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Farinetti A, Mattioli AV. Health-care personnel and energy drinks: A new category of subjects at risk? Addiction 2024; 119:969-970. [PMID: 38268501 DOI: 10.1111/add.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Farinetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Speck NE, Dreier K, Fluetsch A, Ranacher C, Babst D, Lardi AM, Farhadi J. Flying high?-Exploring the effect of red bull on blood pressure after microsurgical breast reconstruction in a randomized controlled trial. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024; 90:200-208. [PMID: 38387416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sufficiently high blood pressure (BP) is essential for flap perfusion after microsurgical breast reconstruction. However, postoperative hypotension is common after these procedures. Perioperative volume overload may increase flap-related complications, and postoperative vasopressor use may be limited depending on institutions. Red Bull has been shown to increase BP in several studies. We aimed to evaluate the effect of Red Bull on perfusion-related variables after microsurgical breast reconstruction. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Female patients undergoing unilateral microsurgical breast reconstruction from June 2020 to October 2022 were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. The intervention group received 250 ml of Red Bull 2 h after surgery and twice on postoperative day (POD) 1. The control group received 250 ml still water at the respective intervals. BP was measured using a 24-hour monitoring device. Vasopressor use, fluid balance, and flap outcomes were compared. RESULTS One hundred patients were included in the study. Both groups were comparable concerning age, body mass index, and caffeine consumption. Mean arterial and diastolic BP were significantly higher in the Red Bull group after the second drink in the morning of POD1 (p-value = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively). Vasopressor use was similar, with a tendency for less postoperative etilefrine in the Red Bull group (p-value = 0.08). No flap loss was observed. CONCLUSIONS We observed increased mean arterial and diastolic BP in the Red Bull group after the second drink. Red Bull may be a useful adjunct after microsurgical breast reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I, therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Speck
- Plastic Surgery Group, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kathrin Dreier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinik Pyramide am See, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrin Fluetsch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jian Farhadi
- Plastic Surgery Group, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Lavie CJ, Lippi G. Strict regulations on energy drinks to protect Minors' health in Europe - It is never too late to set things right at home. Prev Med 2024; 180:107889. [PMID: 38325607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks poses significant risks to minors' health, and strict regulations are urgently needed to protect them. The high caffeine, high sugar, and high caloric content of energy drinks have drawn concern from health professionals. The consumption of energy drinks has been linked to unhealthy dietary behaviors, obesity, and mental health problems in adolescents. The psychoactive and stimulant effects of energy drinks are particularly worrisome, and the marketing of these drinks on social media platforms is also a cause for alarm. In light of these concerns, we strongly recommend policy measures, such as restrictions on the sale of energy drinks to minors, to prevent their health risks. The evidence clearly suggests that energy drinks pose significant risks to minors' health and well-being, and regulatory standards must be implemented without further delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School - The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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4
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Faris ME, Saif ER, Turki EA, Abdelrahim DN, Abu-Qiyas S, Shihab KA, Zeb F, Hasan H, Hashim MS, Radwan HM, Naja F, Ismail LC, Osaili TM, Kassem H, Al Rajaby R, Obaideen K, Obaid RS. Caffeine intake and its association with nutrition, sleep, and physical activity among schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates: a national cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:549-562. [PMID: 38151534 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent surveys indicate a significant increase in total caffeine intake among schoolchildren. Limited research has been published concerning the total intake of caffeine among schoolchildren in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, including the UAE. METHODS This cross-sectional survey estimated the total caffeine intake from foods and beverages among 10,275 schoolchildren in the UAE. Caffeine intakes were related to the European Food Safety Authority's level of no safety concern (3.0 mg/kg BW) and level of effects on sleep (1.4 mg/kg BW). RESULTS More than half (56.2%) of the students consumed more than 100 mg (the upper limit allowed) of caffeine from dietary sources. High intake of caffeine (> 100 mg/day) was significantly associated (p = 0.001) with reduced sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, infrequent exercising, using smart devices for more than 2 h a day, getting a lower GPA, skipping breakfast, eating fewer servings of vegetables than recommended, frequent consumption of fast food and more frequent snack consumption. CONCLUSION Excessive intake of caffeine from different dietary sources coexists with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors and sleep problems. Tailoring educational programs and intervention strategies is warranted to correct the unhealthy intake of caffeine and the associated unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors among schoolchildren in the UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- MoezAlIslam E Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Healthy Aging, Longevity and Sustainability Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Eman Rashid Saif
- Health Promotion Department, Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Ali Turki
- Health Promotion Department, Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dana N Abdelrahim
- Health Promotion Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salma Abu-Qiyas
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katia Abi Shihab
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Falak Zeb
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haydar Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona S Hashim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hadia M Radwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Health Promotion Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Health Promotion Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- 6Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanin Kassem
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radhiya Al Rajaby
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Obaideen
- Sharjah Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad Shaker Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Ajibo C, Van Griethuysen A, Visram S, Lake AA. Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a systematic review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes. Public Health 2024; 227:274-281. [PMID: 38228408 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update an earlier review, published in 2016, on the health and other outcomes associated with children and young people's consumption of energy drinks (EDs). STUDY DESIGN Review article. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Systematic searches of nine databases (ASSIA, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, DARE, Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) retrieved original articles reporting the effects of EDs experienced by children and young people up to the age of 21 years. Searches were restricted by publication dates (January 2016 to July 2022) and language (English). Studies assessed as being weak were excluded from the review. Included studies underwent narrative synthesis. RESULTS A total of 57 studies were included. Boys consumed EDs more than girls. Many studies reported a strong positive association between ED consumption and smoking, alcohol use, binge drinking, other substance use and the intentions to initiate these behaviours. Sensation-seeking and delinquent behaviours were positively associated with ED consumption, as were short sleep duration, poor sleep quality and low academic performance. Additional health effects noted in the updated review included increased risk of suicide, psychological distress, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, depressive and panic behaviours, allergic diseases, insulin resistance, dental caries and erosive tooth wear. CONCLUSIONS This review adds to the growing evidence that ED consumption by children and young people is associated with numerous adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Where feasible and ethical, additional longitudinal studies are required to ascertain causality. The precautionary principle should be considered in regulatory policy and restriction of ED sales to this population. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42021255484.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ajibo
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - A Van Griethuysen
- Dietetics, Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Huntington House, YO32 9XW, UK
| | - S Visram
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE1 4LP, UK; Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, NE1 ALP, UK
| | - A A Lake
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK; Fuse, The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, NE1 ALP, UK.
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Kim DH, Kim B, Lee SG, Kim TH. Poor sleep is associated with energy drinks consumption among Korean adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:3256-3265. [PMID: 37955146 PMCID: PMC10755449 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002300191x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing number of Korean adolescents consume energy drinks, which may increase the risk of obesity, anxiety and insomnia. We examined whether poor sleep was associated with energy drink consumption among study participants. DESIGN We used a cross-sectional design. SETTING The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey data from 2019. PARTICIPANTS To determine the association between sleep and energy drink consumption, we compared the independent variables for 50,455 adolescents in Korea (aged 14-19 years) using multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS In Korea, 69·5 % adolescents consumed energy drinks, 17·1 % slept for less than 5 h, 22·4 % slept for 5-6 h, 23·8 % slept for 6-7 h, 19·9 % slept for 7-8 h and 16·7 % slept for 8 h or more. Regarding sleep satisfaction, 21·0 % reported sufficient, 32·6 % reported just enough and 46·5 % reported insufficient. Regarding sleep duration, it was found that less than 5 h (OR, 2·36; 95 % CI (2·14, 2·60)) and lower sleep satisfaction (OR, 1·12; 95 % CI (1·03, 1·21)) were highly associated with energy drink consumption, with statistical significance at P < 0·05. Adolescents with lower sleep duration (adjusted OR (aOR), 6·37; 95 % CI (4·72, 8·61)) and a lack of sleep satisfaction (aOR, 1·44; 95 % CI (1·16, 1·78)) reported drinking a high amount of energy drinks, that is, at least once a day. CONCLUSION In addition to efforts to decrease the amount of energy drinks consumed, sleep hygiene education needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hee Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomgyeol Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Healthcare Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
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Bdier D, Mahamid F. Energy drinks, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Palestinian athletes: the mediating role of perceived self-efficacy and resilience. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37982407 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2282570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to test the association between energy drinks, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and the mediating role of perceived self-efficacy and resilience among Palestinian athletes. The sample of our study consisted of 480 Palestinian athletes: 160 women and 320 men, all were selected from five Palestinian universities located in the West Bank of Palestine. The findings of our study revealed that energy drinks positively correlated with substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, a negative association was found between perceived self-efficacy, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Moreover, a negative association was found between resilience, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results of Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that resilience and perceived self-efficacy mediated the association between energy drinks, substance use and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Our findings underline the importance of enhancing resilience and perceived self-efficacy among athletes to prevent initial substance use/misuse, as several traits found in resilient athletes such as high self-esteem, empathy, help-seeking, and self-awareness are important in deterring athletes from engaging in harmful substances like tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bdier
- Psychology and Counseling Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- Department of Human Sciences & Education "R. Massa", University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fayez Mahamid
- Psychology and Counseling Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Thiab S, Barakat M, Nassar RI, Abutaima R, Alsughaier A, Thaher R, Odeh F, Dayyih WA. Knowledge, attitude, and perception of energy drinks consumption among university students in Jordan. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e109. [PMID: 37964975 PMCID: PMC10641699 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks gained popularity after the launch of Red Bull in 1997. Different brands are now available and young adults mainly consume these drinks. This study assesses the knowledge, attitude, and perception of energy drink consumption among university students in Jordan. A validated online survey was used to collect the required data, extracted from Google Forms into an Excel spreadsheet and statistically analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0. A nationally representative sample of university students with a mean age of 22⋅2 ± 3⋅9 years (n 749) was obtained. The participating students demonstrated a neutral level of knowledge about energy drinks, as the mean score of knowledge = 7⋅1 ± 2⋅2 (out of 12), with 66 % (n 498) of them having consumed energy drinks and experienced their effects. Generally, the study's participants demonstrated a neutral attitude towards energy drinks and 70⋅5 % (n 528) acknowledged that energy drinks increase activity, but more than 70 % of them believed that energy drinks have harmful side effects. It was found that there is a significant (P-value <0⋅5) positive correlation between knowledge score and female gender, studying a medical major, and monthly income. The main reasons for consuming energy drinks were reported to be: to stay awake for longer, help study, and become more energetic. There is a need for more structured awareness campaigns to warn students about the possible side effects of these products in order to reduce the consumption and popularity of these drinks among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Thiab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Muna Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Razan I. Nassar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rana Abutaima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa Private University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | | | - Faten Odeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Mattioli AV, Coppi F, Farinetti A. Energy drink consumption in nurses: Is high-stress work relevant to the adoption of poor drinking habits? Maturitas 2023; 177:107826. [PMID: 37598563 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Coppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Farinetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Protano C, Valeriani F, De Giorgi A, Angelillo S, Bargellini A, Bianco A, Bianco L, Caggiano G, Colucci ME, Coniglio MA, Dallolio L, De Giglio O, Di Giuseppe G, Elhadidy HSMA, Gioffrè ME, Laganà P, Licata F, Marchesi I, Masini A, Montagna MT, Napoli C, Orsi GB, Pasquarella C, Pelullo CP, Paduano S, Sacchetti R, Scaioli G, Siliquini R, Veronesi L, Liguori G, Spica VR, Vitali M, Gallè F. Consumption of Energy Drinks among Italian University students: a cross-sectional multicenter study. Eur J Nutr 2023:10.1007/s00394-023-03140-w. [PMID: 37022467 PMCID: PMC10078034 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the caffeinated Energy Drinks (EDs) consumption among a large sample of Italian undergraduates and its association with some of the major lifestyle risk factors. METHODS Students attending twelve public Italian universities were involved between October 2021 and May 2022. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, ED consumption, and on health-related behaviors of participants was collected by the use of a web-based questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 2165 students participated in the study and 15.2% of them reported having used caffeinated EDs in the last six months, mainly once a month (41.5%). In comparison with non-users, ED users showed a higher proportion of males (p < 0.001) and a higher father's educational level (p = 0.003), came mainly from Northern universities (p = 0.004) and life sciences degree courses (p < 0.001). Besides, ED users reported higher BMI values (p = 0.003), more particular dietary regimens (p < 0.001), higher levels of weekly moderate-vigorous physical activity (p < 0.001) and participation in sports (p < 0.001) and in team sports (p = 0.003), and higher proportion of smokers (p < 0.001) and alcohol drinkers (p = 0.005). ED use was negatively related with female gender (OR 0.546; 95% CI 0.374-0.798), the Mediterranean diet (OR 0.587; 95% CI 0.362-0.951) and coming from the center of Italy (OR 0.500; 95% CI 0.275-0.909) and positively associated with tobacco smoke (OR 1.712; 95% CI 1.176-2.492) and participation in a team sport (OR 1.686; 95% CI 1.051-2.707). CONCLUSION These findings could encourage figures engaged in education to increase the students' awareness on this issue in order to prevent the excessive use of EDs and associated unhealthy behaviors, especially in the most interested subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Giorgi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angelillo
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bargellini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Aida Bianco
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lavinia Bianco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caggiano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Anna Coniglio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "Gianfilippo Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Dallolio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Giuseppe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasqualina Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Licata
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Marchesi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alice Masini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Orsi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Concetta Paola Pelullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Paduano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossella Sacchetti
- Department of Education Studies "Giovanni Maria Bertin", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Scaioli
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Siliquini
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- City of Health and Science of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallè
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, Naples, Italy.
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Ayalde J, Ta D, Adesanya O, Mandzufas J, Lombardi K, Trapp G. Awake and Alert: Examining the Portrayal of Energy Drinks on TikTok. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:633-635. [PMID: 36529617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Energy drinks (EDs) are not recommended for minors' consumption due to a myriad of health risks, but marketing initiatives persist. This study explored the promotion of EDs on TikTok, a platform frequented by children and adolescents. METHODS 197 highly viewed videos from the four top ED-related hashtags on TikTok were coded for engagement variables, user information, sponsorship status, video content, and sentiment toward EDs. RESULTS Of the 197 videos analyzed (combined 70 + million views), 29% disclosed sponsorship and 22% featured a child/adolescent. ED consumption appeared in 46% of videos, with 15% depicting hazardous consumption. Most videos (67%) had a positive sentiment toward EDs. DISCUSSION ED-related TikTok videos are positively framed, have high engagement, and are not restricted for viewing by minors. As the platform's underage user-base grows, such videos may encourage heightened consumption. Given the known health risks, effective age-gated content restrictions are needed to reduce minors' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Ayalde
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Daniel Ta
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olaoluwa Adesanya
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joelie Mandzufas
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Lombardi
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gina Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Scalese M, Benedetti E, Cerrai S, Colasante E, Fortunato L, Molinaro S. Alcohol Versus Combined Alcohol and Energy Drinks Consumption: risk behaviours and consumption patterns among European students. Alcohol 2023:S0741-8329(23)00028-9. [PMID: 36906242 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent research found that mixing energy drinks with alcohol (AmED) could be more risky than drinking alcohol alone. Our aim was to compare rates of risk behaviours in consumers AmED versus exclusive alcohol drinkers, matching them based on their drinking frequency. METHODS Data about sixteen-year-old students who reported the number occasions on which they had drunk AmED or alcohol only in the preceding 12 months (n = 32,848) were drawn from the 2019 ESPAD study. After matching for consumption frequency, the sample consisted of 22,370 students (11,185 AmED consumers and 11,185 exclusive alcohol drinkers). Key predictors comprised substance use, other individual risk behaviours and family characteristics (parental regulation, monitoring and caring). RESULTS The multivariate analysis showed significantly higher odds of being AmED consumers compared to exclusive alcohol drinkers in the majority of the investigated risk behaviours, including: daily tobacco smoking, illicit drug use, heavy episodic drinking, truancy at school, engaging in physical fights and serious arguments, having troubles with the police and having unprotected sexual intercourse. Instead, lower odds were found for reporting high parents' educational level, medium and low family economic status, perceived possibility to freely talk about problems to family members, spending free time reading books or other hobbies. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that, given the same consumption frequency in the past year, AmED consumers typically reported higher associations with risk-taking behaviours compared to exclusive alcohol drinkers. These findings advance past research that failed to control for the frequency of AmED use versus exclusive alcohol consumption.
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Puupponen M, Tynjälä J, Välimaa R, Paakkari L. Associations between adolescents' energy drink consumption frequency and several negative health indicators. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:258. [PMID: 36747163 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify how various negative health indicators are associated with energy drink consumption frequency among 13- and 15-year-old Finnish adolescents. METHODS Data (N = 2429) from the nationally representative international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (2018) were analyzed via descriptive analysis and logistic regression analyses, with control for salient covariates. Relative risks (RR) were derived from the adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS Even infrequent energy drink consumption was associated with various negative health indicators. Moreover, as compared to non-users, frequent energy drink consumers were more likely to report several health-compromising behaviors: current smoking (RR = 9.85, 95% CI: 5.68-16.02), current snus use (RR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.80-6.85), cannabis use (RR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.69-6.52), alcohol consumption (RR = 3.08, 95% CI: 2.49-3.71), problematic social media use (RR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.68-3.72), short sleep (RR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69-2.60), skipping breakfast (RR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.51-2.29), drunkenness (RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.11-2.23), inadequate tooth brushing (RR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05-1.54). In addition, frequent energy drink consumption was associated with perceived negative health indicators: feelings of insufficient sleep (RR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11-2.15), low self-rated health (RR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15-1.87), and multiple health complaints (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.56). CONCLUSIONS Energy drink consumption, even infrequent, was associated with several negative health indicators, and the reporting of these increased with the frequency of energy drink consumption. The findings support the concerns of health authorities regarding the negative associations between energy drink consumption and health, even among persons as young as 13 years. There is evidence to support specific policy level actions, including restrictions on the sale of energy drinks to adolescents. This measure has been proposed in a Finnish government program, but implementation has yet to occur. Moreover, marketing of these beverages in platforms that are popular among adolescents (e.g., the social media) should be rigorously evaluated, and comprehensive interventions and actions implemented to ensure that adolescents, parents/guardians, and professionals working with adolescents (e.g., in schools) have a good understanding of the links between energy drink consumption and health.
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Kaldenbach S, Strand TA, Holten-Andersen MN. Experiences with energy drink consumption among Norwegian adolescents. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e30. [PMID: 36843976 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to describe adolescents' habits and experiences with energy drink (ED) consumption and the relation to the amount of ED consumed. We used the national cross-sectional study Ungdata, conducted in 2015-16 in Norway. A total of 15 913 adolescents aged 13-19 years answered questions about ED consumption related to the following topics: reasons for, experiences with, habits and parental attitudes. The sample comprised only adolescents reporting to be ED consumers. We estimated the association between the responses and the average daily consumption of ED in multiple regression models. Those who consumed ED 'to concentrate' or 'to perform better in school' consumed on average 73⋅1 (CI 65⋅8, 80⋅3) and 112⋅0 (CI 102⋅7, 121⋅2) ml more daily, respectively, than those who did not consume ED for these reasons. Up to 80 % of the adolescents reported that 'my parents think it is OK that I drink energy drink', but at the same time almost 50 % reported that 'my parents say that I shouldn't drink energy drink'. Apart from increased endurance and feeling stronger, both desired and adverse effects of ED consumption were reported. Our findings indicate that the expectation created by the ED companies have great influence on the adolescents' consumption rate and that parental attitudes towards ED have little to no influence on the adolescents' consumption rate.
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Brunborg GS, Raninen J, Burdzovic Andreas J. Energy drinks and alcohol use among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 241:109666. [PMID: 36283247 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a leading cause of reduced health among young people. Consumption of energy drinks might be a risk factor for alcohol use. The aim of this study was to examine if more frequent consumption of energy drinks in early adolescence was associated with higher concurrent alcohol consumption, and with stronger increase in alcohol use throughout adolescence. METHODS The data came from MyLife, a longitudinal study where Norwegian adolescents completed e-questionnaires in the autumn of 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. The participants were a nationwide sample of 2916 adolescents (mean age: 14.25 [SD = 0.85], 56% girls). At baseline, adolescents self-reported how often they had consumed energy drinks over the past month, a range of family factors, individual characteristics, and substance use. Self-reports of alcohol use (frequency, usual quantity, and frequency of consuming five or more units) were collected at all five assessments and combined into continuous variables. RESULTS The results of fully adjusted growth curve models indicate that more frequent consumption of energy drinks at baseline was associated with greater concurrent alcohol use (p < .001), and greater increase in alcohol use over time (p < .05). The effect of energy drinks on concurrent alcohol use was stronger for girls, but the effect on increase over time was stronger for boys. CONCLUSION Consumption of energy drinks in early adolescence is associated with more alcohol use throughout adolescence, but the effect size was rather modest in this sample of Norwegian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Scott Brunborg
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jonas Raninen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jasmina Burdzovic Andreas
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Silva Maldonado P, Ramírez Moreno E, Arias Rico J, Fernández Cortés TL. [Energy drink consumption patterns and its adverse effects on adolescent health.]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2022; 96:e202211085. [PMID: 36325955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Energy drinks generally contain caffeine and other stimulants, commercially aimed at young people. Previous research suggests that its effects on adolescents health are dangerous. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of taurine and caffeine consumption from energy drinks on adolescent health and to identify patterns of consumption and, their association with physiological symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of students (n=135) aged 16 to 17 years was conducted in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. A self-administered online questionnaire was used from September to November 2020 to report energy drink consumption patterns, perceived effects, and psychophysiological symptoms. The statistical analysis of questionnaire content was made by interjudges evaluation. A concordance index (Cohen-Fleiss Kappa coefficient) was applied for consumption patterns, bivariate correlation tests, Pearson correlation coefficients for levels (very high, moderate, low) of caffeine and taurine were used in the items applied to the target population and Spearmans rho for physiological and psychological effects. RESULTS The participants (mean age: 16 years; 57.8% of women) reported having consumed energy drinks at least once. Only 26.7% of adolescents (n=36) reported that they had never consumed. The average consumption of energy drinks was once per month (24.4%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the consumption of drinks with taurine and the physical effects (tremors and chest pain) and caffeinated beverages with psychophysiological (fatigue, excessive urination, insomnia, and feeling of lack of rest). CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicate associations between energy drink consumption and the presence of adverse psychological and physical symptoms in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Silva Maldonado
- Estudiante de Doctorado en Ciencias de los Alimentos y Salud Humana. Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. San Agustín Tlaxiaca (Hidalgo). México
| | - Esther Ramírez Moreno
- Profesora Investigadora. Centro de Investigación Multidisciplinario, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. San Agustín Tlaxiaca (Hidalgo). México
| | - José Arias Rico
- Profesor Investigador. Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. San Agustín Tlaxiaca (Hidalgo). México
| | - Trinidad Lorena Fernández Cortés
- Profesora. Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. San Agustín Tlaxiaca (Hidalgo). México
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Mattioli AV, Manenti A, Farinetti A. Energy drink consumption in young subjects: a growing problem. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:107. [PMID: 36699979 PMCID: PMC9834798 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.107.36067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy,,Corresponding author: Anna Vittoria Mattioli, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Antonio Manenti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Farinetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Mahamid F, Bdier D, Damiri B. Energy drinks, depression, insomnia and stress among Palestinians: The mediating role of cigarettes smoking, electronic cigarettes and waterpipe. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36282768 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2022.2136812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between energy drinks, depression, insomnia and stress among Palestinians and whether cigarette smoking, electronic cigarettes, and waterpipe mediate the association between these variables. Our study sample consisted of 506 Palestinian adults: 120 men and 386 women recruited from online advertisements, e-mail campaigns and social media. Findings showed a positive correlation between energy drinks, depression, insomnia, and stress. While a positive correlation was found between energy drinks, cigarette smoking, electronic smoking and waterpipe. Results of path analysis showed that energy drinks, cigarette smoking, electronic smoking and waterpipe mediated the correlation between energy drinks, insomnia, depression and stress. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase community awareness regarding the adverse effects of excessive energy drink consumption among Palestinians. Accordingly, training programs, workshops, and open days targeting Palestinians to improve awareness of the adverse effects of energy drinks on physical and mental health are crucial to reducing Palestinians' extensive use of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayez Mahamid
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Dana Bdier
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Basma Damiri
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Kolarovszki B, Sándor A, Szabó P, Kopniczky J, Frank D, Nagy Á, Turzó K. Energy drinks alter the surface morphology and roughness of composites, fissure sealants and titanium: An in vitro study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10764. [PMID: 36193518 PMCID: PMC9525914 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The influence of energy drinks on dental materials are relatively under addressed. Our aim was to investigate the effect of energy drinks on dental materials used intraorally in young individuals. Commonly used preventive, restorative, and orthodontic materials were tested in vitro. Methods The effect of two commercially available energy drinks (HELL, BURN) was investigated on different dental materials: machined, anodized Titanium (grade 5: Ti6Al4V) and composites (Grandio Seal, VOCO; Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE; Estelite SQ, TOKUYAMA). The roughness (Ra) and morphological changes were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results AFM and SEM revealed significant differences in the Ra and morphology of the samples. AFM results for the machined and anodized titanium samples showed that the two energy drinks modified the surface roughness differently; BURN changed the roughness of machined samples significantly, while anodized discs were not altered significantly by the two energy drinks. In case of composite samples there was no significant difference for the Estelite SQ, relative low differences for the Filtek Z250 and significant changes in the morphology and surface roughness of Grandio Seal. Significance On all tested materials, changes in the surface roughness and morphology were more or less detected, proving energy drinks do in fact have a harmful effect. It can be concluded that material erosion depends on the material composition and particle arrangement. Where the surface is characterized by a regular, uniform particle arrangement, energy drinks are less able to influence the roughness, while for samples where the surface is rich in aggregates, the material erodes the surface much more easily. Consumption of energy drinks is increasing amongst children and young individuals. Preventive, restorative, and orthodontic materials used in young individuals are affected by energy drinks. Roughness and morphological change of dental materials is observed in case of Hell and Burn impact. Burn damages more titanium, fissure sealant and composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kolarovszki
- Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Tüzér u. 1., Hungary
| | - Alíz Sándor
- Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Tüzér u. 1., Hungary
| | - Péter Szabó
- Szentágothai Research Center, Environmental Analytical and Geoanalytical Research Group, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20., Hungary
| | - Judit Kopniczky
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 9., Hungary
| | - Dorottya Frank
- Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Tüzér u. 1., Hungary
| | - Ákos Nagy
- Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Tüzér u. 1., Hungary
| | - Kinga Turzó
- Dental School, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Tüzér u. 1., Hungary
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de Souza JG, Del Coso J, Fonseca FS, Silva BVC, de Souza DB, da Silva Gianoni RL, Filip-Stachnik A, Serrão JC, Claudino JG. Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr 2022. [PMID: 35380245 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the prevalence and magnitude of side effects associated with caffeine supplementation in athletes. METHODS Systematic searches through the PubMed, VHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles written in English that reported the prevalence/percentage or magnitude/effect size of side effects after caffeine supplementation in athletes in a sports context were included. Studies were grouped by the dose of caffeine administered as follows: low = ≤ 3.0 mg/kg; moderate = from 3.1 to 6.0 mg/kg; high = ≥ 6.1 mg/kg. The magnitude of the side effects was calculated with effect sizes. RESULTS The search retrieved 25 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria with a pooled sample of 421 participants. The supplementation with caffeine produced a higher prevalence or magnitude of all side effects under investigation when compared to placebo/control situations. The prevalence (magnitude) was between 6 and 34% (ES between 0.13 and 1.11) for low doses of caffeine, between 0 and 34% (ES between -0.13 and 1.20) for moderate doses of caffeine, and between 8 and 83% (ES between 0.04 and 1.52) with high doses of caffeine. The presence of tachycardia/heart palpitations and the negative effects on sleep onset had the highest prevalence and magnitude, in athletes using supplementation with caffeine. CONCLUSION In summary, caffeine supplementation in the doses habitually used to enhance physical performance produces several side effects, both after exercise and at least 24 h after the ingestion. However, the prevalence and magnitude of side effects with high doses of caffeine were habitually higher than with low doses of caffeine. From a practical perspective, using ~3.0 mg/kg of caffeine may be the dose of choice to obtain the ergogenic benefits of caffeine with the lowest prevalence and magnitude of side effects.
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Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Gasparini A, Ferraroni M, Edefonti V. Risky behaviors, substance use, and other lifestyle correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1307-19. [PMID: 34988663 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing concerns have been raised on the health-related risks connected with energy drink (ED) consumption in children and adolescents, with high acute or chronic consumers exceeding 10% in either age group in Europe in 2011. Preliminary evidence has suggested a common pattern of ED and substance use, especially alcohol. Additional evidence has been accumulating very fast; in addition, other lifestyle and risky behaviors may contribute to shed light on the complex interplay of factors involved in ED consumption. We have undertaken a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence on psychosocial correlates of ED consumption in 0-18 years subjects, as published up to April 1, 2021, in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials, which allowed to select 104 original articles. Only ~ 10% of the papers provided results based on longitudinal analyses. A common pattern of ED consumption and polysubstance use, including alcohol, tobacco, and soft and hard drugs, was still confirmed in adolescents; violent and risky behaviors were also related to a higher ED consumption. In addition, frequent ED consumers are more likely to have bad dietary habits, including consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and junk foods. A generally inconclusive evidence was found for sport/physical activities, although sedentary behaviors were generally related to ED consumption. CONCLUSIONS Frequent ED consumption might be a screening indicator to identify students at risk of substance use or other risky/problem behaviors; enquiring about an adolescent's recent ED consumption could create opportunities for early intervention/prevention by informed pediatricians. WHAT IS KNOWN • Substances, especially alcohol, are associated with energy drinks in most cross-sectional studies. WHAT IS NEW • Violent behaviors are associated with energy drink consumption, in the absence of longitudinal studies; problematic use of internet/videogames deserves further investigation; unhealthy dietary patterns are related to energy drinks; evidence on physical activity is inconclusive, but sedentary behaviors are related to energy drinks.
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Kaldenbach S, Leonhardt M, Lien L, Bjærtnes AA, Strand TA, Holten-Andersen MN. Sleep and energy drink consumption among Norwegian adolescents - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:534. [PMID: 35303832 PMCID: PMC8932303 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents are recommended to get 8–10 h of sleep at night, yet more than 80% fail to obtain this goal. Energy drink (ED) consumption has been linked to later bedtime in adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential association between ED consumption and sleep duration, and shuteye latency among adolescents in Norway. Methods This study was based on data from 15- to 16-year-old adolescents living in Oppland County in 2017. In total, 1353 adolescents were included in the analysis. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the associations between the frequency of ED consumption with sleep duration, shuteye latency, and getting 8 h of sleep. Results Forty-six point five percent of the adolescents reported sleeping more than 8 h at night. Those who reported ED consumption at any frequency had significantly shorter sleep duration than those who did not. On average, high consumers of ED (consuming ED ≥ 4 times a week) had 0.95 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.28) hours (i.e., 57 min) less sleep than those who never consumed ED. In addition, high consumers had more than 25 min (95% CI: 13.95, 36.92) longer shuteye period than those who never consumed ED. Conclusion Most ED consumers fail to obtain the recommended 8 h of sleep at night, which could be a consequence of shorter sleep duration and longer shuteye latency. We found a dose-response relationship between frequency of ED consumption and reduced sleep. Yet, the potential long-term effects of both ED consumption and insufficient sleep among adolescents remain unclear. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12972-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Kaldenbach
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marja Leonhardt
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Faculty for Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Lien
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Asborg A Bjærtnes
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.,Center of International Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Mads N Holten-Andersen
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 104, Brumunddal, 2381, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Gasparini A, Ferraroni M, Edefonti V. Psychological and socio-educational correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:889-901. [PMID: 34825275 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic beverages providing an extra boost in physical/cognitive performance and mood. Besides the physiological effects related to the high-caffeine content of EDs, long-term emotional, social, and behavioral effects have been recently receiving attention. However, a few systematic reviews have focused on the critical yet understudied periods of childhood and adolescence. We have undertaken a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence on any psychosocial correlates of ED consumption in 0-18-year-old subjects, as published up to April 1, 2021, in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials. Of the initial 789 records, 104 original articles were included in the systematic review. Seventy percent of them were published from 2016 onwards; among investigated topics, substance use ranked first, followed by psychological and socio-educational factors; the less investigated topic was risky behaviors. Taste and energy-seeking were the main drivers of consumption, which generally happened at home or during sport/recreational activities, without perception of health-related risks. Positive associations with ED consumption were found for sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation, plan, or attempts. Finally, participants with lower grades, a low parental monitoring, or bad influences from peers were more likely to consume EDs. Conclusion: With ~ 70% of papers published since the 2 comprehensive reviews on children/adolescents were carried out, an update of the literature with a broad focus is of great importance. Consumption of EDs by children/adolescents lies in the potential interplay between personality traits, school performance, and influences by family members and peers. What is Known: • Taste and energy-seeking are the main drivers of energy drink consumption, which mostly happened at home or in sport/recreational activities. What is New: • Perception of risks related to energy drinks is associated with a lower consumption, as based on cross-sectional studies. • As mostly based on cross-sectional studies: 1. energy drink consumption is related to sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation or attempts; 2. students with a lower school performance, low parental monitoring, or bad peer influence, are more likely to consume energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Marinoni
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Alessio Gasparini
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Edefonti
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Adami PE, Koutlianos N, Baggish A, Bermon S, Cavarretta E, Deligiannis A, Furlanello F, Kouidi E, Marques-Vidal P, Niebauer J, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Solberg EE, Stuart M, Papadakis M. Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: a position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:559-575. [PMID: 35081615 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is also connected to the promotion of physical activity and exercise as core aspects of a healthy lifestyle, which has led also to an increase in sport participation across all ages. In this context, three main users' categories can be identified, (i) professional and amateur athletes using substances to enhance their performance, (ii) people with chronic conditions, which include physical activity and sport in their therapeutic plan, in association with prescribed medications, and (iii) athletes and young individuals using supplements or ergogenic aids to integrate their diet or obtaining a cognitive enhancement effect. All the substances used for these purposes have been reported to have side effects, among whom the cardiovascular consequences are the most dangerous and could lead to cardiac events. The cardiovascular effect depends on the type of substance, the amount, the duration of use, and the individual response to the substances, considering the great variability in responses. This Position Paper reviews the recent literature and represents an update to the previously published Position Paper published in 2006. The objective is to inform physicians, athletes, coaches, and those participating in sport for a health enhancement purpose, about the adverse cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids, when associated with sport and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79 - 04100 - Latina (LT), Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio, 2, 80122, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francesco Furlanello
- Aritmologia Clinica e Sportiva, IRCCS Gruppo MultiMedica Elettrofisiologia, Via Milanese 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni(MI), Italy
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Sports Medicine and Science Institute, CONI, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | - Mark Stuart
- International Testing Agency-ITA, Av. de Rhodanie 58, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Scalese M, Cerrai S, Biagioni S, Benedetti E, Bastiani L, Potente R, Cutilli A, Molinaro S. Trends in energy drink and combined alcohol and energy drinks consumption among Italian high school students, 2008-2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109061. [PMID: 34601280 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy Drinks (ED) are caffeinated beverages marketed as attention and endurance enhancers. The main purpose of this study is to provide national estimates of the prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) and ED use among school-aged adolescents. A secondary objective is to examine the differences in the prevalence of AmED and ED consumption by gender. METHODS For this study, we used data from twelve consecutive years, from ESPAD-Italia®2008 to ESPAD-Italia®2019. RESULTS From 2008-2019, the prevalence of lifetime consumption of energy drinks increased significantly for male (64.5-75.7%, p < 0.001) and female (46.8-61.8%, p < 0.001). We also observed an increase in both genders for last year prevalence (male: 51.6-63.4%, p < 0.001; female: 32.5-38.3%, p < 0.001), instead prevalence in last month showed an increase only in males (males: 37.5-45.4%, p = <0.001; females: 19.9-20.3%, p = 0.426). Finally, frequent use showed a fluctuating trend, particularly in females (males: 3.2-4.3%, p = 0.422; females: 0.8-0.8%, p = 0.643). From 2013-2019, the prevalence of AmED consumption did not show relevant changes among adolescents. A clear gender gap is evident for both ED and AmED usage prevalence, in all the years considered for lifetime, last year, last month and frequent use. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the prevalence of ED consumption among Italian high school students is very high and has grown substantially over the past 12 years. Differently the prevalence of AmED use, although widespread, did not increase overall since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scalese
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Cerrai
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Biagioni
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Benedetti
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bastiani
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Potente
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Cutilli
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR Via G. Moruzzi, 156124 Pisa, Italy.
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Edwards CG, Pollack CC, Pritschet SJ, Haushalter K, Long JW, Masterson TD. Prevalence and comparisons of alcohol, candy, energy drink, snack, soda, and restaurant brand and product marketing on Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming. Public Health Nutr 2021;:1-12. [PMID: 34693900 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021004420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare and evaluate the prevalence of food and beverage marketing on the livestreaming platforms Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming, as well as examine growth of food and beverage marketing on these platforms over a 17-month period of data collection. Design: Cross-sectional data were analysed across three livestreaming platforms and six food and beverage categories: alcohol, candy, energy drinks, snacks, sodas and restaurants. Setting: Stream titles of livestreamed events as well as corresponding hours watched on Twitch, Facebook Gaming and YouTube Gaming. Participants: None. Results: There were significant differences between the use of food and beverage brand mentions in stream titles across all three studied platforms (P < 0·05), as well as hours watched across platforms (P < 0·05). Energy drinks dominated food and beverage brand mentions across platforms, followed by restaurants, soda and snacks. All platforms demonstrated growth over the 17-month data collection period. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted both immediate and sustained growth across all platforms, with the greatest impact observed on the Twitch platform. Conclusions: Food and beverage marketing as measured through stream titles is widely prevalent across the three most popular livestreaming platforms, particularly for energy drinks. Food marketing on these platforms experienced growth over the past 17 months which was accelerated substantially by the COVID-19 pandemic. Future work should assess the sustained impact this growth may have on marketing practices and eating behaviour.
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Amer S, Kateeb E. Factors related to dietary habits, energy drink consumption, and physical activity in marginalized Palestinian schools: A cross-sectional study. Health Promot Perspect 2021; 11:329-336. [PMID: 34660228 PMCID: PMC8501479 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2021.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current study assessed different dietary habits, energy drinks intake, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity and associated factors among Palestinian adolescents attending marginalized schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study targeted a random sample of 1480 students in the sixth andninth grades attending 20 marginalized public schools in the West Bank area of the occupied Palestinian Territories (oPt). Students were interviewed in-person by trained senior dental students about their dietary habits, physical activity, fathers’ employment and mothers’ level of education. Weight and height were measured, and BMI percentile was calculated. Descriptive statistics were generated for the study’s main variables and the dependent variables were compared by grade, gender, mothers’ level of education and father’s employment. Results: A total of 1282 students (98% response) completed the questionnaire. Of them, 6% were ‘underweight’ (fifth percentile or under) and 34% were ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’ (85thpercentile or over). Ninth graders had more added sugar than 6th graders (P=0.002), less frequent milk consumption (P<0.001), more frequent energy drink consumption (P=0.001),and less physical activity (P<0.0001). Frequency of carbonated and sweetened drink consumption was associated with being overweight or obese (P=0.016, P=0.001). Frequency of carbonated drinks consumption was higher among children of mothers with a high school level of education or less (P<0.001). In addition, children of mothers educated to high school level or below were associated with being underweight (P=0.05). Conclusion: Dietary habits and physical activity get worse between the ages of 12 and 15. Mothers’ level of education is an important factor in being overweight or underweight. Energy drink consumption among boys and milk consumption among girls are two challenges that need to be addressed urgently and adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Amer
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elham Kateeb
- Oral Health Research and Promotion Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, State of Palestine
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Abstract
The present letter to editor comments the manuscript “Caliskan SG, Kilic MA, Bilgin MD. Acute effects of energy drink on hemodynamic and electrophysiologic parameters in habitual and non-habitual caffeine consumers. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021 Apr; 42:333–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.011. Epub 2021 Feb 4. PMID: 33745602.” presenting some data on consumption of energy drinks among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Sabatini
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Takechi R, Mamo J, Das S, Graneri L, D'Alonzo Z, Nesbit M, Junaldi E, Lam V. Short-term consumption of alcohol (vodka) mixed with energy drink (AMED) attenuated alcohol-induced cerebral capillary disturbances and neuroinflammation in adult wild-type mice. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2398-2407. [PMID: 34549671 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1975364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The ingestion of combinatory Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink (AMED) beverages continues to increase markedly, particularly among young adults. Some studies suggest detrimental health effects related to the combination of alcohol with energy drink formulations; however, the consumption of AMED has not been investigated in context of the cerebral microvasculature or neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that cerebral capillary integrity and glial cells are particularly vulnerable to the combination of AMED.Methods:12-week old wild-type C57BL/6J mice were orally gavaged with either vehicle (water), alcohol (vodka), an energy drink (MotherTM), or a combination AMED, daily for five days. Thereafter, mice were sacrificed, blood alcohol concentrations were analysed and cryosections of brain specimens were subjected to confocal immunofluorescent analysis for measures of cerebral capillary integrity via immunoglobulin G (IgG), and markers of neuroinflammation, ionized-calcium-binding-adaptor-molecule 1 (Iba1) and Glial-Fibrillary-Acidic-Protein (GFAP). Proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2, IL-17A, IFN-ϒ, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10, were also measured in serum.Results: Consistent with previous studies, cerebral capillary dysfunction and astroglial cell activation were markedly greater in the alcohol-only group (AO); however, the AO-induced effects were profoundly attenuated with the AMED combination. Mice maintained on AO and AMED interventions exhibited a moderate increase in microglial recruitment. There were no significant changes in pro-inflammatory nor anti-inflammatory cytokines in ED or AMED treated mice.Conclusion: This study suggests that paradoxically the acute detrimental effects of alcohol on cerebral capillary integrity and astrogliosis are counteracted with the co-provision of an ED, rich in caffeine and taurine and containing B-group vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sukanya Das
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Liam Graneri
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Zachary D'Alonzo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Nesbit
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Edwin Junaldi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Halldorsson TI, Kristjansson AL, Thorisdottir I, Oddsdóttir C, Sveinbjörnsson J, Benediktsson R, Sigfusdottir ID, Jörundsdóttir H, H G. Caffeine exposure from beverages and its association with self-reported sleep duration and quality in a large sample of Icelandic adolescents. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112549. [PMID: 34509583 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous risk assessments have concluded that adolescent's caffeine exposure from energy drinks (ED) are of limited concern. Recent surveys have, however, shown substantial increase in consumption. This cross-sectional survey conducted in 2020 estimated caffeine exposure from beverages among ∼80% of all 13-15-year-old adolescents (n = 10358) relative to the European Food Safety Authority's level of no safety concern of (3.0 mg/kg bw) and level for effects on sleep (1.4 mg/kg bw). Associations with self-reported sleep duration and quality were also explored. ED consumers were more likely to exceed the limit of no safety concern (prevelance: 12-14%) compared to non-ED-consumers (1-2%). Exceeding the limit for effects on sleep was also higher among ED consumers (31-38%) than non-ED-consumers (5-8%). Across categories of low (<0.5 mg/kg bw) to high (>3.0 mg/kg bw) caffeine intake, the prevalence of participants sleeping <6 h increased from 3% to 24%, respectively. The corresponding adjusted Prevalence Ratio was 4.5 (95% CI: 3.6, 5.7) and mean decrease in duration of sleep was 0.74 h (95% CI: 0.65, 0.84). In conclusion, caffeine intake from beverages above the limit of no safety concern was largely confined to ED consumers. Consistent with effects from intervention studies in adults, caffeine intake was strongly associated with self-reported sleep duration in this representative population.
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Nuss T, Morley B, Scully M, Wakefield M. Energy drink consumption among Australian adolescents associated with a cluster of unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration. Nutr J 2021; 20:64. [PMID: 34225738 PMCID: PMC8259213 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic energy drinks ('energy drinks') are high in sugar, as well as caffeine, leading to concerns regarding their suitability for children and adolescents. Despite this, marketing of energy drinks is often directed at adolescents, and there are no age restrictions on the sale of these products in Australia. The current study aimed to examine patterns in consumption of energy drinks among Australian secondary school students and identify sociodemographic and behavioural correlates associated with regular consumption. METHODS Participants were 8942 students in Years 8 to 11 (aged 12 to 17 years) who participated in the 2018 National Secondary Students' Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) cross-sectional survey. A multistage stratified random sampling procedure was used. Within the school setting, students self-completed an online questionnaire assessing their dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to examine associations between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and behavioural factors. RESULTS Overall, 8% of students reported consuming energy drinks on a weekly basis ('regular consumers'). A further 16% indicated they consume less than one cup per week of these types of drinks, while around three-quarters (76%) reported they do not consume energy drinks. Regular consumption of energy drinks was independently associated with being male, having greater weekly spending money, high intakes of snack foods, fast food, other sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, as well as short sleep duration. There was no independent association with other sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., year level, level of disadvantage, geographic location), consumption of vegetables and fruit, physical activity level, or sedentary recreational screen time. CONCLUSIONS While most Australian adolescents do not consume energy drinks, regular consumption is more prevalent among males, and consumption appears to cluster with other unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration. Findings support the need for policies that will reach identified at-risk groups (e.g., increased regulation of the marketing and sale of energy drinks), as well as suggest opportunities for interventions targeting energy drink consumption alongside other unhealthy dietary behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Nuss
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Uyanik M, Gedikli O, Yildirim U. Energy Drink-Associated Cardiomyopathy after Excessive Consumption: A Case Report. J Tehran Heart Cent 2021; 16:119-122. [PMID: 35633827 PMCID: PMC9108477 DOI: 10.18502/jthc.v16i3.8189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic components of energy drinks include caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, and sugar. The excessive consumption of energy drinks has been associated with cardiovascular events such as tachycardia and myocardial infarction in the literature. We herein describe a 24-year-old man admitted to the emergency department. The patient's medical history and family history were unremarkable. It was, however, learned that he had consumed 8 to 10 cans of energy drinks per day (3.5-4 Lit/d) in the 2-week period leading to the hospital admission. Physical examination revealed bilateral diffuse rales and 2+ pretibial edema. Echocardiography showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25% with global left ventricular hypokinesia and dilated left ventricular dimensions. Coronary angiography demonstrated normal coronary arteries. On cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, the left ventricle was dilated, and the systolic function was reduced. No pathological enhancement was observed. This case report and many previous studies support a possible link between caffeinated energy drinks and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Uyanik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Chaudhary NS, Taylor BV, Grandner MA, Troxel WM, Chakravorty S. The effects of caffeinated products on sleep and functioning in the military population: A focused review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173206. [PMID: 34000324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel rely on caffeinated products such as coffee or energy drinks (ED) to maintain a maximal level of vigilance and performance under sleep-deprived and combat situations. While chronic caffeine intake is associated with decreased sleep duration and non-restful sleep in the general population, these relationships are relatively unclear in the military personnel. We conducted a focused review of the effects of caffeinated products on sleep and the functioning of military personnel. We used a pre-specified search algorithm and identified 28 peer-reviewed articles published between January 1967 and July 2019 involving military personnel. We classified the findings from these studies into three categories. These categories included descriptive studies of caffeine use, studies evaluating the association between caffeinated products and sleep or functioning measures, and clinical trials assessing the effects of caffeinated products on functioning in sleep-deprived conditions. Most of the studies showed that military personnel used at least one caffeine-containing product per day during active duty and coffee was their primary source of caffeine. Their mean caffeine consumption varied from 212 to 285 mg/day, depending on the type of personnel and their deployment status. Those who were younger than 30 years of age preferred ED use. Caffeine use in increasing amounts was associated with decreased sleep duration and increased psychiatric symptoms. The consumption of caffeinated products during sleep deprivation improved their cognitive and behavioral outcomes and physical performance. Caffeine and energy drink consumption may maintain some aspects of performance stemming from insufficient sleep in deployed personnel, but excessive use may have adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad S Chaudhary
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham 35233, USA
| | - Brittany V Taylor
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburgh, VA 24502, USA
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA
| | - Wendy M Troxel
- RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Subhajit Chakravorty
- Cpl. Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Hardy R, Kliemann N, Dahlberg P, Bode A, Monroe E, Brand J. The Relationship Between Energy Drink Consumption, Caffeine Content, and Nutritional Knowledge Among College Students. J Prim Prev 2021; 42:297-308. [PMID: 33982200 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-021-00635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine which demographic characteristics influence energy drink consumption habits and to examine whether caffeine content and knowledge of human nutrition affect college students' decisions to consume these beverages. We used an online survey to ask 265 college students, who did not participate in a varsity sport, to complete a survey consisting of demographic questions, the General Knowledge Questionnaire for adults, and questions about energy drink consumption habits. We found, overall, that 23.1% of our sample used energy drinks. When compared to non-consumers (76.9%), users had a significantly lower GPA, were older, and preferred drinks with a higher caffeine content. Users reported that they consumed these drinks because they wanted to feel more alert and they enjoyed the taste, even though they reported adverse effects such as trouble sleeping, shaking and tremors, and stomachaches. Knowledge of human nutrition did not affect users' choice to consume these drinks. Although the majority of college students do not consume energy drinks, room for improvement remains to curb the use of these caffeinated beverages amongst college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hardy
- Heartland Orthopedic Specialists, Alexandria, MN, USA.
| | | | | | - Andrew Bode
- University of Minnesota Morris, Morris, MN, USA
| | - Emily Monroe
- Heartland Orthopedic Specialists, Alexandria, MN, USA
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Alafif N, Al-Rashed A, Altowairqi K, Muharraq A. Prevalence of energy drink consumption and association with dietary habits among governmental university students in Riyadh. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4511-4515. [PMID: 34354437 PMCID: PMC8324967 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of Energy Drinks (ED) consumption, and the adverse effects experienced by consumers among governmental university students in Riyadh, and to assess the relationship between ED consumption and dietary habits. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2020 in a random sample of students at government universities in Riyadh (King Saud University (KSU) and Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU). The study was conducted within a time frame of 3 months which included a total of 546 students. The data collection tool was an online self-administered questionnaire that included three sections. The first section addressed the characteristics of the students, the second section addressed ED consumption, and the third section addressed the dietary habits of ED consumers. A SPSS software-based analysis revealed that the percentage of ED consumers in our cohort was 29.3%. Moreover, we found a significant association between ED consumption and consumption of fewer than three meals, skipping breakfast, and fast food intake (χ2 = 0.002, P = 0.364; χ2 = 0.028, P = 0.341; and (χ2 = 0.010, P = 0.369, respectively), with moderate correlation. No association was found between the consumption of EDs and that of fruits, vegetables, and snacks. Moreover, 36% of the consumers experienced jolt-and-crash symptoms and signs after ED consumption, with 84.5% of them exhibiting increased consumption of salty snacks, sweets, and fast food during the episodes. Our findings showed that ED consumption is not a common practice among governmental university students in Riyadh. Furthermore, the consumption of EDs was correlated with unhealthy dietary habits. Creating educational programs for school going students and providing healthy alternative options to the students is highly recommend. Future research should be conducted using a larger sample and including universities from the private sector, to compare the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Alafif
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anfal Al-Rashed
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadija Altowairqi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Muharraq
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mattioli AV, Farinetti A. Energy drinks and medical students: Bad drinking during COVID-19 quarantine. Appl Nurs Res 2021; 59:151429. [PMID: 33838974 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present letter to editor comments the manuscript "Caffeine and high energy drink use and knowledge by nurses in three countries" presenting some data on energy drinks obtained from a questionnaire administered to undergraduate medical students.
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Mamiya H, Moodie EEM, Schmidt AM, Ma Y, Buckeridge DL. Price discounting as a hidden risk factor of energy drink consumption. Can J Public Health 2021; 112:638-646. [PMID: 33725331 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Global consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (CED) has been increasing dramatically despite increasing evidence of their adverse health effects. Temporary price discounting is a rarely investigated but potentially powerful food marketing tactic influencing purchasing of CED. Using grocery transaction records generated by food stores in Montreal, we investigated the association between price discounting and purchasing of CED across socio-economic status operationalized by education and income levels in store neighbourhood. METHODS The outcome, log-transformed weekly store-level sales of CED, was modelled as a function of store-level percent price discounting, store- and neighbourhood-level confounders, and an interaction term between discounting and each of tertile education and income in store neighbourhood. The model was separately fit to transactions from supermarkets, pharmacies, supercentres, and convenience stores. RESULTS There were 18,743, 12,437, 3965, and 49,533 weeks of CED sales from supermarkets, pharmacies, supercentres, and convenience stores, respectively. Percent price discounting was positively associated with log sales of CED for all store types, and the interaction between education and discounting was prominent in supercentres: -0.039 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.051, -0.028] and -0.039 [95% CI: -0.057, -0.021], for middle- and high-education neighbourhoods relative to low-education neighbourhoods, respectively. Relative to low-income areas, the associations of discounting and log CED sales in supercentres for neighbourhoods with middle- and high-income tertile were 0.022 [95% CI: 0.010, 0.033] and 0.015 (95% CI: -0.001, 0.031), respectively. CONCLUSION Price discounting is an important driver of CED consumption and has a varying impact across community education and income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mamiya
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1120 Ave Pine, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A1, Canada.
| | - Erica E M Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1120 Ave Pine, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A1, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Schmidt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1120 Ave Pine, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A1, Canada
| | - Yu Ma
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, 1001 Ave Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, H3G 1G5, Canada
| | - David L Buckeridge
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1120 Ave Pine, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A1, Canada
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Elçi E, Güneş Elçi G, Çim N, Aras İ, Sayan S, Yıldızhan R. Energy drinks may affect the ovarian reserve and serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in a rat model. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 18:23-29. [PMID: 33715329 PMCID: PMC7962157 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.07347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Energy drinks have an impact on concentration levels, physical performance, speed of reaction, and focus, but these drinks cause many adverse effects and intoxication symptoms. The main goal of this study was to determine the effect of energy drink consumption on ovarian reserve and serum anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels. Materials and Methods Female Wistar albino rats (n=16) were included and randomized into two groups (n=8). Serum AMH levels were checked before and after energy drinks were given. Eight weeks later, the ovaries and uteruses of the rats were analyzed histopathologically. The number of follicles in the ovaries was counted. Results The total number of the preantral plus small antral follicles, which show the ovarian reserve, was decreased at the end of eight weeks in both the control group and the energy drink group. There was a statistical difference between them (p=0.021). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the initial/final AMH (ng/mL) reduction levels between the control group and the energy drink group (p=0.002). AMH levels were decreased more in the energy drink group. Conclusion The consumption of energy drinks can lead to a decrease in ovarian reserve and AMH values and may cause weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Elçi
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Güneş Elçi
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Numan Çim
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Aras
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van, Turkey
| | - Sena Sayan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Yıldızhan
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Varillas-Delgado D. Energy Drinks and Sports Performance, Cardiovascular Risk, and Genetic Associations; Future Prospects. Nutrients 2021; 13:715. [PMID: 33668219 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks (e.g., containing caffeine and taurine) has increased over the last decade among adolescents and athletes to enhance their cognitive level and improve intellectual and athletic performance. Numerous studies have shown that drinking moderate doses of such drinks produces beneficial effects, as they considerably boost the sporting performance of elite athletes in various sports, including both endurance and explosive events. However, apart from their ergogenic effects, the regular consumption of energy drinks also increases blood pressure and consequently incites problems such as hypertension, tachycardia, and nervousness, all of which can lead to cardiovascular disorders. A potential positive correlation between genetics and the moderate consumption of energy drinks and athletic performance has recently been reported; notwithstanding, a better understanding of the genetic variants involved in metabolism is a key area for future research to optimize the dose of energy drink consumed and obtain the maximal ergogenic effect in elite sports. The aim of this literature review, therefore, is to present the results of recent studies, classifying them according to the differences in the associations between energy drinks and: (i) Athletic performance; (ii) cardiovascular risk factors while practicing sports; and (iii) genetic associations and future prospects between the consumption of energy drinks and performance.
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Lasheras I, Seral P, Alonso-Ventura V, Santabárbara J. The impact of acute energy drink consumption on electrical heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Electrocardiol 2021; 65:128-35. [PMID: 33631440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Energy Drink (ED)-associated cardiovascular emergency visits have increased in recent years. Although a toxicity threshold has been established for caffeine, the safety profile of whole ED consumption has not yet been defined. METHODS This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Three reviewers conducted two separate systematic searches on PubMed on October 24 and December 3, 2019. Out of 250 potential records, 43 prospective clinical studies assessing the effects of ED on heart rate (HR) and/or any electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were included. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled p-values using metap command for STATA 10.0. RESULTS After ED consumption, resting HR increased in 71.1% of studies (pooled p-value <0.001) but was only significant in 38%; HR during and after exercise increased in 55.5% (pooled p-value <0.001) and 71.4% of studies, respectively; QRS increased in all but two protocols; evidence on PR interval was contradictory, and corrected QT interval (QTc) increased compared to baseline in all but one study, exceeding the pathological limit value in two of them. T wave changes were seen in two studies, and one study reported a ratio of 5 to 1 in the number of ectopic beats. CONCLUSION Acute consumption of ED can alter the ECG in certain risk populations, posing a risk whose magnitude is yet to be determined. Caution should be exercised among at-risk and underage individuals but further research in these populations is warranted before restrictions are made.
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BOYINA R, DODOALA S. Evaluation of the Neurobehavioural Toxic Effects of Taurine, Glucuronolactone, and Gluconolactone Used in Energy Drinks in Young Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:659-666. [PMID: 33389968 PMCID: PMC7786069 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.33602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The neurotoxic effects of food additives used in energy drinks have been investigated since the 1900s but safety concerns are rising and reassurance via safety testing in animals is demanded by the public. Rigorous safety testing is performed for dose optimisation and duration of treatment and to detect the methods to assess changes in mood and behaviour. Hence, we studied the neurobehavioral effects of selected food additives used in energy drinks and their combination in rats when consumed in high doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Young Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 was treated with the vehicle, group 2 was treated with 25 mg/kg p.o. caffeine, group 3 was treated with 5 mg/kg p.o. glucuronolactone, group 4 was treated with 8 mg/kg p.o. taurine, group 5 was treated with 84 mg/kg p.o. gluconolactone, and group 6 was treated with a combination of the three food additives. Neurobehavioral changes were evaluated on days 7, 14, and 21 using behavioural parameters. Neurobehavioral scoring and neurotransmitter estimation in rat brain tissue was performed on day 21. RESULTS Significant changes were observed in the neurobehavioral parameters and neurobehavioural scoring in group 4 and group 6, compared with the control group (p<0.001). Furthermore, the significant decreases in neurotransmitter levels in the brains of rats that were treated with food additives indicated the neurotoxic effects of these substances. CONCLUSION This study elaborated the neurobehavioral effects of selected food additives, namely glucuronolactone, taurine, and gluconolactone, when administered orally for 21 days in young rats. The highest toxic effects, including alterations in neurotransmitter levels, were observed in animals treated with a combination of food additives at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi BOYINA
- MLR Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sujatha DODOALA
- Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacology, Tirupati, India
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Higgins JP, Liras GN, Liras IN, Jacob R, Husain F, Pabba KC, Schultea M. Energy Drink Effects on Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function in Young Adults. Cardiology 2020; 146:258-262. [PMID: 33341807 DOI: 10.1159/000512433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular side effects associated with energy drink consumption may be related to effects on vascular endothelial function, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram parameters. We sought to measure them following energy drink consumption. METHODS Forty-four healthy non-smoking young volunteer medical students, at an average age of 24.7 years (range 23-27 years, 34 males), with an average BMI of 23.4, received electrocardiograms and had their heart rates and blood pressures taken. Subjects then underwent baseline testing of endothelial function using the technique of endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) with high-resolution ultrasound. The subjects then drank an energy drink (24 oz Monster Energy Drink®). Hemodynamic measurements were repeated 15 and 90 min later. FMD and the electrocardiogram were repeated 90 min later. The FMD was calculated as the ratio of the post-cuff release and the baseline diameter. RESULTS Energy drink consumption resulted in a significantly attenuated peak FMD response (mean ± SD): baseline 5.1 ± 4.1% versus post-energy drink (2.8 ± 3.8%; p = 0.004). In addition, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate increased after 15 min. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate remained increased 90 min following energy drink consumption. There were no significant changes in electrocardiogram parameters. CONCLUSION Energy drink consumption was associated with an acute significant impairment in endothelial function in young healthy adults as well as with significant hemodynamic changes. As energy drinks are becoming more popular, it is important to study their effects to better determine safe consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Higgins
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA,
| | - George N Liras
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ioannis N Liras
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Robin Jacob
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Farzan Husain
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Krishna C Pabba
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Mikayla Schultea
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Houston, TX & Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Islam MA, Al-Karasneh AF, Hussain AB, Muhanna A, Albu-Hulayqah T, Naqvi AA, Iqbal MS, Farooqui M, Elrggal ME, Mahmoud MA, Haseeb A. Assessment of beverage consumption by young adults in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1635-47. [PMID: 33424256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary objective was to assess beverage consumption pattern and calorie intake among undergraduate students on weekly and daily basis. Secondary objectives were to determine the relationship between demographic variables and beverage intake, assess mean differences in calorie intake between students’ groups and, report the predictors of beverage consumption. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months (January–March 2019) among currently enrolled undergraduate students studying in 8 colleges of a public sector university in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The study used the Arabic version of Beverage Frequency Questionnaire (BFQ) and collected data through purposive stratified sampling. Total intake in ml and calories in kcals were calculated. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23 and the study was approved from ethics committee of the university (IRB‐2019‐05‐021). Results A total of 507 students responded to the survey. The average volume of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), caffeine containing beverage (CCBs) and carbonated beverages (CarBs) consumed was 4.2 L, 4 L and 1.5 L per week and 650.6 ml, 575.2 ml and 224.6 ml per day, respectively. Average daily calorie intake from SSBs, CCBs and CarBs was 187.6 kcals, 87.6 kcals and 52.5 kcals, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly related to CCB (ρ = 0.130) and CarBs (ρ = 0.100) intake (mL) (p < 0.05). Mean difference in calorie intake was mostly significant (p < 0.05) when accounted for students’ demographics, gender, BMI, residence, illness and, examination time, in case of SSBs, CCBs, CarBs and, all beverages. Averge % contribution towards total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) for SSBs, CCBs and CarBs were 10.2%, 6.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Year of study, BMI, residence and illness were predictors of SSBs consumption while BMI, residence and examination time were predictors of CCBs consumption. Gender and BMI were predictors of CarBs intake. Conclusion There was a high consumption of beverages in students that was related to their demographic characteristics. There is a need to create awareness among the students regarding the detrimental effects of chronic consumption of these beverages.
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Pollack CC, Kim J, Emond JA, Brand J, Gilbert-Diamond D, Masterson TD. Prevalence and strategies of energy drink, soda, processed snack, candy and restaurant product marketing on the online streaming platform Twitch. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2793-2803. [PMID: 32618235 PMCID: PMC8996381 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of food and beverage marketing on Twitch.tv (Twitch), a social media platform where individuals broadcast live audiovisual material to millions of daily users. DESIGN Observational analysis of the prevalence of 238 food and beverage brands in five distinct categories (processed snacks; food delivery services and restaurants; candies, energy drinks/coffees/teas; and sodas and other sugar-sweetened beverages) over the course of 18 months. SETTING Twitch streamer profiles and stream titles between January 2018 and July 2019. Twitch chat room messages during July 2019. PARTICIPANTS None. RESULTS There was a significant increase in brand exposure on Twitch both in stream titles (sodas and candies, P < 0·05) and on streamer profiles (sodas, restaurants/food delivery services, candies, and energy drinks/coffees/teas, P < 0·05) over the 18-month study period. Energy drinks, coffees and teas had the most exposure with 1·08 billion exposure hours from profiles and 83 million exposure hours from titles. Restaurants/food delivery services and sugar-sweetened beverages were the most frequently mentioned products in chat rooms with 1·24 million messages and 1·10 million messages, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate the extent by which food and beverage brands garner millions of hours of exposure on Twitch. Future studies should evaluate the impact that this level of exposure to nutrient-poor, energy-dense products may have on behavioural and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Pollack
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
| | - Jason Kim
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
| | - Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
| | - John Brand
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
| | - Travis D Masterson
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH03756, USA
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Kamar SA, Malak HWA, Saad SA. Effect of caffeinated energy drinks on the structure of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and dentate gyrus of adult male albino rats. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 53:330-341. [PMID: 32993281 PMCID: PMC7527115 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are available worldwide and frequently consumed to increase energy level and compensate lack of sleep. Energy drinks consumers aim to improve their cognitive functions. Red Bull is the most popular energy drink consumed in Egypt. However, the link between the impact of energy drinks on the structure of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and dentate gyrus (DG), a highly vulnerable brain regions to various insults, has not yet documented. To study the effect of energy drinks on structure of hippocampal CA1 and DG of adult male albino rats. Twenty one adult male albino rats were divided into three groups; group I control group, groups II and III received Red Bull, with a dose of 3.75 ml/kg/day orally using gastric tube for four and eight consecutive weeks respectively. At the end of the experiment, brains were dissected and hippocampal specimens were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Histopathological examination of hippocampal sections in group II revealed vacuoles, decrease thickness of pyramidal cell layer with irregular dark or ghost nuclei. However, changes were more severe in group III with cracks in pyramidal cell layer, massive vacuolation and signet ring cells. Moreover, star shaped astrocytes and glial fibrillary acidic protein immuno-reactivity were more abundant in group III than in group II. Caffeinated energy drinks produced neurodegenerative changes and reactive astrocytosis in hippocampal CA1 and DG of adult male albino rats. These changes were duration-dependent being more severe in longer duration of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Kamar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany W Abdel Malak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Adel Saad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Cruz-Muñoz V, Urquizu-Rovira M, Valls-Ibañez V, Manresa-Domínguez JM, Ruiz-Blanco G, Urquizu-Rovira M, Toran-Monserrat P. Consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. The BEENIS study. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 93:242-250. [PMID: 34092337 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The wide range of non-alcoholic drinks are currently grouped as soft (carbonated), sports, and energy drinks, and all of them have a high sugar content, along with their known risk of obesity. Their consumption is increasing and in inadvisable circumstances also an elevated health risk. The real consumption of sports and energy drinks is not well known. OBJECTIVE To determine the habits and consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in which questionnaires were obtained from 4769 schoolchildren from 13-18 years-old from Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. RESULTS The prevalence of consuming soft drinks was observed in 92.9% of the adolescents, and was predominantly done during leisure time, during meals, or any time during the day. In sports it was 61.7%, mainly on practising the sport and in leisure time. In energy drinks, it was 49.2%, mainly in leisure time (they were mixed with alcohol in 49%) and on practising sport. The simultaneous consumption of the three types was 38%, and soft drinks were the most common. DISCUSSION A description is presented on the consumption of sports drinks, normally included as soft drinks, as well as the simultaneous consumption of the three types of drinks, and the time in which they are consumed. We have a diagnostic tool of consumption of these drinks by adolescents in our setting that will enable us to design and evaluate educational interventions in order to make the adolescent population and their families aware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cruz-Muñoz
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord. IDIAPJgol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; EAP Sabadell Nord, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Urquizu-Rovira
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord. IDIAPJgol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; EAP Serraperera, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Valls-Ibañez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord. IDIAPJgol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; EAP La Serra, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep-Maria Manresa-Domínguez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord. IDIAPJgol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Departament d'Infermeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Pere Toran-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord. IDIAPJgol, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Harty PS, Stratton MT, Escalante G, Rodriguez C, Dellinger JR, Williams AD, White SJ, Smith RW, Johnson BA, Sanders MB, Tinsley GM. Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:45. [PMID: 32831109 PMCID: PMC7446127 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks are often consumed by the general population, as well as by active individuals seeking to enhance exercise performance and augment training adaptations. However, limited information is available regarding the efficacy of these products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available caffeine- and protein-containing energy drink on metabolism and muscular performance. METHODS Sixteen resistance-trained males (n = 8; mean ± SD; age: 22.4 ± 4.9 years; body mass: 78.8 ± 14.0 kg; body fat: 15.3 ± 6.4%) and females (n = 8; age: 24.5 ± 4.8 years; body mass: 67.5 ± 11.9 kg; body fat: 26.6 ± 7.1%) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Following a familiarization visit, participants completed two identical visits to the laboratory separated by 5-10 days, each of which consisted of indirect calorimetry energy expenditure (EE) assessments before and after consumption of the beverage (Bang® Keto Coffee; 130 kcal, 300 mg caffeine, 20 g protein) or placebo (30 kcal, 11 mg caffeine, 1 g protein) as well as after exercise testing. In addition, participants' subjective feelings of energy, fatigue, and focus as well as muscular performance (leg press one-repetition maximum and repetitions to fatigue, maximal isometric and isokinetic squat testing) were assessed. Multiple repeated measures ANOVAs with Tukey post-hoc tests were used to analyze data. Estimates of effect size were quantified via partial eta squared (ηP2) and Hedge's g. RESULTS A significant interaction effect was identified for EE (p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.52) but not respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.17, ηP2 = 0.11). Following consumption of the beverage, EE was 0.18 [corrected] kcal·min- 1 greater than placebo at the post-beverage time point (p < 0.001) and 0.08 [corrected] kcal·min- 1 greater than placebo at the post-exercise time point (p = 0.011). However, no between-condition differences were detected for any subjective or muscular performance outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that consumption of the energy drink had minimal effects on lower-body muscular performance and subjective factors in the context of a laboratory setting. However, the beverage was found to significantly increase energy expenditure compared to placebo immediately following ingestion as well as during the recovery period after an exercise bout, suggesting that active individuals may improve acute metabolic outcomes via consumption of a caffeine- and protein-containing energy drink. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04180787 ; Registered 29 November 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Harty
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | | | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Jacob R Dellinger
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Abegale D Williams
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Sarah J White
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Robert W Smith
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Baylor A Johnson
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Mark B Sanders
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA.
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Shukla A, O'Connell A, Orozco T. Energy drink consumption among the adolescent population of the United States. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:192-193. [PMID: 32421602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda O'Connell
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Orozco
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Service, Gainesville, Florida.
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Trapp GS, Hurworth M, Jacoby P, Maddison K, Allen K, Martin K, Christian H, Ambrosini GL, Oddy W, Eastwood PR. Energy drink intake is associated with insomnia and decreased daytime functioning in young adult females. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:1328-37. [PMID: 32723415 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980020001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between energy drink (ED) use and sleep-related disturbances in a population-based sample of young adults from the Raine Study. DESIGN Analysis of cross-sectional data obtained from self-administered questionnaires to assess ED use and sleep disturbance (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Symptoms Questionnaire-Insomnia (PSSQ-I)). Regression modelling was used to estimate the effect of ED use on sleep disturbances. All models adjusted for various potential confounders. SETTING Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS Males and females, aged 22 years, from Raine Study Gen2-22 year follow-up. RESULTS Of the 1115 participants, 66 % were never/rare users (i.e. <once/month) of ED, 17·0 % were occasional users (i.e. >once/month to <once/week) and 17 % were frequent users (≥once/week). Compared with females, a greater proportion of males used ED occasionally (19 % v. 15 %) or frequently (24 % v. 11 %). Among females, frequent ED users experienced significantly higher symptoms of daytime sleepiness (FOSQ-10: β = 0·93, 95 % CI 0·32, 1·54, P = 0·003) and were five times more likely to experience insomnia (PSSQ-I: OR = 5·10, 95 % CI 1·81, 14·35, P = 0·002) compared with never/rare users. No significant associations were observed in males for any sleep outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association between ED use and sleep disturbances in young adult females. Given the importance of sleep for overall health, and ever-increasing ED use, intervention strategies are needed to curb ED use in young adults, particularly females. Further research is needed to determine causation and elucidate reasons for gender-specific findings.
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Lebacq T, Desnouck V, Dujeu M, Holmberg E, Pedroni C, Castetbon K. Determinants of energy drink consumption in adolescents: identification of sex-specific patterns. Public Health 2020; 185:182-188. [PMID: 32645505 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate sex differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of frequent energy drink (ED) consumption in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN This study was based on data collected among French-speaking Belgian adolescents aged 11-20 years (n = 8137) within the 2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. METHODS Multiple logistic analyses stratified by sex were performed to estimate the associations between consuming EDs more than once a week, and various sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. RESULTS Overall, 14.0% of boys and 7.6% of girls consumed ED more than once a week. For both genders, the likelihood of consuming ED more than once a week was higher among adolescents consuming soft drinks daily (vs. < daily), alcohol weekly (vs. < weekly), spending at least 5 h/day in front of screens (vs. < 5 h/day), and going to bed later than 11:30 PM (vs. ≤ 10:00 PM). Among boys, adolescents reporting at least 1 h of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily (vs. < 1 h/day MVPA) were more likely to consume ED more than once a week (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-2.01)). Among girls, adolescents from low affluence families (vs. high affluence) (aOR = 2.03 (95% CI 1.19-3.48)) and immigrants (vs. natives) (2nd generation: aOR = 1.75 (95% CI 1.31-2.32); 1st generation: aOR = 1.90 (95% CI 1.20-3.03)) were more likely to consume ED more than once a week. CONCLUSIONS We identified different patterns of ED consumption in boys and girls. These results suggest that sex-tailored interventions could be relevant to reduce ED consumption in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lebacq
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - V Desnouck
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Dujeu
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Holmberg
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Pedroni
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Castetbon
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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