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Kwon D, Seo H, Kim SH, Chung KW, Lee J, Jung YS. Fasting potentiates diclofenac-induced liver injury via inductions of oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stresses and apoptosis, and inhibition of autophagy by depleting hepatic glutathione in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114624. [PMID: 38556155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, can cause liver damage via its metabolic activation by hepatic CYP450s and UGT2B7. Fasting can affect drug-induced liver injury by modulating the hepatic metabolism, but its influence on diclofenac hepatotoxicity is unknown. Thus, we investigated diclofenac-induced liver damage after fasting in mice, and the cellular events were examined. Male ICR mice fasted for 16 h showed the elevation of CYP3A11, but the decreases of UGT2B7, glutathione (GSH), and GSH S-transferase-μ/-π levels in the livers. Diclofenac (200 mg/kg) injection into the mice after 16-h fasting caused more significant liver damage compared to that in the diclofenac-treated fed mice, as shown by the higher serum ALT and AST activities. Diclofenac-promoted hepatic oxidative stress (oxidized proteins, 4-hydroxynonenal, and malondialdehyde), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (BiP, ATF6, and CHOP), and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) were enhanced by fasting. Autophagic degradation was inhibited in the diclofenac-treated fasting mice compared to that of the corresponding fed mice. The results suggest that fasting can make the liver more susceptible to diclofenac toxicity by lowering GSH-mediated detoxification; increased oxidative/ER stresses and apoptosis and suppressed autophagic degradation may be the cellular mechanisms of the aggravated diclofenac hepatotoxicity under fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoung Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sou Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Peter JU, Dieudonné P, Zolk O. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Side Effects of Midazolam: A Review and Case Example. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:473. [PMID: 38675433 PMCID: PMC11054797 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, is widely used to alleviate patient anxiety, enhance compliance, and aid in anesthesia. While its side effects are typically dose-dependent and manageable with vigilant perioperative monitoring, serious cardiorespiratory complications, including fatalities and permanent neurological impairment, have been documented. Prolonged exposure to benzodiazepines, such as midazolam, has been associated with neurological changes in infants. Despite attempts to employ therapeutic drug monitoring for optimal sedation dosing, its efficacy has been limited. Consequently, efforts are underway to identify alternative predictive markers to guide individualized dosing and mitigate adverse effects. Understanding these factors is crucial for determining midazolam's suitability for future administration, particularly after a severe adverse reaction. This article aims to elucidate the factors influencing midazolam's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, potentially leading to adverse events. Finally, a case study is presented to exemplify the complex investigation into the causative factors of midazolam-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Peter
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, Brandenburg Medical School, 15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany;
| | - Peter Dieudonné
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Zolk
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, Brandenburg Medical School, 15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany;
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3
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Leuschner M, Cromarty AD. Critical Assessment of Phenotyping Cocktails for Clinical Use in an African Context. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1098. [PMID: 37511712 PMCID: PMC10381848 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interethnic and interindividual variability in in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-dependent metabolism and altered drug absorption via expressed transport channels such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contribute to the adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interaction and therapeutic failure seen in clinical practice. A cost-effective phenotyping approach could be advantageous in providing real-time information on in vivo phenotypes to assist clinicians with individualized drug therapy, especially in resource-constrained countries such as South Africa. A number of phenotyping cocktails have been developed and the aim of this study was to critically assess the feasibility of their use in a South African context. A literature search on library databases (including AccessMedicine, BMJ, ClinicalKey, MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Scopus and TOXLINE) was limited to in vivo cocktails used in the human population to phenotype phase I metabolism and/or P-gp transport. The study found that the implementation of phenotyping in clinical practice is currently limited by multiple administration routes, the varying availability of probe drugs, therapeutic doses eliciting side effects, the interaction between probe drugs and extensive sampling procedures. Analytical challenges include complicated sample workup or extraction assays and impractical analytical procedures with low detection limits, analyte sensitivity and specificity. It was concluded that a single time point, non-invasive capillary sampling, combined with a low-dose probe drug cocktail, to simultaneously quantify in vivo drug and metabolite concentrations, would enhance the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of routine phenotyping in clinical practice; however, future research is needed to establish whether the quantitative bioanalysis of drugs in a capillary whole-blood matrix correlates with that of the standard plasma/serum matrixes used as a reference in the current clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machel Leuschner
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Allan Duncan Cromarty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
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Mosley SA, Kim S, El Rouby N, Lingineni K, Esteban VV, Gong Y, Chen Y, Estores D, Feng K, Kim H, Kinjo M, Langaee T, Li Z, Schmidt SOF, Johnson JA, Frye RF, Fang L, Zhao L, Binkley PF, Schmidt S, Cavallari LH. A randomized, cross-over trial of metoprolol succinate formulations to evaluate PK and PD end points for therapeutic equivalence. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1764-1775. [PMID: 35488487 PMCID: PMC9283731 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited comparison data throughout the dosing interval for generic versus brand metoprolol extended-release (ER) tablets. We compared the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics of brand name versus two generic formulations (drugs 1 and 2) of metoprolol ER tablets with different time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) in adults with hypertension. Participants were randomized to equal drug doses (50-150 mg/day) administered in one of two sequences (brand-drug1-brand-drug2 or brand-drug2-brand-drug1) and completed 24-h PK, digital heart rate (HR), ambulatory blood pressure (BP), and HR studies after taking each formulation for greater than or equal to 7 days. Metoprolol concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, with noncompartmental analysis performed to obtain PK parameters in Phoenix WinNonlin. Heart rate variability (HRV) low-to-high frequency ratio was determined per quartile over the 24-h period. Thirty-six participants completed studies with the brand name and at least one generic product. Among 30 participants on the 50 mg dose, the primary PK end points of area under the concentration-time curve and Cmax were similar between products; Tmax was 6.1 ± 3.6 for the brand versus 3.5 ± 4.9 for drug 1 (p = 0.019) and 9.6 ± 3.2 for drug 2 (p < 0.001). Among all 36 participants, 24-h BPs and HRs were similar between products. Mean 24-h HRV low-to-high ratio was also similar for drug 1 (2.04 ± 1.35), drug 2 (1.86 ± 1.35), and brand (2.04 ± 1.77), but was more sustained over time for the brand versus drug 1 (drug × quartile interaction p = 0.017). Differences in Tmax between metoprolol ER products following repeated doses may have implications for drug effects on autonomic balance over the dosing interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Mosley
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA,Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Nihal El Rouby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Karthik Lingineni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Valvanera Vozmediano Esteban
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - David Estores
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kairui Feng
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Minori Kinjo
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Taimour Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Zhichuan Li
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Siegfried O. F. Schmidt
- Department of Community Health and Family MedicineCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Reginald F. Frye
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lanyan (Lucy) Fang
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Philip F. Binkley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Larisa H. Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision MedicineCollege of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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McGill MR, Findley DL, Mazur A, Yee EU, Allard FD, Powers A, Coward L, Blough ER, Gorman G, Hambuchen MD. Radiation Effects on Methamphetamine Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:319-330. [PMID: 35137360 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Whole-body radiation exposure has been shown to alter the pharmacokinetics of certain drugs in both animal models and humans, but little is known about the effect of radiation on psychoactive medications. These drugs may have altered pharmacokinetics when administered during or after space travel or therapeutic or accidental radiation exposure, resulting in reduced efficacy or increased toxicity. METHODS Methamphetamine was used to determine the effects of acutely administered 1, 3, and 6 Gy radiation on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 0, 1, 3, or 6 Gy X-ray radiation on day 0. The serum pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered 1 mg/kg methamphetamine was determined on day 3. Methamphetamine-induced (1 mg/kg) locomotor activity was measured on day 5. Brain methamphetamine concentrations were determined 2 h after methamphetamine administration (1 mg/kg) on day 6. Renal and hepatic serum biomarkers were assessed on days 3 and 6, with liver histology performed on day 6. RESULTS While serum half-life and unchanged methamphetamine urine clearance were unaffected by any radiation dose, maximum methamphetamine concentrations and methamphetamine and amphetamine metabolite area under the serum concentration-time curve values from 0 to 300 min were significantly reduced after 6 Gy radiation exposure. Additionally, methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity and the brain to serum methamphetamine concentration ratio were significantly elevated after 6 Gy radiation. CONCLUSIONS While 1-6 Gy radiation exposure did not affect methamphetamine elimination, 6 Gy exposure had effects on both subcutaneous absorption and brain distribution. These effects should be considered when administering drugs during or after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - David L Findley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Kopp Hall 353, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Anna Mazur
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marshall University School of Medicine, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Felicia D Allard
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Allison Powers
- Office of Radiation Safety, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Lori Coward
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, 800 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL, 35229, USA
| | - Eric R Blough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Kopp Hall 353, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Greg Gorman
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, 800 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL, 35229, USA
| | - Michael D Hambuchen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Kopp Hall 353, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
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Hammami R, Bahloul A, Charfeddine S, Gargouri R, Ellouze T, Abid L, Triki F, Kammoun S, Mrad IB, Amor HIH. [Maladies cardiaques et Ramadan : revue de la littérature]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2022; 71:166-172. [PMID: 35039144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We review the literature on the safety of fasting in cardiac patients. We examined the changes of blood pressure among hypertensive patients and the incidence of cardiac events during Ramadan in patients with coronary disease and heart failure. We also assess the modifications of INR levels in cardiac patients who take oral anticoagulant. We found that Ramadan fasting is safe in stable cardiac patients, even under several drugs. Fasting does not affect blood pressure. There is no difference in regards to cardiac event incidence between Ramadan and the non-fasting-months. The level of INR is slightly higher when fasting, it is thus recommended to monitor patients with high bleeding risk during Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hammami
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Amine Bahloul
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Selma Charfeddine
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rania Gargouri
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Tarek Ellouze
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Leila Abid
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Faten Triki
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Samir Kammoun
- Cardiology department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Research Unit RU17ES37, Sfax Faculty of Medecine, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Alwhaibi A, Alenazi M, Alwagh F, Al-Ghayhab A, Alghadeer S, Bablghaith S, Wajid S, Al-Arifi M. Does Ramadan fasting disrupt international normalised ratio control in warfarin-treated medically stable patients? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14796. [PMID: 34482618 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Warfarin is commonly used in patients with thrombotic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Ramadan fasting on warfarin efficacy by investigating international normalised ratio (INR) stability in medically stable patients. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted at King Khalid University Hospital during Ramadan 2016 on fasting adult patients aged above 18 years and receiving warfarin. The INR values during pre-Ramadan, Ramadan and post-Ramadan periods were collected after satisfying the inclusion criteria. Time within the therapeutic range (TTR) during the whole period was estimated using the conventional method. RESULTS In total, 101 patients were included in the study. The mean age (SD) was 55.8 ± 15.5 years, and 52.4% were females. The target INR range for 62.4% was 2-3, while 37.6% had a target INR range of 2.5-3.5. An upward trend in the proportion of patients with therapeutic INR was noticed during Ramadan (59.4%) as compared to pre- (56.4%) and post-Ramadan periods (53.5%) respectively. Additionally, the proportions of patients with supratherapeutic and sub-therapeutic INR were the highest and lowest, 23% and 24% respectively post-Ramadan as compared to other periods. Based on target INR categorisation, achieving therapeutic INR during Ramadan was more feasible with the low INR (2-3) compared to the high INR (2.5-3.5) target patients, 63.5% vs 52.6% respectively. TTR estimation revealed 62.4% and 37.6% of the patients had good and poor, respectively, anticoagulation status throughout the study period. CONCLUSION Despite the changes in mean INR and proportion of patients with therapeutic INR during Ramadan compared to other non-fasting months, our results confirmed that short-term fasting during Ramadan has no significant influence on INR stability and, consequently, therapeutic efficacy in warfarin-treated medically stable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miteb Alenazi
- Pharmacy Department, King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouzia Alwagh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sultan Alghadeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salmeen Bablghaith
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wajid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Al-Arifi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Zarezadeh M, Saedisomeolia A, Shekarabi M, Khorshidi M, Emami MR, Müller DJ. The effect of obesity, macronutrients, fasting and nutritional status on drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s: a systematic review of current evidence on human studies. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2905-2921. [PMID: 33141242 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a class of hemoproteins involved in drug metabolism. It has been reported that body composition, proportion of dietary macronutrients, fasting and nutritional status can interfere with the activity of drug-metabolizing CYPs. OBJECTIVES The present systematic review was conducted to summarize the effect of obesity, weight reduction, macronutrients, fasting and malnutrition on the CYP-mediated drug metabolism. METHODS PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Library databases and Google Scholar were searched up to June 2020 to obtain relevant studies. The PRISMA guidelines were employed during all steps. Two reviewers independently extracted the information from the included studies. Studies investigating CYPs activity directly or indirectly through pharmacokinetics of probe drugs, were included. Increase in clearance (CL) or decrease in elimination half-life (t½) and area under the curve (AUC) of probe drugs were considered as increase in CYPs activity. RESULTS A total of 6545 articles were obtained through searching databases among which 69 studies with 126 datasets fully met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that obesity might decrease the activity of CYP3A4/5, CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 and increase the activity of CYP2E1. The effect of obesity on CYP2D6 is controversial. Also, weight loss increased CYP3A4 activity. Moreover, CYP1A2 activity was decreased by high carbohydrate diet, increased by high protein diet and fasting and unchanged by malnutrition. The activity of CYP2C19 was less susceptible to alterations compared to other CYPs. CONCLUSION The activity of drug-metabolizing CYPs are altered by body composition, dietary intake and nutritional status. This relationship might contribute to drug toxicity or reduce treatment efficacy and influence cost-effectiveness of medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Zarezadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Saedisomeolia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia.
| | - Mahoor Shekarabi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Khorshidi
- Student's Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Emami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Pharmacogenetic Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lammers LA, Achterbergh R, Mathôt RAA, Romijn JA. The effects of fasting on drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 16:79-85. [PMID: 31851534 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1706728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is considerable variability in the rates and extent of drug metabolism between patients due to physiological, genetic, pharmacologic, environmental and nutritional factors such as fasting. This variability in drug metabolism may result in treatment failure or, conversely, in increased side effects or toxicity. Preclinical studies have shown that fasting alters drug metabolism by modulating the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes involved. However, until recently little was known about the effects of fasting on drug metabolism in humans.Areas covered: This review describes the effects of fasting on drug metabolism based on both preclinical studies and studies performed in humans.Expert opinion: A better understanding of the effects of fasting may improve the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for individual patients. Fasting contributes to variability in human drug metabolism by differentially affecting drug metabolizing enzymes. Although the effects of fasting on drug metabolism appear to be small (between 10-20%), fasting may be relevant for drugs with a small therapeutic range and/or in combination with other factors that contribute to variability in drug metabolism such as physiological, genetic or pharmacological factors. Therefore, additional research on this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen A Lammers
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roos Achterbergh
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Hepatic PGC-1α is not essential for fasting-induced cytochrome p450 regulation in mouse liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 172:113736. [PMID: 31786263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fasting has been shown to regulate the expression of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzyme system in the liver. However, the exact mechanism behind the fasting-induced regulation of the CYP's remains unknown. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), which is a key-regulator of energy metabolism, is responsible for the fasting-induced regulation of the CYP's. Lox/lox and liver specific PGC-1α (LKO) mice of both sexes, fasted for 18 h and the content of the CYP's as well as the hepatic metabolome was assessed. Fasting increased the mRNA content of Cyp2a4, Cyp2e1, Cyp3a11 and Cyp4a10. The fasting-induced response in Cyp4a10 mRNA content was different between lox/lox and LKO mice, while the absence of PGC-1α had no effect on the fasting-induced response for the other Cyp's. Moreover, the fasting-induced response in mRNA content of Sirtinus 1 and Perilipin 2 was different between lox/lox and LKO mice. Only the CYP1A isoform showed a fasting-induced response at the protein level. Absence of hepatic PGC-1α had no effect on the apparent metabolome, where fasting vs fed was the only discriminate in the following multivariate analysis. In conclusion, hepatic PGC-1α is not essential for the fasting-induced regulation of hepatic CYP's.
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Lammers LA, Achterbergh R, Romijn JA, Mathôt RAA. Nutritional Status Differentially Alters Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and Uridine 5'-Diphospho-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Mediated Drug Metabolism: Effect of Short-Term Fasting and High Fat Diet on Midazolam Metabolism. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 43:751-767. [PMID: 29876844 PMCID: PMC6244726 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that nutritional status can alter drug metabolism which may result in treatment failure or untoward side effects. This study assesses the effect of two nutritional conditions, short-term fasting, and a short-term high fat diet (HFD) on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) mediated drug metabolism by studying the pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its main metabolites. METHODS In a randomized-controlled cross-over trial, nine healthy subjects received a single intravenous administration of 0.015 mg/kg midazolam after: (1) an overnight fast (control); (2) 36 h of fasting; and (3) an overnight fast after 3 days of a HFD consisting of 500 ml of cream supplemented to their regular diet. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed simultaneously using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS Short-term fasting increased CYP3A4-mediated midazolam clearance by 12% (p < 0.01) and decreased UGT-mediated metabolism apparent 1-OH-midazolam clearance by 13% (p < 0.01) by decreasing the ratio of clearance and the fraction metabolite formed (ΔCL1-OH-MDZ/f1-OH-MDZ). Furthermore, short-term fasting decreased apparent clearance of 1-OH-midazolam-O-glucuronide (CL1-OH-MDZ-glucuronide/(f1-OH-MDZ-glucuronide × f1-OH-MDZ)) by 20% (p < 0.01). The HFD did not affect systemic clearance of midazolam or metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Short-term fasting differentially alters midazolam metabolism by increasing CYP3A4-mediated metabolism but by decreasing UGT-mediated metabolism. In contrast, a short-term HFD did not affect systemic clearance of midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen A Lammers
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roos Achterbergh
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Effects of fasting on warfarin sensitivity index in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 75:561-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1140-1152. [PMID: 30505695 PMCID: PMC6247400 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a widely recognized psychostimulant compound with a long history of consumption by humans. While it has received a significant amount of attention there is still much to be learned with respect to its toxicology in humans, especially in cases of overdose. A review of the history of consumption and the clinical toxicology of caffeine including clinical features, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, a thorough examination of mechanism of action and management/treatment strategies are undertaken. While higher (i.e., several grams) quantities of caffeine are known to cause toxicity and potentially lethality, cases of mainly younger individuals who have experienced severe side effects and death despite consuming doses not otherwise known to cause such harm is troubling and deserves further study. An attempted case reconstruction is performed in an effort to shed light on this issue with a focus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine.
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Lammers LA, Achterbergh R, Romijn JA, Mathôt RAA. Short-Term Fasting Alters Pharmacokinetics of Cytochrome P450 Probe Drugs: Does Protein Binding Play a Role? Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:251-257. [PMID: 28929443 PMCID: PMC5854751 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Short-term fasting differentially alters cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated drug metabolism. This has been established by using CYP-enzyme selective probe drugs. However, the observed effects of fasting on the pharmacokinetics of these probe drugs may also include the effects of altered plasma protein binding of these drugs. Therefore, we studied the effect of short-term fasting on protein binding of five commonly used probe drugs [caffeine (CYP1A2), metoprolol (CYP2D6), midazolam (CYP3A4), omeprazole (CYP2C19) and S-warfarin (CYP2C9)]. Methods The free and total plasma concentrations of the five probe drugs were analyzed by LC–MS/MS in samples retrieved in a cross-over study in which nine healthy subjects received an intravenous administration of the cocktail after an overnight fast (control) and after 36 h of fasting. Results Short-term fasting increased plasma free fatty acid concentrations from 0.48 mmol/L (control) to 1.29 mmol/L (36 h fasting) (p = 0.012). Short-term fasting did not alter the free fractions of caffeine, metoprolol and omeprazole compared to the control intervention (p > 0.05). Power to detect a difference for midazolam and S-warfarin was low since the majority of free concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Conclusions This study demonstrates that short-term fasting does not alter protein binding of the probe drugs caffeine, metoprolol and omeprazole. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13318-017-0437-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen A Lammers
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roos Achterbergh
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lammers LA, Achterbergh R, van Schaik RHN, Romijn JA, Mathôt RAA. Effect of Short-Term Fasting on Systemic Cytochrome P450-Mediated Drug Metabolism in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study Using a Cocktail Approach. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 56:1231-1244. [PMID: 28229374 PMCID: PMC5591816 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Short-term fasting can alter drug exposure but it is unknown whether this is an effect of altered oral bioavailability and/or systemic clearance. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effect of short-term fasting on oral bioavailability and systemic clearance of different drugs. Methods In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, 12 healthy subjects received a single administration of a cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe cocktail, consisting of caffeine (CYP1A2), metoprolol (CYP2D6), midazolam (CYP3A4), omeprazole (CYP2C19) and warfarin (CYP2C9), on four occasions: an oral (1) and intravenous (2) administration after an overnight fast (control) and an oral (3) and intravenous (4) administration after 36 h of fasting. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the probe drugs were analyzed using the nonlinear mixed-effects modeling software NONMEM. Results Short-term fasting increased systemic caffeine clearance by 17% (p = 0.04) and metoprolol clearance by 13% (p < 0.01), whereas S-warfarin clearance decreased by 19% (p < 0.01). Fasting did not affect bioavailability. Conclusion The study demonstrates that short-term fasting alters CYP-mediated drug metabolism in a non-uniform pattern without affecting oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen A Lammers
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roos Achterbergh
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Quantitative Method for Simultaneous Analysis of a 5-Probe Cocktail for Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Ther Drug Monit 2017; 38:761-768. [PMID: 27764027 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic activity of P450 enzymes in vivo can be determined using selective probe drugs. The simultaneous administration of multiple CYP-specific probe drugs is commonly known as the "cocktail approach." Disadvantages of a cocktail are large volumes of samples required for analysis and time-consuming analyses. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simplified but sensitive method for the simultaneous quantification of 5 probe drugs [caffeine (CYP1A2), metoprolol (CYP2D6), midazolam (CYP3A4), omeprazole (CYP2C19), and S-warfarin (CYP2C9)] in a previously validated cocktail using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. METHODS The method entailed a single method for sample preparation that enables quick processing of the samples containing all 5 probe drugs in a small volume of blood (≥10 μL) followed by a chiral and nonchiral LC-MS/MS method. The method was validated for selectivity, specificity, resolution of racemic warfarin, linearity, accuracy, imprecision, recovery, process efficiency, ionization efficiency, and carryover effect. RESULTS The method showed good selectivity without matrix interferences and differentiated S- and R-warfarin enantiomers with adequate resolution (Rs = 1.55). For all analytes, the mean process efficiency was >95%, and the mean ionization efficiency was >97%. Furthermore, the accuracy was between 94.9% and 108% for all analytes, and the within- and between-run imprecision were <11.7% for the lower limit of quantification and <12.6% for the middle level and upper limit of quantification. CONCLUSIONS The method presented here enables the simultaneous quantification of the 5 probes in a very small blood volume (≥10 μL). Furthermore, it is less time consuming than previously reported methods because it requires only 1 simple method for sample preparation followed by a nonchiral and chiral LC-MS/MS method that can be performed sequentially.
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Rasmussen MK, Bertholdt L, Gudiksen A, Pilegaard H, Knudsen JG. Impact of fasting followed by short-term exposure to interleukin-6 on cytochrome P450 mRNA in mice. Toxicol Lett 2017; 282:93-99. [PMID: 29030272 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The gene expression of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is regulated by numerous factors. Fasting has been shown to induce increased hepatic CYP mRNA in both humans and animals. However, the coordinated regulation of CYP, CYP-regulating transcription factors, and transcriptional co-factors in the liver linking energy metabolism to detoxification has never been investigated. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been suggested to be released during fasting and has been shown to regulate CYP expression. The present study investigated the hepatic mRNA content of selected CYP, AhR, CAR, PXR and PPARα in mice fasted for 18h and subsequently exposed to IL-6. Furthermore, the impact of fasting on PGC-1α, HNF-4α, SIRT1 and SIRT3 mRNA was examined. Fasting induced a marked increase in Cyp2b10, Cyp2e1 and Cyp4a10 mRNA, while CYP1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp2a4 and Cyp3a11 mRNA levels remained unchanged. In accordance, the mRNA levels of CAR and PPARα were also increased with fasting. The PGC-1α, SIRT1 and SIRT3 mRNA levels were also increased after fasting, while the HNF-4α mRNA levels remained unchanged. In mice subjected to IL-6 injection, the fasting-induced PXR, PPARα and PGC-1α mRNA responses were lower than after saline injection. In conclusion, fasting was demonstrated to be a strong inducer of hepatic CYP mRNA as well as selected transcription factors controlling the expression of the investigated CYP. Moreover, the mRNA levels of transcriptional co-factors acting as energy sensors and co-factors for CYP regulation was also increased in the liver, suggesting crosstalk at the molecular level between regulation of energy metabolism and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Effects of meal composition and meal timing on the expression of genes involved in hepatic drug metabolism in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185520. [PMID: 28968417 PMCID: PMC5624615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction With chronotherapy, drug administration is synchronized with daily rhythms in drug clearance and pharmacokinetics. Daily rhythms in gene expression are centrally mastered by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus as well as by tissue clocks containing similar molecular mechanisms in peripheral organs. The central timing system is sensitive to changes in the external environment such as those of the light-dark cycle, meal timing and meal composition. We investigated how changes in diet composition and meal timing would affect the daily hepatic expression rhythms of the nuclear receptors PXR and CAR and of enzymes involved in P450 mediated drug metabolism, as such changes could have consequences for the practice of chronotherapy. Materials and methods Rats were subjected to either a regular chow or a free choice high-fat-high-sugar (fcHFHS) diet. These diets were provided ad libitum, or restricted to either the light phase or the dark phase. In a second experiment, rats had access to chow either ad libitum or in 6 meals equally distributed over 24 hours. Results Pxr, Alas1 and Por displayed significant day-night rhythms under ad libitum chow fed conditions, which for Pxr was disrupted under fcHFHS diet conditions. Although no daily rhythms were detected in expression of CAR, Cyp2b2 and Cyp3a2, the fcHFHS diet did affect basal expression of these genes. In chow fed rats, dark phase feeding induced a diurnal rhythm in Cyp2b2 expression while light phase feeding induced a diurnal rhythm in Car expression and completely shifted the peak expression of Pxr, Car, Cyp2b2, Alas1 and Por. The 6-meals-a-day feeding only abolished the Pxr rhythm but not the rhythms of the other genes. Conclusion We conclude that although nuclear receptors and enzymes involved in the regulation of hepatic drug metabolism are sensitive to meal composition, changes in meal timing are mainly effectuated via changes in the molecular clock.
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de Vries EM, Lammers LA, Achterbergh R, Klümpen HJ, Mathot RAA, Boelen A, Romijn JA. Fasting-Induced Changes in Hepatic P450 Mediated Drug Metabolism Are Largely Independent of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159552. [PMID: 27434302 PMCID: PMC4951123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatic drug metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes is altered by the nutritional status of patients. The expression of P450 enzymes is partly regulated by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Fasting regulates the expression of both P450 enzymes and CAR and affects hepatic drug clearance. We hypothesized that the fasting-induced alterations in P450 mediated drug clearance are mediated by CAR. Methods To investigate this we used a drug cocktail validated in humans consisting of five widely prescribed drugs as probes for specific P450 enzymes: caffeine (CYP1A2), metoprolol (CYP2D6), omeprazole (CYP2C19), midazolam (CYP3A4) and s-warfarin (CYP2C9). This cocktail was administered to wild type (WT, C57Bl/6) mice or mice deficient for CAR (CAR-/-) that were either fed ad libitum or fasted for 24 hours. Blood was sampled at predefined intervals and drug concentrations were measured as well as hepatic mRNA expression of homologous/orthologous P450 enzymes (Cyp1a2, Cyp2d22, Cyp3a11, Cyp2c37, Cyp2c38 and Cyp2c65). Results Fasting decreased Cyp1a2 and Cyp2d22 expression and increased Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c38 expression in both WT and CAR-/- mice. The decrease in Cyp1a2 was diminished in CAR-/- in comparison with WT mice. Basal Cyp2c37 expression was lower in CAR-/- compared to WT mice. Fasting decreased the clearance of all drugs tested in both WT and CAR-/- mice. The absence of CAR was associated with an decrease in the clearance of omeprazole, metoprolol and midazolam in fed mice. The fasting-induced reduction in clearance of s-warfarin was greater in WT than in CAR-/-. The changes in drug clearance correlated with the expression pattern of the specific P450 enzymes in case of Cyp1a2-caffeine and Cyp2c37-omeprazole. Conclusion We conclude that CAR is important for hepatic clearance of several widely prescribed drugs metabolized by P450 enzymes. However the fasting-induced alterations in P450 mediated drug clearance are largely independent of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - L. A. Lammers
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Achterbergh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H-J Klümpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. A. A. Mathot
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A. Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. A. Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Stöllberger C, Finsterer J. Pipe Dreams About Apixaban for Stroke Prevention in Renal Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56:646-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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He ZX, Chen XW, Zhou ZW, Zhou SF. Impact of physiological, pathological and environmental factors on the expression and activity of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in precision medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:470-519. [PMID: 26574146 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With only 1.3-4.3% in total hepatic CYP content, human CYP2D6 can metabolize more than 160 drugs. It is a highly polymorphic enzyme and subject to marked inhibition by a number of drugs, causing a large interindividual variability in drug clearance and drug response and drug-drug interactions. The expression and activity of CYP2D6 are regulated by a number of physiological, pathological and environmental factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and epigenetic levels. DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications can repress the expression of CYP2D6. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α binds to a directly repeated element in the promoter of CYP2D6 and thus regulates the expression of CYP2D6. Small heterodimer partner represses hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-mediated transactivation of CYP2D6. GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, decreases hepatic CYP2D6 expression and activity while increasing small heterodimer partner expression and its recruitment to the CYP2D6 promoter. The genotypes are key determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression and activity. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genes that can regulate CYP2D6. Pregnancy induces CYP2D6 via unknown mechanisms. Renal or liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use have minor to moderate effects only on CYP2D6 activity. Unlike CYP1 and 3 and other CYP2 members, CYP2D6 is resistant to typical inducers such as rifampin, phenobarbital and dexamethasone. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation of CYP2D6 Ser135 have been observed, but the functional impact is unknown. Further functional and validation studies are needed to clarify the role of nuclear receptors, epigenetic factors and other factors in the regulation of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- b Department of General Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China .,c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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