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Jiang L, Sun XY, Wang SQ, Liu YL, Lu LJ, Wu WH, Zhi H, Wang ZY, Liu XD, Liu L. Indoxyl sulphate-TNFα axis mediates uremic encephalopathy in rodent acute kidney injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1406-1424. [PMID: 38589687 PMCID: PMC11192958 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often accompanied by uremic encephalopathy resulting from accumulation of uremic toxins in brain possibly due to impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Anionic uremic toxins are substrates or inhibitors of organic anionic transporters (OATs). In this study we investigated the CNS behaviors and expression/function of BBB OAT3 in AKI rats and mice, which received intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 8 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. We showed that cisplatin treatment significantly inhibited the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), impaired locomotor and exploration activities, and increased accumulation of uremic toxins in the brain of AKI rats and mice. In vitro studies showed that uremic toxins neither alter OAT3 expression in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, nor synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the conditioned medium (CM) from RAW264.7 cells treated with indoxyl sulfate (IS) significantly impaired OAT3 expression. TNFα and CM from IS-treated BV-2 cells also inhibited synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in SH-SY5Y cells. The alterations caused by TNFα and CMs in vitro, and by AKI and TNFα in vivo were abolished by infliximab, a monoclonal antibody designed to intercept and neutralize TNFα, suggesting that AKI impaired the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 in the brain via IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia (termed as IS-TNFα axis). Treatment of mice with TNFα (0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p. for 3 days) significantly increased p-p65 expression and reduced the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, silencing p65, or activating Nrf2 and HO-1 obviously attenuated TNFα-induced downregulation of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions. Significantly increased p-p65 and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were also detected in brain of AKI mice and rats. We conclude that AKI inhibits the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 due to IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia. TNFα impairs the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 partly via activating NF-κB pathway and inhibiting Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue-Ying Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Si-Qian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan-Lin Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ling-Jue Lu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wen-Han Wu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhi
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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Sugiyama K, Shimano H, Takahashi M, Shimura Y, Shimura A, Furuya T, Tomabechi R, Shirasaka Y, Higuchi K, Kishimoto H, Inoue K. The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Reveals the Transport Function of MCT6/SLC16A5 Associated with CD147 as a Chloride-Sensitive Organic Anion Transporter in Mammalian Cells. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1113-1120. [PMID: 38160712 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug absorption involves drug permeation across the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes. Although transporters mediating the influx of anionic drugs in the apical membranes have been identified, transporters responsible for efflux in the basolateral membranes remain unclear. Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6/SLC16A5) has been reported to localize to the apical and basolateral membranes of human enterocytes and to transport organic anions such as bumetanide and nateglinide in the Xenopus oocyte expression system; however, its transport functions have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we characterized the function of MCT6 expressed in HEK293T cells and explored fluorescent probes to more easily evaluate MCT6 function. The results illustrated that MCT6 interacts with CD147 to localize at the plasma membrane. When the uptake of various fluorescein derivatives was examined in NaCl-free uptake buffer (pH 5.5), the uptake of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) was significantly greater in MCT6 and CD147-expressing cells. MCT6-mediated 5-CF uptake was saturable with a Km of 1.07 mM and inhibited by several substrates/inhibitors of organic anion transporters and extracellular Cl ion with an IC50 of 53.7 mM. These results suggest that MCT6 is a chloride-sensitive organic anion transporter that can be characterized using 5-CF as a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sugiyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Shimano
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Shimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Furuya
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tomabechi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanao Kishimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Shrestha P, Whelchel AE, Nicholas SE, Liang W, Ma JX, Karamichos D. Monocarboxylate Transporters: Role and Regulation in Corneal Diabetes. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2022; 2022:6718566. [PMID: 36340268 PMCID: PMC9629935 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6718566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases that is known to cause structural and functional ocular complications. In the human cornea, DM-related complications affect the epithelium, stroma, and nerves. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are a family of proton-linked plasma membrane transporters that carry monocarboxylates across plasma membranes. In the context of corneal health and disease, their role, presence, and function are largely undetermined and solely focused on the most common MCT isoforms, 1 through 4. In this study, we investigated the regulation of MCT1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 10, in corneal DM, using established 3D self-assembled extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro models. Primary stromal corneal fibroblasts were isolated from healthy (HCFs), type I (T1DMs), and type II (T2DMs) DM donors. Monoculture 3D constructs were created by stimulating stromal cells on transwells with stable vitamin C for two or four weeks. Coculture 3D constructs were created by adding SH-SY5Y neurons at two different densities, 12 k and 500 k, on top of the monocultures. Our data showed significant upregulation of MCT1 at 4 weeks for HCF, T1DM, and T2DM monocultures, as well as the 500 k nerve cocultures. MCT8 was significantly upregulated in HCF and T1DM monocultures and all of the 500 k nerve cocultures. Further, MCT10 was only expressed at 4 weeks for all cocultures and was limited to HCFs and T1DMs in monocultures. Immunofluorescence analysis showed cytoplasmic MCT expression for all cell types and significant downregulation of both MCT2 and MCT4 in HCFs, when compared to T1DMs and T2DMs. Herein, we reveal the existence and modulation of MCTs in the human diabetic cornea in vitro. Changes appeared dependent on neuronal density, suggesting that MCTs are very likely critical to the neuronal defects observed in diabetic keratopathy/neuropathy. Further studies are warranted in order to fully delineate the role of MCTs in corneal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Shrestha
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Amy E. Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sarah E. Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 575 N Patterson Ave, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 575 N Patterson Ave, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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4
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Ren T, Jones RS, Morris ME. Untargeted metabolomics identifies the potential role of monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6/SLC16A5) in lipid and amino acid metabolism pathways. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00944. [PMID: 35466588 PMCID: PMC9035569 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5) is an orphan transporter protein with expression in multiple tissues. The endogenous function of MCT6 related to human health and disease remains unknown. Our previous transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in Mct6 knockout (KO) mice suggested that MCT6 may play a role in lipid and glucose homeostasis, but additional evidence is required. Thus, the objective of this study was to further explore the impact of MCT6 on metabolic function using untargeted metabolomic analysis in Mct6 KO mice. The plasma from male and female mice and livers from male mice were submitted for global metabolomics analysis to assess the relative changes in endogenous small molecules across the liver and systemic circulation associated with absence of Mct6. More than 782 compounds were detected with 101 and 51 metabolites significantly changed in plasma of male and female mice, respectively, and 100 metabolites significantly changed in the livers of male mice (p < .05). Significant perturbations in lipid metabolism were annotated in the plasma and liver metabolome, with additional alterations in the amino acid metabolism pathway in plasma samples from male and female mice. Elevated lipid diacylglycerol and altered fatty acid metabolite concentrations were found in liver and plasma samples of male Mct6 KO mice. Significant reduction of N-terminal acetylated amino acids was found in plasma samples of male and female Mct6 KO mice. In summary, the present study confirmed the significant role of MCT6 in lipid and amino acid homeostasis, suggesting its contribution in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Robert S. Jones
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marilyn E. Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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5
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Darakjian L, Deodhar M, Turgeon J, Michaud V. Chronic Inflammatory Status Observed in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Induces Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Expression and Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094967. [PMID: 34067027 PMCID: PMC8124164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes a hyperglycemic status which leads, over time, to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most frequent form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which is often part of a metabolic syndrome (hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, abdominal obesity) that usually requires the use of several medications from different drug classes to bring each of these conditions under control. T2DM is associated with an increase in inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α are associated with a downregulation of several drug metabolizing enzymes, especially the cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms CYP3As and CYP2C19. A decrease in these P450 isoenzymes may lead to unexpected rise in plasma levels of substrates of these enzymes. It could also give rise to a mismatch between the genotypes determined for these enzymes, the predicted phenotypes based on these genotypes and the phenotypes observed clinically. This phenomenon is described as phenoconversion. Phenoconversion typically results from either a disease (such as T2DM) or concomitant administration of medications inducing or inhibiting (including competitive or non-competitive inhibition) a P450 isoenzyme used by other substrates for their elimination. Phenoconversion could have a significant impact on drug effects and genotypic-focused clinical outcomes. As the aging population is exposed to polypharmacy along with inflammatory comorbidities, consideration of phenoconversion related to drug metabolizing enzymes is of importance when applying pharmacogenomic results and establishing personalized and more precise drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Darakjian
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (L.D.); (M.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (L.D.); (M.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (L.D.); (M.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (L.D.); (M.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-454-9964
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6
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Xie QS, Zhang JX, Liu M, Liu PH, Wang ZJ, Zhu L, Jiang L, Jin MM, Liu XN, Liu L, Liu XD. Short-chain fatty acids exert opposite effects on the expression and function of p-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in rat intestine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:470-481. [PMID: 32555444 PMCID: PMC8027219 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are involved in intestinal barrier. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play important roles in maintaining intestinal barrier. In this study we explored how SCFAs affected the expression and function of intestinal P-gp and BCRP in rats. Rats received 150 mM acetate, propionate or butyrate in drinking water for 4 weeks. In SCFA-treated rats, the expression and function of intestinal P-gp were decreased, but those of intestinal BCRP were increased; intestinal p-p65 was also decreased, which was positively related to P-gp protein expression. Among the three SCFAs tested, butyrate exhibited the strongest induction or inhibitory effect, followed by propionate and acetate. Similar results were observed in mouse primary enterocytes and Caco-2 cells treated with acetate (5 mM), propionate (2 mM), or butyrate (1 mM). In Caco-2 cells, addition of butyrate, vorinostat, and valproate (two classic HDAC inhibitors), Bay117082 (selective inhibitor of NF-κB activation) or NF-κB p65 silencing significantly decreased the expression of P-gp and the level of phosphorylated p65 (p-p65). Furthermore, butyrate attenuated the expression of P-gp and p-p65 induced by TNF-α (NF-κB activator) and theophylline (HDAC activator). However, vorinostat, valproate, Bay117082, TNF-α or p65 silencing hardly affected BCRP protein expression. But GW9662 (selective PPARγ antagonist) or PPARγ silencing abolished BCRP induction by butyrate and troglitazone (PPARγ agonist). SCFAs-treated rats showed higher intestinal protein expression of PPARγ, which was positively related to BCRP protein expression. Butyrate increased plasma exposure of fexofenadine but decreased that of rosuvastatin following oral dose to rats. In conclusion, SCFAs exert opposite effects on the expression and function of intestinal P-gp and BCRP; butyrate downregulated P-gp expression and function possibly via inhibiting HDAC/NF-κB pathways; butyrate induced BCRP expression and function partly via PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Xie
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Pei-Hua Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng-Meng Jin
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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7
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Diabetes downregulates peptide transporter 1 in the rat jejunum: possible involvement of cholate-induced FXR activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1465-1475. [PMID: 32341465 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), highly expressed on the apical membrane of enterocytes, is involved in energy balance and mediates intestinal absorption of peptidomimetic drugs. In this study, we investigated whether and how diabetes affected the function and expression of intestinal PepT1. Diabetes was induced in rats by combination of high-fat diet and low dose streptozocin injection. Pharmacokinetics study demonstrated that diabetes significantly decreased plasma exposures of cephalexin and acyclovir following oral administration of cephalexin and valacyclovir, respectively. Single-pass intestinal perfusion analysis showed that diabetes remarkably decreased cephalexin absorption, which was associated with decreased expression of intestinal PepT1 protein. We assessed the levels of bile acids in intestine of diabetic rats, and found that diabetic rats exhibited significantly higher levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA) and glycocholic acid (GCA), and lower levels of lithocholic acid (LCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) than control rats; intestinal deoxycholic acid (DCA) levels were unaltered. In Caco-2 cells, the 6 bile acids remarkably decreased expression of PepT1 protein with CDCA causing the strongest inhibition, whereas TNF-α, LPS and insulin little affected expression of PepT1 protein; short-chain fatty acids induced rather than decreased expression of PepT1 protein. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) inhibitor glycine-β-muricholic acid or FXR knockdown reversed the downregulation of PepT1 expression by CDCA and GW4064 (another FXR agonist). In diabetic rats, the expression of intestinal FXR protein was markedly increased. Oral administration of CDCA (90, 180 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 3 weeks) dose-dependently decreased the expression and function of intestinal PepT1 in rats. In conclusion, diabetes impairs the expression and function of intestinal PepT1 partly via CDCA-mediated FXR activation.
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8
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Yin R, Xue Y, Hu J, Hu X, Shen Q. The effects of diet and streptozotocin on metabolism and gut microbiota in a type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1761302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain processing, National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain processing, National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain processing, National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain processing, National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain processing, National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Jones RS, Ruszaj D, Parker MD, Morris ME. Contribution of Monocarboxylate Transporter 6 to the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Bumetanide in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:788-795. [PMID: 32587098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bumetanide, a sulfamyl loop diuretic, is used for the treatment of edema in association with congestive heart failure. Being a polar, anionic compound at physiologic pH, bumetanide uptake and efflux into different tissues is largely transporter-mediated. Of note, organic anion transporters (SLC22A) have been extensively studied in terms of their importance in transporting bumetanide to its primary site of action in the kidney. The contribution of one of the less-studied bumetanide transporters, monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5), to bumetanide pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) has yet to be characterized. The affinity of bumetanide for murine Mct6 was evaluated using Mct6-transfected Xenopus laevis oocytes. Furthermore, bumetanide was intravenously and orally administered to wild-type mice (Mct6+/+) and homozygous Mct6 knockout mice (Mct6-/-) to elucidate the contribution of Mct6 to bumetanide PK/PD in vivo. We demonstrated that murine Mct6 transports bumetanide at a similar affinity compared with human MCT6 (78 and 84 μM, respectively, at pH 7.4). After bumetanide administration, there were no significant differences in plasma PK. Additionally, diuresis was significantly decreased by ∼55% after intravenous bumetanide administration in Mct6-/- mice. Kidney cortex concentrations of bumetanide were decreased, suggesting decreased Mct6-mediated bumetanide transport to its site of action in the kidney. Overall, these results suggest that Mct6 does not play a major role in the plasma PK of bumetanide in mice; however, it significantly contributes to bumetanide's pharmacodynamics due to changes in kidney concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previous evidence suggested that MCT6 transports bumetanide in vitro; however, no studies to date have evaluated the in vivo contribution of this transporter. In vitro studies indicated that mouse and human MCT6 transport bumetanide with similar affinities. Using Mct6 knockout mice, we demonstrated that murine Mct6 does not play a major role in the plasma pharmacokinetics of bumetanide; however, the pharmacodynamic effect of diuresis was attenuated in the knockout mice, likely because of the decreased bumetanide concentrations in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Donna Ruszaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S.J., D.R., M.E.M.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (M.D.P.), University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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10
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Yang Y, Liu X. Imbalance of Drug Transporter-CYP450s Interplay by Diabetes and Its Clinical Significance. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E348. [PMID: 32290519 PMCID: PMC7238081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a drug is dependent upon the coordinate work of influx transporters, enzymes and efflux transporters (i.e., transporter-enzyme interplay). The transporter-enzyme interplay may occur in liver, kidney and intestine. The influx transporters involving drug transport are organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), peptide transporters (PepTs), organic anion transporters (OATs), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and organic cation transporters (OCTs). The efflux transporters are P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The enzymes related to drug metabolism are mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that diabetes alters the expression and functions of CYP450s and transporters in a different manner, disordering the transporter-enzyme interplay, in turn affecting the pharmacokinetics of some drugs. We aimed to focus on (1) the imbalance of transporter-CYP450 interplay in the liver, intestine and kidney due to altered expressions of influx transporters (OATPs, OCTs, OATs, PepTs and MCT6), efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP and MRP2) and CYP450s (CYP3As, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2Cs) under diabetic status; (2) the net contributions of these alterations in the expression and functions of transporters and CYP450s to drug disposition, therapeutic efficacy and drug toxicity; (3) application of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model in transporter-enzyme interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
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Jones RS, Parker MD, Morris ME. Monocarboxylate Transporter 6-Mediated Interactions with Prostaglandin F 2α: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence Utilizing a Knockout Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030201. [PMID: 32110957 PMCID: PMC7150767 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5) is a recently studied drug transporter that currently has no annotated endogenous function. Currently, only a handful of compounds have been characterized as substrates for MCT6 (e.g., bumetanide, nateglinide, probenecid, and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)). The objective of our research was to characterize the MCT6-specific transporter kinetic parameters and MCT6-specific in vitro and in vivo interactions of PGF2α. Murine and human MCT6-mediated transport of PGF2α was assessed in MCT6-transfected oocytes. Additionally, endogenous PGF2α and a primary PGF2α metabolite (PGFM) were measured in plasma and urine in Mct6 knockout (Mct6−/−) and wild-type (Mct6+/+) mice. Results demonstrated that the affinity was approximately 40.1 and 246 µM respectively, for mouse and human, at pH 7.4. In vivo, plasma PGF2α concentrations in Mct6−/− mice were significantly decreased, compared to Mct6+/+ mice (3.3-fold). Mct6-/- mice demonstrated a significant increase in urinary PGF2α concentrations (1.7-fold). A similar trend was observed with plasma PGFM concentrations. However, overnight fasting resulted in significantly increased plasma PGF2α concentrations, suggesting a diet-dependent role of Mct6 regulation on the homeostasis of systemic PGF2α. Overall, these results are the first to suggest the potential regulatory role of MCT6 in PGF2α homeostasis, and potentially other PGs, in distribution and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
- Current Address Is Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Marilyn E. Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-645-4839
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Zhang J, Xie Q, Kong W, Wang Z, Wang S, Zhao K, Chen Y, Liu X, Liu L. Short-chain fatty acids oppositely altered expressions and functions of intestinal cytochrome P4503A and P-glycoprotein and affected pharmacokinetics of verapamil following oral administration to rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:448-460. [PMID: 31863502 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on expressions and functions of intestinal cytochrome P4503A (Cyp3a) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). To develop a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model for assessing their contributions. METHODS Verapamil pharmacokinetics was investigated following oral administration to rats receiving water containing 150 mm SCFAs for 3 weeks. Cyp3a activities in intestinal and liver mircosomes were assessed by norverapamil formation. In-situ single-pass perfusion was used to evaluate intestinal transport of verapamil and P-gp function. Functions and expressions of Cyp3a and P-gp were measured in mouse primary enterocytes following 48-h exposure to SCFAs. Contributions of intestinal P-gp and Cyp3a to verapamil pharmacokinetics were assessed using a semi-PBPK model. KEY FINDINGS Short-chain fatty acids significantly increased oral plasma exposures of verapamil and norverapamil. SCFAs upregulated Cyp3a activity and expression, but downregulated P-gp function and expression in rat intestine, which were repeated in mouse primary enterocytes. PBPK simulation demonstrated contribution of intestinal Cyp3a to oral plasma verapamil exposure was minor, and the increased oral plasma verapamil exposure was mainly attributed to downregulation of intestinal P-gp. CONCLUSIONS Short-chain fatty acids oppositely regulated functions and expressions of intestinal Cyp3a and P-gp. The downregulation of P-gp mainly contributed to the increased oral plasma verapamil exposure by SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiushi Xie
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Kong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijing Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Jones RS, Tu C, Zhang M, Qu J, Morris ME. Characterization and Proteomic-Transcriptomic Investigation of Monocarboxylate Transporter 6 Knockout Mice: Evidence of a Potential Role in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:364-376. [PMID: 31436537 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 6 [(MCT6), SLC16A5] is an orphan transporter with no known endogenous substrates or physiological role. Previous in vitro and in vivo experiments investigated MCT6 substrate/inhibitor specificity in Xenopus laevis oocytes; however, these data remain limited. Transcriptomic changes in the livers of mice undergoing different dieting schemes have suggested that Mct6 plays a role in glucose and lipid metabolism. The objectives of this study were 1) to develop a novel knockout (KO) mouse model (Mct6-/-) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, 2) to characterize the KO animal model by examining physiological and biochemical parameters, and 3) to understand the physiological role of MCT6 in vivo through global proteomic and liver transcriptomic profiling. mRNA tissue analysis demonstrated knockout of Mct6, which showed greater than 90% knockdown of Mct6 (Slc16a5) gene expression in all major tissues analyzed when normalized to Mct6+/+ mice. Proteomic analyses identified greater than 4000 unique proteins in kidney, liver, and colon tissues, among which 51, 38, and 241 proteins were significantly altered, respectively (for each tissue), between Mct6+/+ and Mct6-/- mice. Additionally, Mct6-/- mice demonstrated significant changes in 199 genes in the liver compared with Mct6+/+ mice. In silico biological pathway analyses revealed significant changes in proteins and genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism-associated pathways. This study is the first to provide evidence for an association of Mct6 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This paper focuses on elucidating the innate biological role of an orphan transporter in vivo, which has not been investigated thus far. Using efficient and high-throughput technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic and RNA-sequencing transcriptomic analyses, our laboratory provides the first existence and characterization of a Mct6 knockout mouse model. The evidence gathered in this paper, as well as other laboratories, support the importance of MCT6 in regulating a variety of glucose and lipid metabolic pathways, which may indicate its significance in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., C.T., J.Q., M.E.M.); and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (C.T., M.Z., J.Q.)
| | - Chengjian Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., C.T., J.Q., M.E.M.); and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (C.T., M.Z., J.Q.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., C.T., J.Q., M.E.M.); and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (C.T., M.Z., J.Q.)
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., C.T., J.Q., M.E.M.); and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (C.T., M.Z., J.Q.)
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., C.T., J.Q., M.E.M.); and New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (C.T., M.Z., J.Q.)
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