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Mu H, Ye L, Wang B. Detailed resume of S-methyltransferases: Categories, structures, biological functions and research advancements in related pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116361. [PMID: 38876259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Methylation is a vital chemical reaction in the metabolism of many drugs, neurotransmitters, hormones, and exogenous compounds. Among them, S-methylation plays a significant role in the biotransformation of sulfur-containing compounds, particularly chemicals with sulfhydryl groups. Currently, only three S-methyltransferases have been reported: thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), thiol methyltransferase (TMT), and thioether methyltransferase (TEMT). These enzymes are involved in various biological processes such as gene regulation, signal transduction, protein repair, tumor progression, and biosynthesis and degradation reactions in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Furthermore, they play pivotal roles in the metabolic pathways of essential drugs and contribute to the advancement of diseases such as tumors. This paper reviews the research progress on relevant structural features, metabolic mechanisms, inhibitor development, and influencing factors (gene polymorphism, S-adenosylmethionine level, race, sex, age, and disease) of S-methyltransferases. We hope that a better comprehension of S-methyltransferases will help to provide a reference for the development of novel strategies for related disorders and improve long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Mu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Lisha Ye
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Baolian Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Ma S, Cho S, Sahasranaman S, Zhao W, Pang J, Ding X, Dean B, Wang B, Hsu JY, Ware J, Salphati L. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Taselisib (GDC-0032), a Potent β-Sparing PI3K Inhibitor in Rats, Dogs, and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:436-450. [PMID: 36623882 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Taselisib (also known as GDC-0032) is a potent and selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor that displays greater selectivity for mutant PI3Kα than wild-type PI3Kα To better understand the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of taselisib, mass balance studies were conducted following single oral doses of [14C]taselisib in rats, dogs, and humans. Absolute bioavailability (ABA) of taselisib in humans was determined by oral administration of taselisib at the therapeutic dose followed by intravenous dosing of [14C]taselisib as a microtracer. The ABA in humans was 57.4%. Absorption of taselisib was rapid in rats and dogs and moderately slow in humans. The recovery of radioactivity in excreta was high (>96%) in the three species where feces was the major route of excretion. Taselisib was the major circulating component in the three species with no metabolite accounting for >10% of the total drug-derived material. The fraction absorbed of taselisib was 35.9% in rats and 71.4% in dogs. In rats, absorbed drug underwent moderate to extensive metabolism and biliary excretion of taselisib was minor. In dog, biliary excretion and metabolism were major clearance pathways. In humans, 84.2% of the dose was recovered as the parent drug in excreta indicating that metabolism played a minor role in the drug's clearance. Major metabolism pathways were oxidation and amide hydrolysis in the three species while methylation was another prominent metabolism pathway in dogs. The site of methylation was identified on the triazole moiety. In vitro experiments characterized that the N-methylation was dog-specific and likely mediated by a thiol methyltransferase. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides a comprehensive description of the absorption, distribution, and metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of taselisib in preclinical species and humans. This study demonstrated the importance of oral bioavailability results for understanding taselisib's clearance pathways. The study also describes the identification and characterization of a unique dog-specific N-methylation metabolite of taselisib and the enzyme mediating N-methylation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Srikumar Sahasranaman
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Weiping Zhao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Jodie Pang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Brian Dean
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Jerry Y Hsu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Joseph Ware
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.M., S.C., W.Z., J.P., X.D., B.D., L.S.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (S.S., J.Y.H., J.W.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and XenoBiotic Laboratories (B.W.), Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
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Khojasteh SC, Bumpus NN, Driscoll JP, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM, Zhang D. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2018 literature highlights. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:121-161. [PMID: 31170851 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1615937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades, ADME sciences have become an integral component of the drug discovery and development process. At the same time, the field has continued to evolve, thus, requiring ADME scientists to be knowledgeable of and engage with diverse aspects of drug assessment: from pharmacology to toxicology, and from in silico modeling to in vitro models and finally in vivo models. Progress in this field requires deliberate exposure to different aspects of ADME; however, this task can seem daunting in the current age of mass information. We hope this review provides a focused and brief summary of a wide array of critical advances over the past year and explains the relevance of this research ( Table 1 ). We divided the articles into categories of (1) drug optimization, (2) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (3) bioactivation. This annual review is the fourth of its kind (Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 , 2018 ). We have followed the same format we used in previous years in terms of the selection of articles and the authoring of each section. This effort in itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Rietjens, Miller, and Mitra have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Namandjé N. Bumpus, James P. Driscoll, and Donglu Zhang as authors for this year's issue. We strive to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review. Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Medicine - Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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