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Arakawa H, Ishida N, Nakatsuji T, Matsumoto N, Imamura R, Shengyu D, Araya K, Horike SI, Tanaka-Yachi R, Kasahara M, Yoshioka T, Sumida Y, Ohmiya H, Daikoku T, Wakayama T, Nakamura K, Fujita KI, Kato Y. Endoplasmic reticulum transporter OAT2 regulates drug metabolism and interaction. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116322. [PMID: 38815630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolic reactions in the hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and carboxylesterase play central roles in the detoxification of medical agents with small- and medium-sized molecules. Although the catalytic sites of these enzymes exist inside of ER, the molecular mechanism for membrane permeation in the ER remains enigmatic. Here, we investigated that organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) regulates the detoxification reactions of xenobiotic agents including anti-cancer capecitabine and antiviral zidovudine, via the permeation process across the ER membrane in the liver. Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with colorectal cancer revealed that the half-lives of capecitabine in rs2270860 (1324C > T) variants was 1.4 times higher than that in the C/C variants. Moreover, the hydrolysis of capecitabine to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine in primary cultured human hepatocytes was reduced by OAT2 inhibitor ketoprofen, whereas capecitabine hydrolysis directly assessed in human liver microsomes were not affected. The immunostaining of OAT2 was merged with ER marker calnexin in human liver periportal zone. These results suggested that OAT2 is involved in distribution of capecitabine into ER. Furthermore, we clarified that OAT2 plays an essential role in drug-drug interactions between zidovudine and valproic acid, leading to the alteration in zidovudine exposure to the body. Our findings contribute to mechanistically understanding medical agent detoxification, shedding light on the ER membrane permeation process as xenobiotic metabolic machinery to improve chemical changes in hydrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakatsuji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Natsumi Matsumoto
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Rikako Imamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Dai Shengyu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Karin Araya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Rieko Tanaka-Yachi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshioka
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujita
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Gabel F, Hovhannisyan V, Berkati AK, Goumon Y. Morphine-3-Glucuronide, Physiology and Behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:882443. [PMID: 35645730 PMCID: PMC9134088 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.882443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine remains the gold standard painkiller available to date to relieve severe pain. Morphine metabolism leads to the production of two predominant metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). This metabolism involves uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which catalyze the addition of a glucuronide moiety onto the C3 or C6 position of morphine. Interestingly, M3G and M6G have been shown to be biologically active. On the one hand, M6G produces potent analgesia in rodents and humans. On the other hand, M3G provokes a state of strong excitation in rodents, characterized by thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. Its coadministration with morphine or M6G also reduces the resulting analgesia. Although these behavioral effects show quite consistency in rodents, M3G effects are much more debated in humans and the identity of the receptor(s) on which M3G acts remains unclear. Indeed, M3G has little affinity for mu opioid receptor (MOR) (on which morphine binds) and its effects are retained in the presence of naloxone or naltrexone, two non-selective MOR antagonists. Paradoxically, MOR seems to be essential to M3G effects. In contrast, several studies proposed that TLR4 could mediate M3G effects since this receptor also appears to be essential to M3G-induced hyperalgesia. This review summarizes M3G’s behavioral effects and potential targets in the central nervous system, as well as the mechanisms by which it might oppose analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gabel
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Volodya Hovhannisyan
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdel-Karim Berkati
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- SMPMS, Mass Spectrometry Facilities of the CNRS UPR 3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Yannick Goumon,
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Zhou J, Argikar UA, Miners JO. Enzyme Kinetics of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:301-338. [PMID: 34272700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is an important process for the metabolism and clearance of many lipophilic chemicals, including drugs, environmental chemicals, and endogenous compounds. Glucuronidation is a bisubstrate reaction that requires the aglycone and the cofactor, UDP-GlcUA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the bisubstrate reaction follows a compulsory-order ternary mechanism. To simplify the kinetic modeling of glucuronidation reactions in vitro, UDP-GlcUA is usually added to incubations in large excess. Many factors have been shown to influence UGT activity and kinetics in vitro, and these must be accounted for during experimental design and data interpretation. While the assessment of drug-drug interactions resulting from UGT inhibition has been challenging in the past, the increasing availability of UGT enzyme-selective substrate and inhibitor "probes" provides the prospect for more reliable reaction phenotyping and assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Although extrapolation of the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a glucuronidated drug often underpredicts in vivo clearance, careful selection of in vitro experimental conditions and inclusion of extrahepatic glucuronidation may improve the predictivity of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has also shown to be of value for predicting PK of drugs eliminated by glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Miyauchi Y, Kurohara K, Kimura A, Esaki M, Fujimoto K, Hirota Y, Takechi S, Mackenzie PI, Ishii Y, Tanaka Y. The carboxyl-terminal di-lysine motif is essential for catalytic activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:466-474. [PMID: 32883578 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is a type I membrane protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UGT has a di-lysine motif (KKXX/KXKXX) in its cytoplasmic domain, which is defined as an ER retention signal. However, our previous study has revealed that UGT2B7, one of the major UGT isoform in human, localizes to the ER in a manner that is independent of this motif. In this study, we focused on another UGT isoform, UGT1A9, and investigated the role of the di-lysine motif in its ER localization, glucuronidation activity, and homo-oligomer formation. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the cytoplasmic domain of UGT1A9 functioned as an ER retention signal in a chimeric protein with CD4, but UGT1A9 itself could localize to the ER in a di-lysine motif-independent manner. In addition, UGT1A9 formed homo-oligomers in the absence of the motif. However, deletion of the di-lysine motif or substitution of lysines in the motif for alanines, severely impaired glucuronidation activity of UGT1A9. This is the first study that re-defines the cytoplasmic di-lysine motif of UGT as an essential peptide for retaining glucuronidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Ken Kurohara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akane Kimura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Madoka Esaki
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujimoto
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirota
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Tanaka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Ondo K, Arakawa H, Nakano M, Fukami T, Nakajima M. SLC35B1 significantly contributes to the uptake of UDPGA into the endoplasmic reticulum for glucuronidation catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113916. [PMID: 32179043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The transport of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), a co-substrate of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), to the intraluminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential step in the glucuronidation of exogenous and endogenous compounds. According to a previous study, the expression of recombinant SLC35B1, SLC35B4, or SLC35D1, nucleotide sugar transporters, in V79 cells has the potential to transport UDPGA into the lumen of microsomes. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the transport of UDPGA by these transporters substantially affects UGT activity. Since the knockdown of UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase, a synthetase of UDPGA, in HEK293 cells stably expressing UGT1A1 (HEK/UGT1A1 cells) resulted in a significant decrease in 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronosyltransferase activity, supplementation of a sufficient amount of UDPGA is required for UGT activity. By performing qRT-PCR using cDNA samples from 21 human liver samples, we observed levels of the SLC35B1 and SLC35D1 mRNAs that were 15- and 14-fold higher, respectively, than the levels of the SLC35B4 mRNA, and SLC35B1 showed the largest (37-fold) interindividual variability. Interestingly, 4-MU glucuronosyltransferase activity was significantly decreased upon the knockdown of SLC35B1 in HEK/UGT1A1 cells, and this phenomenon was also observed in HepaRG cells. Using siRNAs targeting 23 different SLC35 subfamilies, the knockdown of SLC35B1 and SLC35E3 decreased 4-MU glucuronosyltransferase activity in HEK/UGT1A1 cells. However, the 4-MU glucuronosyltransferase activity was not altered by SLC35E3 knockdown in HepaRG cells, suggesting that SLC35B1 was the main transporter of UDPGA into the ER in the human liver. In conclusion, SLC35B1 is a key modulator of UGT activity by transporting UDPGA to the intraluminal side of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ondo
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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7
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Structural basis for the delivery of activated sialic acid into Golgi for sialyation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:415-423. [PMID: 31133698 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The decoration of secretory glycoproteins and glycolipids with sialic acid is critical to many physiological and pathological processes. Sialyation is dependent on a continuous supply of sialic acid into Golgi organelles in the form of CMP-sialic acid. Translocation of CMP-sialic acid into Golgi is carried out by the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Mutations in human CST are linked to glycosylation disorders, and CST is important for glycopathway engineering, as it is critical for sialyation efficiency of therapeutic glycoproteins. The mechanism of how CMP-sialic acid is recognized and translocated across Golgi membranes in exchange for CMP is poorly understood. Here we have determined the crystal structure of a Zea mays CST in complex with CMP. We conclude that the specificity of CST for CMP-sialic acid is established by the recognition of the nucleotide CMP to such an extent that they are mechanistically capable of both passive and coupled antiporter activity.
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Li Q, Zhou T, Wu F, Li N, Wang R, Zhao Q, Ma YM, Zhang JQ, Ma BL. Subcellular drug distribution: mechanisms and roles in drug efficacy, toxicity, resistance, and targeted delivery. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:430-447. [PMID: 30270675 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1512614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
After administration, drug molecules usually enter target cells to access their intracellular targets. In eukaryotic cells, these targets are often located in organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisomes. Each organelle type possesses unique biological features. For example, mitochondria possess a negative transmembrane potential, while lysosomes have an intraluminal delta pH. Other properties are common to several organelle types, such as the presence of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or solute carrier-type (SLC) transporters that sequester or pump out xenobiotic drugs. Studies on subcellular drug distribution are critical to understand the efficacy and toxicity of drugs along with the body's resistance to them and to potentially offer hints for targeted subcellular drug delivery. This review summarizes the results of studies from 1990 to 2017 that examined the subcellular distribution of small molecular drugs. We hope this review will aid in the understanding of drug distribution within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ting Zhou
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Fei Wu
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Na Li
- c Department of Chinese materia medica , School of Pharmacy , Shanghai , China
| | - Rui Wang
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Qing Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Tan C, Zhai Z, Ni X, Wang H, Ji Y, Tang T, Ren W, Long H, Deng B, Deng J, Yin Y. Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Potential Factors that Correlate with Lactation Performance in Sow Milk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10712. [PMID: 30013051 PMCID: PMC6048051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sow milk contains necessary nutrients for piglets; however, the relationship between the levels of metabolites in sow milk and lactation performance has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, we analysed the metabolites in sow milk from Yorkshire sows with high lactation (HL) or low lactation (LL) performance; these categories were assigned based on the weight gain of piglets during the entire lactation period (D1 to D21). The concentration of milk fat in the colostrum tended to be higher in the HL group (P = 0.05), the level of mannitol was significantly lower in the HL group (P < 0.05) and the level of glucuronic acid lactone was significantly higher in the HL group (P < 0.05) compared to those in LL group. In mature milk, the levels of lactose, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, 4-hydroxyproline, alanine, asparagine, and glycine were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the HL group than those in LL group. The level of fatty acids showed no significant difference between the two groups in both the colostrum and mature milk. This study suggested that lactation performance may be associated with the levels of lactose and several amino acids in sow milk, and these results can be used to develop new feed additives to improve lactation performance in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Zhenya Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Tianyue Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China.
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Choi YH, Lee CH, Ko MS, Han HJ, Kim SG. Lamivudine Therapy Exacerbates Bilirubinemia in Patients Underlying Severely Advanced Hepatitis. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:343-350. [PMID: 29071019 PMCID: PMC5654198 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamivudine belongs to the set of antiviral agents effective against hepatitis B virus infection. Given case reports on liver injuries after certain antiviral agent treatments, this study examined the effects of lamivudine on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TB) using a medical system database. A total of 1,321 patients taking lamivudine alone or with others were evaluated using laboratory hits in an electronic medical system at Seoul National University Hospital from 2005 through 2011. The patients were grouped according to prior ALT results: G#1, ALT < 40 IU/L; G#2, 40 IU/L ≤ ALT < 120 IU/L; G#3, 120 IU/L ≤ ALT < 240 IU/L; and G#4, ALT ≥ 240 IU/L. In G#1 and G#2 patients, lamivudine or adefovir treatment decreased ALT and TB compared to prior values. In G#3 and G#4 patients with three times the upper limit of normal (ULN) ≤ ALT < 15 times the ULN, both ALT and TB were decreased after treatment with lamivudine alone, or adefovir following lamivudine therapy, indicating that lamivudine therapy ameliorated liver functions. However, in G#4 patients who experienced severely advanced hepatitis (ALT ≥ 15 times the ULN, or ≥ 600 IU/L), lamivudine augmented TBmax (6.3→13.3 mg/dL) despite a slight improvement in ALT (839→783 IU/L), indicative of exacerbation of bilirubinemia. Patients who used adefovir after lamivudine also showed a high incidence of hyperbilirubinemia when they experienced severely advanced hepatitis. Treatment with adefovir alone did not show the effect. In conclusion, lamivudine may increase the risk of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with severely advanced hepatitis, implying that caution should be exercised when using lamivudine therapy in certain patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University_Seoul, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chang Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Myong Suk Ko
- Korea Intellectual Property Strategy Agency, Business Cooperation Team, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
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11
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Liu Y, Coughtrie MWH. Revisiting the Latency of Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)-How Does the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Influence Their Function? Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:E32. [PMID: 28867809 PMCID: PMC5620573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase 2 conjugation enzymes mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the liver and many other tissues, and can be recovered in artificial ER membrane preparations (microsomes). They catalyze glucuronidation reactions in various aglycone substrates, contributing significantly to the body's chemical defense mechanism. There has been controversy over the last 50 years in the UGT field with respect to the explanation for the phenomenon of latency: full UGT activity revealed by chemical or physical disruption of the microsomal membrane. Because latency can lead to inaccurate measurements of UGT activity in vitro, and subsequent underprediction of drug clearance in vivo, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Three major hypotheses have been advanced to explain UGT latency: compartmentation, conformation, and adenine nucleotide inhibition. In this review, we discuss the evidence behind each hypothesis in depth, and suggest some additional studies that may reveal more information on this intriguing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejian Liu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Michael W H Coughtrie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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12
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Yang G, Ge S, Singh R, Basu S, Shatzer K, Zen M, Liu J, Tu Y, Zhang C, Wei J, Shi J, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Gao S, Hu M. Glucuronidation: driving factors and their impact on glucuronide disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:105-138. [PMID: 28266877 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1293682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway for many compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces: the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the (polarized) excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides. Furthermore, the biliary- and enteric-eliminated glucuronides participate into recycling schemes involving intestinal microbes, which often prolong their local and systemic exposure, albeit at low systemic concentrations. Taken together, these recent research advances indicate that although UGT determines the rate and extent of glucuronide generation, the efflux and uptake transporters determine the distribution of these glucuronides into blood and then to various organs for elimination. Recycling schemes impact the apparent plasma half-life of parent compounds and their glucuronides that reach intestinal lumen, in addition to prolonging their gut and colon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China.,b Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Shufan Ge
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Rashim Singh
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Katherine Shatzer
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ming Zen
- d Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jiong Liu
- e Department of Digestive Diseases Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Yifan Tu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Chenning Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jinbao Wei
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jian Shi
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Song Gao
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Ming Hu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
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13
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Advances in drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics research in Australia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Ishizuka S, Askew EB, Ishizuka N, Knudson CB, Knudson W. 4-Methylumbelliferone Diminishes Catabolically Activated Articular Chondrocytes and Cartilage Explants via a Mechanism Independent of Hyaluronan Inhibition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12087-104. [PMID: 27129266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depletion of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan is one of the earliest events that occurs in association with osteoarthritis. This loss is often accompanied by a coordinate loss in another glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan. Chondrocytes experimentally depleted of cell-associated hyaluronan respond by switching to a pro-catabolic metabolism that includes enhanced production of endogenous inflammatory mediators and increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases. Hyaluronan turnover is also increased. Together, such a response provides for possible establishment of a self-perpetuating spiral of events that maintains or prolongs the pro-catabolic state. Chondrocytes or cartilage can also be activated by treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as IL-1β, TNFα, LPS, fibronectin fragments, and hyaluronan oligosaccharides. To determine the mechanism of chondrocyte activation due to hyaluronan loss, a depletion method was required that did not include degrading the hyaluronan. In recent years, several laboratories have used the coumarin derivative, 4-methylumbelliferone, as a potent inhibitor of hyaluronan biosynthesis, due in part to its ability to sequester intracellular UDP-glucuronic acid and inhibition of hyaluronan synthase transcription. However, contrary to our expectation, although 4-methylumbelliferone was indeed an inhibitor of hyaluronan biosynthesis, this depletion did not give rise to an activation of chondrocytes or cartilage. Rather, 4-methylumbelliferone directly and selectively blocked gene products associated with the pro-catabolic metabolic state of chondrocytes and did so through a mechanism preceding and independent of hyaluronan inhibition. These data suggest that 4-methylumbelliferone has additional useful applications to block pro-inflammatory cell activation events but complicates how it is used for defining functions related to hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ishizuka
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Emily B Askew
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Naoko Ishizuka
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Warren Knudson
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
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15
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Nagy N, Kuipers HF, Frymoyer AR, Ishak HD, Bollyky JB, Wight TN, Bollyky PL. 4-methylumbelliferone treatment and hyaluronan inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:123. [PMID: 25852691 PMCID: PMC4369655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a prominent component of the extracellular matrix at many sites of chronic inflammation, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, and numerous malignancies. Recent publications have demonstrated that when HA synthesis is inhibited using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), beneficial effects are observed in several animal models of these diseases. Notably, 4-MU is an already approved drug in Europe and Asia called "hymecromone" where it is used to treat biliary spasm. However, there is uncertainty regarding how 4-MU treatment provides benefit in these animal models and the potential long-term consequences of HA inhibition. Here, we review what is known about how HA contributes to immune dysregulation and tumor progression. Then, we review what is known about 4-MU and hymecromone in terms of mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Finally, we review recent studies detailing the use of 4-MU to treat animal models of cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Adam R Frymoyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Heather D Ishak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jennifer B Bollyky
- Department of Pediatrics and Systems Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
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16
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Riches Z, Collier AC. Posttranscriptional regulation of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:949-65. [PMID: 25797307 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1028355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily of enzymes (EC 2.4.1.17) conjugates glucuronic acid to an aglycone substrate to make them more polar and readily excreted. In general, this reaction terminates the activities of chemicals, drugs and toxins, although occasionally a more active or toxic species is produced. AREAS COVERED In addition to their well-known transcriptional responsiveness, UGTs are also regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Here, the authors review these mechanisms, including latency, modulation of co-substrate accessibility and binding, dimerization and oligomerization, protein-protein interactions, allosteric inhibition and activation, posttranslational structural and functional modifications and developmental switching for UGTs. EXPERT OPINION Posttranscriptional regulation of UGTs has traditionally received less attention than nuclear regulation, in part because mechanisms involving ribosomes and endoplasmic reticula are challenging to investigate. Most promising of the posttranscriptional mechanisms reviewed are likely to be effects on co-substrate (UDP-glucuronic acid) transport and availability and structure-function changes to UGT proteins through, for example, glycosylation and phosphorylation. Although classical biochemistry continues to illuminate many aspects of UGT function, advances in proteomics and structural biology are beginning to assist in the determination of posttranscriptional regulation mechanisms for UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Riches
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 , Canada +1 604 827 2380 ;
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