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Sachkova A, Jensen O, Dücker C, Ansari S, Brockmöller J. The mystery of the human proton-organic cation antiporter: One transport protein or many? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kurosawa T, Tega Y, Uchida Y, Higuchi K, Tabata H, Sumiyoshi T, Kubo Y, Terasaki T, Deguchi Y. Proteomics-Based Transporter Identification by the PICK Method: Involvement of TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 in Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiport at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081683. [PMID: 36015309 PMCID: PMC9413594 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter working at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in humans and rodents is thought to be a promising candidate for the efficient delivery of cationic drugs to the brain. Therefore, it is important to identify the molecular entity that exhibits this activity. Here, for this purpose, we established the Proteomics-based Identification of transporter by Crosslinking substrate in Keyhole (PICK) method, which combines photo-affinity labeling with comprehensive proteomics analysis using SWATH-MS. Using preselected criteria, the PICK method generated sixteen candidate proteins. From these, knockdown screening in hCMEC/D3 cells, an in vitro BBB model, identified two proteins, TM7SF3 and LHFPL6, as candidates for the H+/OC antiporter. We synthesized a novel H+/OC antiporter substrate for functional analysis of TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 in hCMEC/D3 cells and HEK293 cells. The results suggested that both TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 are components of the H+/OC antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6832 (Y.U.); +81-3-3964-8246 (Y.D.)
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6832 (Y.U.); +81-3-3964-8246 (Y.D.)
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Lin IH, Yang L, Dalley JW, Tsai TH. Trans-placental transfer of nicotine: Modulation by organic cation transporters. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112489. [PMID: 34915670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly addictive substance and harmful to the developing foetus. However, few studies have investigated the transporter mechanism responsible for regulating the transfer of nicotine across the blood-placental interface. A multiple in-vivo microdialysis system coupled to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed to monitor simultaneously nicotine and cotinine in the blood, placenta, foetus, and amniotic fluid of pregnant rats. The pharmacological mechanism of nicotine transfer across the placenta was investigated by co-administering corticosterone, an inhibitor of organic cation transporters (OCTs) that partly mediate the exchange of nicotine across the placenta. The results revealed that intravenously administered nicotine (1 mg/kg) was rapidly metabolised to cotinine with a transformation ratio (AUCcotinine/AUCnicotine) of 0.67 ± 0.08, 0.21 ± 0.05, 0.25 ± 0.12, 0.31 ± 0.05 in maternal blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, and foetus, respectively. The tissue transformation ratios (AUCtissue/AUCblood) were 0.83 ± 0.16, 0.65 ± 0.17, 0.57 ± 0.13 for nicotine, and 0.25 ± 0.06, 0.24 ± 0.12, 0.26 ± 0.04 for cotinine at placenta, amniotic fluid and foetus, respectively. Following the co-administration of corticosterone (2 mg/kg), the tissue transformation ratio of nicotine was significantly reduced in the placenta but was significantly increased in the foetus. Levels of cotinine were not significantly altered by the administration of corticosterone. These findings implicate OCT in mediating the transfer of nicotine across the blood-placenta barrier. Understanding the mechanism of nicotine transfer through the placenta may inform therapeutic strategies to lessen the exposure of the developing foetus to nicotine in the maternal bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsin Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Kell DB. The Transporter-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biotechnology Products: How and Why Phospholipid Bilayer Transport Is Negligible in Real Biomembranes. Molecules 2021; 26:5629. [PMID: 34577099 PMCID: PMC8470029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, my colleagues and I have come to realise that the likelihood of pharmaceutical drugs being able to diffuse through whatever unhindered phospholipid bilayer may exist in intact biological membranes in vivo is vanishingly low. This is because (i) most real biomembranes are mostly protein, not lipid, (ii) unlike purely lipid bilayers that can form transient aqueous channels, the high concentrations of proteins serve to stop such activity, (iii) natural evolution long ago selected against transport methods that just let any undesirable products enter a cell, (iv) transporters have now been identified for all kinds of molecules (even water) that were once thought not to require them, (v) many experiments show a massive variation in the uptake of drugs between different cells, tissues, and organisms, that cannot be explained if lipid bilayer transport is significant or if efflux were the only differentiator, and (vi) many experiments that manipulate the expression level of individual transporters as an independent variable demonstrate their role in drug and nutrient uptake (including in cytotoxicity or adverse drug reactions). This makes such transporters valuable both as a means of targeting drugs (not least anti-infectives) to selected cells or tissues and also as drug targets. The same considerations apply to the exploitation of substrate uptake and product efflux transporters in biotechnology. We are also beginning to recognise that transporters are more promiscuous, and antiporter activity is much more widespread, than had been realised, and that such processes are adaptive (i.e., were selected by natural evolution). The purpose of the present review is to summarise the above, and to rehearse and update readers on recent developments. These developments lead us to retain and indeed to strengthen our contention that for transmembrane pharmaceutical drug transport "phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible".
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd., IC1, Liverpool Science Park, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
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Sachkova A, Doetsch DA, Jensen O, Brockmöller J, Ansari S. How do psychostimulants enter the human brain? Analysis of the role of the proton-organic cation antiporter. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114751. [PMID: 34464621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although psychostimulants apparently do cross the BBB, it is poorly understood how these hydrophilic and positively charged molecules can pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). That may be mediated by a genetically still uncharacterized H+/OC antiporter with high activity at the BBB. METHODS We studied the uptake of 16 psychostimulants and hallucinogens with hCMEC/D3 cells using the prototypic inhibitor imipramine (cis-inhibition), exchange transport with diphenhydramine and clonidine (trans-stimulation), proton dependency of the uptake, and we characterized the concentration-dependent uptake. RESULTS Cell uptake of methylenedioxyamphetamines, amphetamines and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were strongly inhibited (to about 10% of the controls) by imipramine and diphenhydramine, whereas uptake of cathine was only weakly inhibited and mescaline not significantly. Amphetamine, methylamphetamine, para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine (PMMA), Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), phentermine and DMT exhibited the highest exchange after preloading with diphenhydramine with only 5.5%, 5.2%, 7.8%, 6%, 1.9%, 7.6% remaining in the cells. Less and no exchange were seen with cathine and mescaline, respectively. Dependence on intracellular pH was most pronounced with the methylendioxyamphetamines while uptake of cathine, DOI and cocaine were only moderately affected and mescaline not at all. CONCLUSION Except for mescaline, all psychostimulants studied here were substrates of the H+/OC antiporter, implicating a strong need for a better characterization of this transport protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sachkova
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David Alexander Doetsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salim Ansari
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Li X, Tang Z, Wen L, Jiang C, Feng Q. Matrine: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113682. [PMID: 33307055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE "Dogel ebs" was known as Sophora flavescens Ait., which has been widely utilized in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese Mongolian herbal medicine for thousands of years. Shen Nong's Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing in Chinese pinyin) recorded that it is bitter in taste and cold in nature with the effect of clearing heat and eliminating dampness, insecticide, diuresis. Due to its extensive application in the fields of ethnopharmacological utilization, the pharmaceutical researches of Sophora flavescens Ait.s keeps deepening. Modern pharmacological studies have exhibited that matrine, which is rich in this traditional herbal medicine, mediates its main biological properties. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed at summarizing the latest and comprehensive information of matrine on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches to explore the therapeutic potential of this natural ingredient. In addition, outlooks and perspective for possible future researches that related are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related information concerning matrine was gathered from the internet database of Google scholar, Pubmed, ResearchGate, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library with the keywords including "matrine", "pharmacology", "toxicology" and "pharmacokinetics", "clinical application", etc. RESULTS: Based on literatures, matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, detoxification and so on. Nevertheless, there are still some doubts about it due to the toxicity and questionable bioavailability that does exist. CONCLUSIONS Future researches directions probably include elucidate the mechanism of its toxicity and accurately tracing the in vivo behavior of its drug delivery system. Without doubt, integration of toxicity and efficiency and structure modification based on it are also pivotal methods to enhance pharmacological activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Beibei Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cen Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Cong J, Ruan Y, Lyu Q, Qin X, Qi X, Liu W, Kang L, Zhang J, Wu C. A proton-coupled organic cation antiporter is involved in the blood-brain barrier transport of Aconitum alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112581. [PMID: 31968215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The herbs of Aconitum are the essential Traditional Chinese medicine and have played an indispensable role in many Asian countries for thousands of years to treat critical illnesses, and chronic, stubborn diseases. However, Aconitum may induce severe neurotoxicity and even death. So far the mechanism of Aconitum penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine whether influx transporters contribute to the brain uptake of the highly toxic alkaloids in Aconitum including aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA) and hypaconitine (HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The uptake of AC, MA and HA was characterized using in vitro hCMEC/D3 model and in situ mouse brain perfusion. In hCMEC/D3 cells, the effect of incubation temperature, time, initial drug concentration, energy (NaN3), extracellular and intracellular pH (FCCP and NH4Cl), the prototypical substrates/inhibitors of known organic cation transporting carriers and trans-stimulation (pre-incubating with pyrilamine and diphenhydramine) on the cellular uptake were studied. In addition, the effect of silencing OCTN1, OCTN2 and PMAT by specific siRNA was investigated. In mice, the contribution of the proton-coupled antiporter on the brain uptake of Aconitum was investigated by chemical inhibition. RESULTS In hCMEC/D3 cells, AC, MA and HA were each taken up in a temperature-, time- and concentration-dependent manner, which were reduced by NaN3 and FCCP. Regulation of extracellular and intracellular pH as well as trans-stimulation studies showed that AC, MA and HA were transported by a proton-coupled antiporter expressed at the plasma membrane that could also transport pyrilamine and diphenhydramine. Each uptake was markedly inhibited by various cationic drugs, but insensitive to the prototypical substrates/inhibitors of identified organic cation transporting carriers, such as OCTs, PMAT, MATEs and OCTNs. In addition, silence of OCTN1, OCTN2 and PMAT had no significant inhibitory effect on the uptake of AC, MA and HA. In mice, the brain uptake of each alkaloid measured by in situ brain perfusion was suppressed by diphenhydramine when the transport capacity of P-gp/Bcrp at the BBB was chemically inhibited. CONCLUSIONS A novel proton-coupled organic cation antiporter plays a predominant role in the blood to brain influx of AC, MA and HA at the BBB, and thus affect the safety of Aconitum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Cong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yiling Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qinglin Lyu
- China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaohui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xinming Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Junying Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China; China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Akanuma SI, Kida R, Tsuchiyama A, Tachikawa M, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1a4–mediated heterogeneous distribution of sulforhodamine-101 in rat hepatic lobules. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gyawali A, Krol S, Kang YS. Involvement of a Novel Organic Cation Transporter in Paeonol Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:290-301. [PMID: 30971062 PMCID: PMC6513184 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonol has neuroprotective function, which could be useful for improving central nervous system disorder. The purpose of this study was to characterize the functional mechanism involved in brain transport of paeonol through blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain transport of paeonol was characterized by internal carotid artery perfusion (ICAP), carotid artery single injection technique (brain uptake index, BUI) and intravenous (IV) injection technique in vivo. The transport mechanism of paeonol was examined using conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB) as an in vitro model of BBB. Brain volume of distribution (VD) of [3H]paeonol in rat brain was about 6-fold higher than that of [14C]sucrose, the vascular space marker of BBB. The uptake of [3H]paeonol was concentration-dependent. Brain volume of distribution of paeonol and BUI as in vivo and inhibition of analog as in vitro studies presented significant reduction effect in the presence of unlabeled lipophilic compounds such as paeonol, imperatorin, diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, tramadol and ALC during the uptake of [3H]paeonol. In addition, the uptake significantly decreased and increased at the acidic and alkaline pH in both extracellular and intracellular study, respectively. In the presence of metabolic inhibitor, the uptake reduced significantly but not affected by sodium free or membrane potential disruption. Similarly, paeonol uptake was not affected on OCTN2 or rPMAT siRNA transfection BBB cells. Interestingly. Paeonol is actively transported from the blood to brain across the BBB by a carrier mediated transporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Gyawali
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sokhoeurn Krol
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Tega Y, Yamazaki Y, Akanuma SI, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Impact of Nicotine Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Carrier-Mediated Transport of Nicotine and Interaction with Central Nervous System Drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1330-1336. [PMID: 30175770 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, an addictive substance, is absorbed from the lungs following inhalation of tobacco smoke, and distributed to various tissues such as liver, brain, and retina. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies suggest the involvement of a carrier-mediated transport process in nicotine transport in the lung, liver, and inner blood-retinal barrier. In addition, in vivo studies of influx and efflux transport of nicotine across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) revealed that blood-to-brain influx transport of nicotine is more dominant than brain-to-blood efflux transport of nicotine. Uptake studies in TR-BBB13 cells, which are an in vitro model cell line of the BBB, suggest the involvement of H+/organic cation antiporter, which is distinct from typical organic cation transporters, in nicotine transport at the BBB. Moreover, inhibition studies in TR-BBB13 cells showed that nicotine uptake was significantly reduced by central nervous system (CNS) drugs, such as antidepressants, anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs, and anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, suggesting that the nicotine transport system can recognize these molecules. The cumulative evidence would be helpful to improve our understanding of smoking-CNS drug interaction for providing appropriate medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tega
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yuhei Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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11
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Akanuma SI, Yamazaki Y, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Role of cationic drug-sensitive transport systems at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in para-tyramine elimination from rat brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:1. [PMID: 29307307 PMCID: PMC5757291 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background para-Tyramine (p-TA) is a biogenic amine which is involved in multiple neuronal signal transductions. Since the concentration of p-TA in dog cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been reported to be greater than that in plasma, it is proposed that clearance of cerebral p-TA is important for normal function. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the blood–brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in p-TA clearance from the brain. Methods In vivo [3H]p-TA elimination from rat cerebral cortex and from CSF was examined after intracerebral and intracerebroventricular administration, respectively. To evaluate BCSFB-mediated p-TA transport, [3H]p-TA uptake by isolated rat choroid plexus and conditionally immortalized rat choroid plexus epithelial cells, TR-CSFB3 cells, was performed. Results The half-life of [3H]p-TA elimination from rat CSF was found to be 2.9 min, which is 62-fold faster than that from rat cerebral cortex. In addition, this [3H]p-TA elimination from the CSF was significantly inhibited by co-injection of excess unlabeled p-TA. Thus, carrier-mediated p-TA transport process(es) are assumed to take part in p-TA elimination from the CSF. Since it is known that transporters at the BCSFB participate in compound elimination from the CSF, [3H]p-TA transport in ex vivo and in vitro models of rat BCSFB was examined. The [3H]p-TA uptake by isolated rat choroid plexus and TR-CSFB3 cells was time-dependent and was inhibited by unlabeled p-TA, indicating carrier-mediated p-TA transport at the BCSFB. The p-TA uptake by isolated choroid plexus and TR-CSFB3 cells was not reduced in the absence of extracellular Na+ and Cl−, and in the presence of substrates of typical organic cation transporters. However, this p-TA uptake was significantly inhibited by cationic drugs such as propranolol, imipramine, amantadine, verapamil, and pyrilamine. Moreover, p-TA uptake by TR-CSFB3 cells took place in an oppositely-directed H+ gradient manner. Therefore, this suggested that p-TA transport at the BCSFB involves cationic drug-sensitive transport systems which are distinct from typical plasma membrane organic cation transporters. Conclusion Our study indicates that p-TA elimination from the CSF is greater than that from the cerebral cortex. Moreover, it is suggested that cationic drug-sensitive transport systems in the BCSFB participate in this p-TA elimination from the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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Takano M, Kamei H, Nagahiro M, Kawami M, Yumoto R. Nicotine transport in lung and non-lung epithelial cells. Life Sci 2017; 188:76-82. [PMID: 28866099 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nicotine is rapidly absorbed from the lung alveoli into systemic circulation during cigarette smoking. However, mechanism underlying nicotine transport in alveolar epithelial cells is not well understood to date. In the present study, we characterized nicotine uptake in lung epithelial cell lines A549 and NCI-H441 and in non-lung epithelial cell lines HepG2 and MCF-7. MATERIALS AND METHODS Characteristics of [3H]nicotine uptake was studied using these cell lines. KEY FINDINGS Nicotine uptake in A549 cells occurred in a time- and temperature-dependent manner and showed saturation kinetics, with a Km value of 0.31mM. Treatment with some organic cations such as diphenhydramine and pyrilamine inhibited nicotine uptake, whereas treatment with organic cations such as carnitine and tetraethylammonium did not affect nicotine uptake. Extracellular pH markedly affected nicotine uptake, with high nicotine uptake being observed at high pH up to 11.0. Modulation of intracellular pH with ammonium chloride also affected nicotine uptake. Treatment with valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, did not significantly affect nicotine uptake, indicating that nicotine uptake is an electroneutral process. For comparison, we assessed the characteristics of nicotine uptake in another lung epithelial cell line NCI-H441 and in non-lung epithelial cell lines HepG2 and MCF-7. Interestingly, these cell lines showed similar characteristics of nicotine uptake with respect to pH dependency and inhibition by various organic cations. SIGNIFICANCE The present findings suggest that a similar or the same pH-dependent transport system is involved in nicotine uptake in these cell lines. A novel molecular mechanism of nicotine transport is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihisa Takano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Kamei
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Machi Nagahiro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawami
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Filer CN. Tritium-labelled alkaloids: Synthesis and applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:96-109. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter Contributes to the Hepatic Uptake of Matrine. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Tega Y, Yuzurihara C, Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Ehrhardt C, Hosoya KI. Functional expression of nicotine influx transporter in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:99-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Tega Y, Kubo Y, Yuzurihara C, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Carrier-Mediated Transport of Nicotine Across the Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier: Involvement of a Novel Organic Cation Transporter Driven by an Outward H+ Gradient. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3069-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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