Defines a Ferric Peroxide (Compound 0) Mechanism in the Oxidative Deformylation of Aldehydes by Cytochrome P450 2B4. ACS Catal 2024; 14:2388-2394. [PMID: 38384943 PMCID: PMC10877606 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Most cytochrome P450 (P450) oxidations are considered to occur with the active oxidant being a perferryl oxygen (FeO3+, Compound I). However, a ferric peroxide (FeO2®, Compound 0) mechanism has been proposed, as well, particularly for aldehyde substrates. We investigated three of these systems, the oxidative deformylation of the model substrates citronellal, 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, and 2-methyl-2-phenylpropionaldehyde by rabbit P450 2B4, using 18O labeling. The formic acid product contained one 18O derived from 18O2, which is indicative of a dominant Compound 0 mechanism. The formic acid also contained only one 18O derived from H218O, which ruled out a Compound I mechanism. The possibility of a Baeyer-Villiger reaction was examined by using synthesized possible intermediates, but our data do not support its presence. Overall, these findings unambiguously demonstrate the role of the Compound 0 pathway in these aldehyde oxidative deformylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| | - Kevin D. McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| | - Martha V. Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
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2
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Occhiuzzi MA, Ioele G, De Luca M, Rizzuti B, Scordamaglia D, Lappano R, Maggiolini M, Garofalo A, Grande F. Dissecting CYP1A2 Activation by Arylalkanoic Acid Prodrugs toward the Development of Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:435. [PMID: 38203608 PMCID: PMC10779369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Arylalkane-derived prodrugs of arylacetic acids are a small group of substances that have long been known for their anti-inflammatory action. Despite their ease of synthesis and good potential for the development of new potent and safe anti-inflammatory agents, this group of substances has not received much attention from researchers so far. Therefore, representative arylalkane derivatives were investigated through molecular docking techniques to verify the possible hepatic activation mode toward active metabolites by CYP1A2. In this regard, arylalkanoic acid prodrugs were docked with a crystallographic structure of human CYP1A2, in which the enzyme is co-crystallized with the selective competitive inhibitor α-naphthoflavone BHF. Of note, all the examined compounds proved capable of interacting with the enzyme active site in a manner similar to Nabumetone, thus confirming that a productive metabolic transformation is feasible. On the basis of these findings, it is possible to argue that subtle differences in the way CYP1A2 accommodates the ligands depend on the fine details of their molecular structures. Overall, these data suggest that compounds simply formed by an aromatic moiety bearing an appropriate alkane-derived chain could lead to innovative anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, SS Rende (CS), Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domenica Scordamaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; (M.A.O.); (G.I.); (M.D.L.); (D.S.); (R.L.); (M.M.); (A.G.)
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3
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Ichida H, Fukami T, Kudo T, Mishiro K, Takano S, Nakano M, Morinaga G, Matsui A, Ishiguro N, Nakajima M. Identification of HSD17B12 as an enzyme catalyzing drug reduction reactions through investigation of nabumetone metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109536. [PMID: 36724833 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prodrug, is converted to a pharmacologically active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA); however, it is 11-fold more efficiently converted to 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-ol (MNBO) via a reduction reaction in human hepatocytes. The goal of this study was to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for MNBO formation from nabumetone in the human liver. MNBO formation by human liver microsomes (HLM) was 5.7-fold higher than in the liver cytosol. In a panel of 24 individual HLM samples with quantitative proteomics data, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 12 (HSD17B12) protein level had the high correlation coefficient (r = 0.80, P < 0.001) among 4457 proteins quantified in microsomal fractions during MNBO formation. Recombinant HSD17B12 expressed in HEK293T cells exhibited prominent nabumetone reductase activity, and the contribution of HSD17B12 to the activity in the HLM was calculated as almost 100%. MNBO formation in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was significantly decreased by the knockdown of HSD17B12. We also examined the role of HSD17B12 in drug metabolism and found that recombinant HSD17B12 catalyzed the reduction reactions of pentoxifylline and S-warfarin, suggesting that HSD17B12 prefers compounds containing a methyl ketone group on the alkyl chain. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HSD17B12 is responsible for the formation of MNBO from nabumetone. Together with the evidence for pentoxifylline and S-warfarin reduction, this is the first study to report that HSD17B12, which is known to metabolize endogenous compounds, such as estrone and 3-ketoacyl-CoA, plays a role as a drug-metabolizing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Takano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gaku Morinaga
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsui
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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4
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Khake SM, Chatani N. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative C–H Alkylation of Aniline Derivatives with Allylic Alcohols To Produce β-Aryl Ketones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant M. Khake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:405-425. [PMID: 34499522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most clinically used drugs are metabolized in the body via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions, which are considered phase I reactions. Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which primarily catalyze oxidation reactions, contribute to the metabolism of over 50% of clinically used drugs. In the last few decades, the function and regulation of P450s have been extensively studied, whereas the characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes is still incomplete. Recent studies suggest that approximately 30% of drug metabolism is carried out by non-P450 enzymes. This review summarizes current knowledge of non-P450 phase I enzymes, focusing on their roles in controlling drug efficacy and adverse reactions as an important aspect of drug development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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7
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Jourová L, Lišková B, Lněničková K, Zemanová N, Anzenbacher P, Hermanová P, Hudcovic T, Kozáková H, Anzenbacherová E. Presence or absence of microbiome modulates the response of mice organism to administered drug nabumetone. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S583-S594. [PMID: 33646003 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota provides a wide range of beneficial functions for the host, and has an immense effect on the host's health status. The presence of microbiome in the gut may often influence the effect of an orally administered drug. Molecular mechanisms of this process are however mostly unclear. We investigated how the effect of a nonsteroidal drug nabumetone on expression of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in mice intestine and liver is changed by the presence of microbiota, here, using the germ free (GF) and specific pathogen free (SPF) BALB/c mice. First, we have found in a preliminary experiment that in the GF mice there is a tendency to increase bioavailability of the active form of nabumetone, which we have found now to be possibly influenced by differences in expression of DMEs in the GF and SPF mice. Indeed, we have observed that the expression of the most of selected cytochromes P450 (CYPs) was significantly changed in the small intestine of GF mice compared to the SPF ones. Moreover, orally administered nabumetone itself altered the expression of some CYPs and above all, in different ways in the GF and SPF mice. In the GF mice, the expression of the DMEs (CYP1A) responsible for the formation of active form of the drug are significantly increased in the small intestine and liver after nabumetone application. These results highlight the importance of gut microbiome in processes involved in drug metabolism in the both gastrointestinal tract and in the liver with possible clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jourová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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8
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Akimoto M. Role of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 5 in the metabolism of nabumetone: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the activation of the intermediate metabolite, 3-hydroxy nabumetone, to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid in vitro. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:155-166. [PMID: 33146575 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1843089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone (NAB) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used clinically, and its biotransformation includes the major active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). One of the key intermediates between NAB and 6-MNA may be 3-hydroxy nabumetone (3-OH-NAB). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoform 5 in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB. To elucidate the biotransformation of 3-OH-NAB to 6-MNA, an authentic standard of 3-OH-NAB was synthesised and used as a substrate in an incubation with human liver samples or recombinant enzymes. The formation of 3-OH-NAB was observed after the incubation of NAB with various cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. However, 6-MNA itself was rarely detected from NAB and 3-OH-NAB. Further experiments revealed a 6-MNA peak derived from 3-OH-NAB in human hepatocytes. 6-MNA was also detected in the extract obtained from 3-OH-NAB by a combined incubation of recombinant human FMO5 and human liver S9. We herein demonstrated that the reaction involves carbon-carbon cleavage catalyzed by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (BVO) of a carbonyl compound, the BVO substrate, such as a ketol, by FMO5. Further in vitro inhibition experiments showed that multiple non-CYP enzymes are involved in the formation of 6-MNA from 3-OH-NAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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Grande F, Ragno G, Muzzalupo R, Occhiuzzi MA, Mazzotta E, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Ioele G. Gel Formulation of Nabumetone and a Newly Synthesized Analog: Microemulsion as a Photoprotective Topical Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050423. [PMID: 32380748 PMCID: PMC7284650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photostability studies were performed on topical formulations containing the anti-inflammatory drug Nabumetone and an analog newly synthesized in order to achieve better photostability and pharmacokinetic profile. Stability tests, according to the International Conference on Harmonization rules, were applied on ethanol solutions and topical gel formulations of both compounds. The photodegradation profiles were monitored by Multivariate curve resolution applied to the UV spectral data. The inclusion of the compounds in microemulsion was investigated to improve light stability and, at the same time, to ensure a sustained release system for skin delivery. All the formulations in solution, gel, microemulsion, and microemulsion-in-gel were exposed to a forced irradiation of 350 W/m2, corresponding to a 21 kJ/m2 min, for up to 300 min. Photostability increased significantly for both drugs in the liquid microemulsion and microemulsion-in-gel, compared to the ethanol solution and plain gel, reaching a residual drug of 97% and 98% for Nabumetone and analog in microemulsion-in-gel, respectively. Permeation experiments on the microemulsion-in-gel showed a better performance of the analog formulated at 0.2%, compared to the same formulation of Nabumetone at 0.7%. These results highlight the potential of the designed matrices as delayed drug delivery systems along with the use of lower drug doses leading to reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-0984-493268 (G.I.)
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10
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Strohmaier SJ, De Voss JJ, Jurva U, Andersson S, Gillam EMJ. Oxygen Surrogate Systems for Supporting Human Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:432-437. [PMID: 32238418 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen surrogates (OSs) have been used to support cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes for diverse purposes in drug metabolism research, including reaction phenotyping, mechanistic and inhibition studies, studies of redox partner interactions, and to avoid the need for NADPH or a redox partner. They also have been used in engineering P450s for more cost-effective, NADPH-independent biocatalysis. However, despite their broad application, little is known of the preference of individual P450s for different OSs or the substrate dependence of OS-supported activity. Furthermore, the biocatalytic potential of OSs other than cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is yet to be explored. Here, we investigated the ability of the major human drug-metabolizing P450s, namely CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2, to use the following OSs: H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tert-BuOOH), CuOOH, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene, and bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene. Overall, CuOOH and tert-BuOOH were found to be the most effective at supporting these P450s. However, the ability of P450s to be supported by OSs effectively was also found to be highly dependent on the substrate used. This suggests that the choice of OS should be tailored to both the P450 and the substrate under investigation, underscoring the need to employ screening methods that reflect the activity toward the substrate of interest to the end application. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes can be supported by different oxygen surrogates (OSs), avoiding the need for a redox partner and costly NADPH. However, few data exist comparing relative activity with different OSs and substrates. This study shows that the choice of OS used to support the major drug-metabolizing P450s influences their relative activity and regioselectivity in a substrate-specific fashion and provides a model for the more efficient use of P450s for metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Takei C, Kamei T, Koyanagi J, Takahashi T, Akimoto M. A metabolic pathway for the prodrug nabumetone to the pharmacologically active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA) by non-cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:783-792. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1704097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Junichi Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Tamiko Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
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12
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Hu Y, Xiao Y, Rao Z, Kumar V, Liu H, Lu C. Carbon-carbon Bond Cleavage Catalyzed by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: α-ketol as the Key Intermediate Metabolite in Sequential Metabolism of Olanexidine. Drug Metab Lett 2019; 14:41-53. [PMID: 31763971 DOI: 10.2174/1872312813666191125095818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon-carbon bond cleavage of a saturated aliphatic moiety is rarely seen in xenobiotic metabolism. Olanexidine (Olanedine®), containing an n-octyl (C8) side chain, was mainly metabolized to various shortened side chain (C4 to C6) acid-containing metabolites in vivo in preclinical species. In liver microsomes and S9, the major metabolites of olanexidine were from multi-oxidation on its n-octyl (C8) side chain. However, the carbon-carbon bond cleavage mechanism of n-octyl (C8) side chain, and enzyme(s) responsible for its metabolism in human remained unknown. METHODS A pair of regioisomers of α-ketol-containing C8 side chain olanexidine analogs (3,2-ketol olanexidine and 2,3-ketol olanexidine) were synthesized, followed by incubation in human liver microsomes, recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes or human hepatocytes, and subsequent metabolite identification using LC/UV/MS. RESULTS Multiple shortened side chain (C4 to C6) metabolites were identified, including C4, C5 and C6- acid and C6-hydroxyl metabolites. Among 19 cytochrome P450 enzymes tested, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were identified to catalyze carbon-carbon bond cleavage. CONCLUSION 3,2-ketol olanexidine and 2,3-ketol olanexidine were confirmed as the key intermediates in carbon-carbon bond cleavage. Its mechanism is proposed that a nucleophilic addition of iron-peroxo species, generated by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4/5, to the carbonyl group caused the carbon-carbon bond cleavage between the adjacent hydroxyl and ketone groups. As results, 2,3-ketol olanexidine formed a C6 side chain acid metabolite. While, 3,2-ketol olanexidine formed a C6 side chain aldehyde intermediate, which was either oxidized to a C6 side chain acid metabolite or reduced to a C6 side chain hydroxyl metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Hu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts-MA-02451, United States
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California-CA 90027, United States
| | - Zhesui Rao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts-MA-02451, United States
| | - Vasant Kumar
- Analytical R&D, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts-MA-02451, United States
| | - Hanlan Liu
- Department of DMPK and Preformulation, KSQ, Cambridge, Massachusetts- MA 02139, United States
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts-MA-02451, United States
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13
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Duncan D, Auclair K. The coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway: A new tool for prodrug bioactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 672:108069. [PMID: 31404525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs account for more than 5% of pharmaceuticals approved worldwide. Over the past decades several prodrug design strategies have been firmly established; however, only a few functional groups remain amenable to this approach. The aim of this overview is to highlight the use of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic enzymes as a recently explored bioactivation scheme and provide information about its scope of utility. This emerging tool is likely to have a strong impact on future medicinal and biological studies as it offers promiscuity, orthogonal selectivity, and the capability of assembling exceptionally large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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14
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Li W, Liu W, Leonard DK, Rabeah J, Junge K, Brückner A, Beller M. Practical Catalytic Cleavage of C(sp
3
)−C(sp
3
) Bonds in Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Weiping Liu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - David K. Leonard
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an derUniversität Rostock Albert-Einstein Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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15
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Li W, Liu W, Leonard DK, Rabeah J, Junge K, Brückner A, Beller M. Practical Catalytic Cleavage of C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Bonds in Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10693-10697. [PMID: 31125156 PMCID: PMC6771714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The selective cleavage of thermodynamically stable C(sp3)−C(sp3) single bonds is rare compared to their ubiquitous formation. Herein, we describe a general methodology for such transformations using homogeneous copper‐based catalysts in the presence of air. The utility of this novel methodology is demonstrated for Cα−Cβ bond scission in >70 amines with excellent functional group tolerance. This transformation establishes tertiary amines as a general synthon for amides and provides valuable possibilities for their scalable functionalization in, for example, natural products and bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Weiping Liu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - David K Leonard
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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16
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Shi R, Hu X. From Alkyl Halides to Ketones: Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation Utilizing Ethyl Chloroformate as the Carbonyl Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7454-7458. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Shi
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)ISIC-LSCI BCH 3305 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)ISIC-LSCI BCH 3305 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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17
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Shi R, Hu X. From Alkyl Halides to Ketones: Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation Utilizing Ethyl Chloroformate as the Carbonyl Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Shi
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)ISIC-LSCI BCH 3305 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)ISIC-LSCI BCH 3305 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Enzymes are complex biological catalysts and are critical to life. Most oxidations of chemicals are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes, which generally utilize mixed-function oxidase stoichiometry, utilizing pyridine nucleotides as electron donors: NAD(P)H + O2 + R → NAD(P)+ + RO + H2O (where R is a carbon substrate and RO is an oxidized product). The catalysis of oxidations is largely understood in the context of the heme iron-oxygen complex generally referred to as Compound I, formally FeO3+, whose basis was in peroxidase chemistry. Many X-ray crystal structures of P450s are now available (≥ 822 structures from ≥146 different P450s) and have helped in understanding catalytic specificity. In addition to hydroxylations, P450s catalyze more complex oxidations, including C-C bond formation and cleavage. Enzymes derived from P450s by directed evolution can even catalyze more unusual reactions, e.g. cyclopropanation. Current P450 questions under investigation include the potential role of the intermediate Compound 0 (formally FeIII-O2 -) in catalysis of some reactions, the roles of high- and low-spin forms of Compound I, the mechanism of desaturation, the roles of open and closed structures of P450s in catalysis, the extent of processivity in multi-step oxidations, and the role of the accessory protein cytochrome b 5. More global questions include exactly how structure drives function, prediction of catalysis, and roles of multiple protein conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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19
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Guengerich FP, Yoshimoto FK. Formation and Cleavage of C-C Bonds by Enzymatic Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6573-6655. [PMID: 29932643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many oxidation-reduction (redox) enzymes, particularly oxygenases, have roles in reactions that make and break C-C bonds. The list includes cytochrome P450 and other heme-based monooxygenases, heme-based dioxygenases, nonheme iron mono- and dioxygenases, flavoproteins, radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes, copper enzymes, and peroxidases. Reactions involve steroids, intermediary metabolism, secondary natural products, drugs, and industrial and agricultural chemicals. Many C-C bonds are formed via either (i) coupling of diradicals or (ii) generation of unstable products that rearrange. C-C cleavage reactions involve several themes: (i) rearrangement of unstable oxidized products produced by the enzymes, (ii) oxidation and collapse of radicals or cations via rearrangement, (iii) oxygenation to yield products that are readily hydrolyzed by other enzymes, and (iv) activation of O2 in systems in which the binding of a substrate facilitates O2 activation. Many of the enzymes involve metals, but of these, iron is clearly predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas-San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
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20
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Nagel R, Peters RJ. Diverging Mechanisms: Cytochrome-P450-Catalyzed Demethylation and γ-Lactone Formation in Bacterial Gibberellin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29517843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the gibberellin (GA) plant hormones evolved independently in plants and microbes, but the pathways proceed by similar transformations. The combined demethylation and γ-lactone ring forming transformation is of significant mechanistic interest, yet remains unclear. The relevant CYP112 from bacteria was probed by activity assays and 18 O2 -labeling experiments. Notably, the ability of tert-butyl hydroperoxide to drive this transformation indicates use of the ferryl-oxo (Compound I) from the CYP catalytic cycle for this reaction. Together with the confirmed loss of C20 as CO2 , this necessitates two catalytic cycles for carbon-carbon bond scission and γ-lactone formation. The ability of CYP112 to hydroxylate the δ-lactone form of GA15 , shown by the labeling studies, is consistent with the implied use of a further oxygenated heterocycle in the final conversion of GA24 into GA9 , with the partial labeling of GA9 , thus demonstrating that CYP112 partitions its reactants between two diverging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Roy J. Carver Dep. of Biochem., Biophys. & Mol. Biol., Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Dep. of Biochem., Biophys. & Mol. Biol., Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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21
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Nagel R, Peters RJ. Diverging Mechanisms: Cytochrome‐P450‐Catalyzed Demethylation and γ‐Lactone Formation in Bacterial Gibberellin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Roy J. Carver Dep. of Biochem., Biophys. & Mol. Biol. Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Dep. of Biochem., Biophys. & Mol. Biol. Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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22
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Prediction of regioselectivity and preferred order of metabolisms on CYP1A2-mediated reactions. Part 2: Solving substrate interactions of CYP1A2 with non-PAH substrates on the template system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:229-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Fiorentini F, Romero E, Fraaije MW, Faber K, Hall M, Mattevi A. Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase FMO5 as Entry Point in Drug Metabolism. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2379-2387. [PMID: 28783300 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are emerging as effective players in oxidative drug metabolism. Until recently, the functions of the five human FMO isoforms were mostly linked to their capability of oxygenating molecules containing soft N- and S-nucleophiles. However, the human FMO isoform 5 was recently shown to feature an atypical activity as Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase. With the aim of evaluating such an alternative entry point in the metabolism of active pharmaceutical ingredients, we selected and tested drug molecules bearing a carbonyl group on an aliphatic chain. Nabumetone and pentoxifylline, two widely used pharmaceuticals, were thereby demonstrated to be efficiently oxidized in vitro by FMO5 to the corresponding acetate esters with high selectivity. The proposed pathways explain the formation of a predominant plasma metabolite of pentoxifylline as well as the crucial transformation of the pro-drug nabumetone into the pharmacologically active compound. Using the recombinant enzyme, the ester derivatives of both drugs were obtained in milligram amounts, purified, and fully characterized. This protocol can potentially be extended to other FMO5 candidate substrates as it represents an effective and robust bench-ready platform applicable to API screening and metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fiorentini
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular
Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular
Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Bonomo S, Jørgensen FS, Olsen L. Mechanism of Cytochrome P450 17A1-Catalyzed Hydroxylase and Lyase Reactions. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1123-1133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonomo
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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25
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Blakemore J, Naftolin F. Aromatase: Contributions to Physiology and Disease in Women and Men. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:258-69. [PMID: 27252161 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00054.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase (estrogen synthetase; EC 1.14.14.1) catalyzes the demethylation of androgens' carbon 19, producing phenolic 18-carbon estrogens. Aromatase is most widely known for its roles in reproduction and reproductive system diseases, and as a target for inhibitor therapy in estrogen-sensitive diseases including cancer, endometriosis, and leiomyoma (141, 143). However, all tissues contain estrogen receptor-expressing cells, the majority of genes have a complete or partial estrogen response element that regulates their expression (61), and there are plentiful nonreceptor effects of estrogens (79); therefore, the effect of aromatase through the provision of estrogen is almost universal in terms of health and disease. This review will provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the enzyme, its role in steroidogenesis, the problems that arise with its functional mutations and mishaps, the roles in human physiology of aromatase and its product estrogens, its current clinical roles, and the effects of aromatase inhibitors. While much of the story is that of the consequences of the formation of its product estrogens, we also will address alternative enzymatic roles of aromatase as a demethylase or nonenzymatic actions of this versatile molecule. Although this short review is meant to be thorough, it is by no means exhaustive; rather, it is meant to reflect the cutting-edge, exciting properties and possibilities of this ancient enzyme and its products.
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26
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Balap A, Lohidasan S, Sinnathambi A, Mahadik K. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Andrographolide and Standardized Extract ofAndrographis paniculata(Nees) with Nabumetone in Wistar Rats. Phytother Res 2016; 31:75-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Balap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy; Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University (BVDU); Pune 411 038 India
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy; Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University (BVDU); Pune 411 038 India
| | - Arulmozhi Sinnathambi
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy; Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU); Pune 411 038 India
| | - Kakasaheb Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy; Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University (BVDU); Pune 411 038 India
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27
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Yoshimoto FK, Jung IJ, Goyal S, Gonzalez E, Guengerich FP. Isotope-Labeling Studies Support the Electrophilic Compound I Iron Active Species, FeO(3+), for the Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage Reaction of the Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cytochrome P450 11A1. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12124-41. [PMID: 27571509 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme cytochrome P450 11A1 cleaves the C20-C22 carbon-carbon bond of cholesterol to form pregnenolone, the first 21-carbon precursor of all steroid hormones. Various reaction mechanisms are possible for the carbon-carbon bond cleavage step of P450 11A1, and most current proposals involve the oxoferryl active species, Compound I (FeO(3+)). Compound I can either (i) abstract an O-H hydrogen atom or (ii) be attacked by a nucleophilic hydroxy group of its substrate, 20R,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. The mechanism of this carbon-carbon bond cleavage step was tested using (18)O-labeled molecular oxygen and purified P450 11A1. P450 11A1 was incubated with 20R,22R-dihydroxycholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen ((18)O2), and coupled assays were used to trap the labile (18)O atoms in the enzymatic products (i.e., isocaproaldehyde and pregnenolone). The resulting products were derivatized and the (18)O content was analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. P450 11A1 showed no incorporation of an (18)O atom into either of its carbon-carbon bond cleavage products, pregnenolone and isocaproaldehyde . The positive control experiments established retention of the carbonyl oxygens in the enzymatic products during the trapping and derivatization processes. These results reveal a mechanism involving an electrophilic Compound I species that reacts with nucleophilic hydroxy groups in the 20R,22R-dihydroxycholesterol intermediate of the P450 11A1 reaction to produce the key steroid pregnenolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - I-Ji Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Sandeep Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Eric Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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28
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Baillie TA, Dalvie D, Rietjens IMCM, Cyrus Khojasteh S. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions – 2015 literature highlights. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:113-38. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Han SH, Choi M, Jeong T, Sharma S, Mishra NK, Park J, Oh JS, Kim WJ, Lee JS, Kim IS. Rhodium-Catalyzed C–H Alkylation of Indolines with Allylic Alcohols: Direct Access to β-Aryl Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11092-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Han
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Choi
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoo Jeong
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Satyasheel Sharma
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Neeraj Kumar Mishra
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- College
of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
- Biocenter, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Kim
- Biocenter, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Biocenter, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School
of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Bolleddula J, Chowdhury SK. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage and formation reactions in drug metabolism and the role of metabolic enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:534-57. [PMID: 26390887 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1086781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of xenobiotics from the human body is often facilitated by a transformation to highly water soluble and more ionizable molecules. In general, oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation reactions are common biotransformation reactions that are catalyzed by various metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P450s (CYPs), non-CYPs, and conjugative enzymes. Although carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation and cleavage reactions are known to exist in plant secondary metabolism, these reactions are relatively rare in mammalian metabolism and are considered exceptions. However, various reactions such as demethylation, dealkylation, dearylation, reduction of alkyl chain, ring expansion, ring contraction, oxidative elimination of a nitrile through C-C bond cleavage, and dimerization, and glucuronidation through C-C bond formation have been reported for drug molecules. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions for drug molecules are primarily catalyzed by CYP enzymes, dimerization is mediated by peroxidases, and C-glucuronidation is catalyzed by UGT1A9. This review provides an overview of C-C bond cleavage and formation reactions in drug metabolism and the metabolic enzymes associated with these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. , Cambridge , MA , USA
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