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Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Roesner JM, Vergara AG, Paragas EM, Aliwarga T, Humphreys S. Enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions: a review of in vivo and in vitro methodologies, regulatory guidance, and translation to the clinic. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-33. [PMID: 39057923 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2381021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can be caused by altered activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in the presence of a perpetrator drug, mostly via inhibition or induction. We identified a gap in the literature for a state-of-the art detailed overview assessing this type of DDI risk in the context of drug development. This manuscript discusses in vitro and in vivo methodologies employed during the drug discovery and development process to predict clinical enzyme-mediated DDIs, including the determination of clearance pathways, metabolic enzyme contribution, and the mechanisms and kinetics of enzyme inhibition and induction. We discuss regulatory guidance and highlight the utility of in silico physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, an approach that continues to gain application and traction in support of regulatory filings. Looking to the future, we consider DDI risk assessment for targeted protein degraders, an emerging small molecule modality, which does not have recommended guidelines for DDI evaluation. Our goal in writing this report was to provide early-career researchers with a comprehensive view of the enzyme-mediated pharmacokinetic DDI landscape to aid their drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Roesner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics (PDMB), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erickson M Paragas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Aliwarga
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Humphreys
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Department, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Korzekwa K, Yadav J, Nagar S. Using Partition Analysis as a Facile Method to Derive Net Clearances. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1867-1879. [PMID: 35579201 PMCID: PMC9372430 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Partition analysis has been described previously by W.W. Cleland to derive net rate constants and simplify the derivation of enzyme kinetic equations. Here, we show that partition analysis can be used to derive elimination and transfer (distribution) net clearances for use in pharmacokinetic models. For elimination clearances, the net clearance approach is exemplified with a mammillary two‐compartment model with peripheral elimination, and the established well‐stirred and full hepatic clearance models. The intrinsic hepatic clearance associated with an observed average hepatic clearance can be easily calculated with net clearances. Expressions for net transfer clearances are easily derived, including models with explicit membranes (e.g., monolayer permeability and blood–brain barrier models). Together, these approaches can be used to derive equations for physiologically based and hybrid compartmental/ physiologically based models. This tutorial describes how net clearances can be used to derive relationships for simple models as well as increasingly complex models, such as inclusion of active transport and target mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, PA 19140, Philadelphia
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, PA 19140, Philadelphia.,Current Address: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, PA 19140, Philadelphia
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Numerical Methods for Modeling Enzyme Kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:147-168. [PMID: 34272694 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Differential equations are used to describe time-dependent changes in enzyme kinetics and pharmacokinetics. Analytical and numerical methods can be used to solve differential equations. This chapter describes the use of numerical methods in solving differential equations and its applications in characterizing the complexities observed in enzyme kinetics. A discussion is included on the use of numerical methods to overcome limitations of explicit equations in the analysis of metabolism kinetics, reversible inhibition kinetics, and inactivation kinetics. The chapter describes the advantages of using numerical methods when Michaelis-Menten assumptions do not hold.
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Chen B, Wang X, Zhang Y, Huang K, Liu H, Xu D, Li S, Liu Q, Huang J, Yao H, Lin X. Improved solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of main biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii extract by amorphous solid dispersion. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:309-322. [PMID: 32037895 PMCID: PMC7034131 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1716876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydro-3′,3‴-biapigenin, 3′,3‴-binaringenin, and delicaflavone are five major hydrophobic components in the total biflavonoids extract from Selaginella doederleinii (TBESD) that display favorable anticancer properties. The purpose of this study was to develop a new oral delivery formulation to improve the solubilities, dissolution rates, and oral bioavailabilities of the main ingredients in TBESD by the solid dispersion technique. Solid dispersions of TBESD with various hydrophilic polymers were prepared, and different technologies were applied to select the suitable carrier and method. TBESD amorphous solid dispersion (TBESD-ASD) with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 was successfully prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical properties of TBESD-ASD were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. As a result, TBESD was found to be molecularly dispersed in the amorphous carrier. The solubilities and dissolution rates of all five ingredients in the TBESD-ASD were significantly increased (nearly 100% release), compared with raw TBESD. Meanwhile, TBESD-ASD showed good preservation stability for 3 months under accelerated conditions of 40 °C and 75% relative humidity. A subsequent pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that Cmax and AUC0–t of all five components were significantly increased by the solid dispersion preparation. An in vivo study clearly revealed that compared to raw TBESD, a significant reduction in tumor size and microvascular density occurred after oral administration of TBESD-ASD to xenograft-bearing tumor mice. Collectively, the developed TBESD-ASD with the improved solubility, dissolution rates and oral bio-availabilities of the main ingredients could be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kangping Huang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dafen Xu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Espiritu MJ, Chen J, Yadav J, Larkin M, Pelletier RD, Chan JM, Gc JB, Natesan S, Harrelson JP. Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1028-1043. [PMID: 32788161 PMCID: PMC7543486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information is scarce regarding pharmacokinetic-based herb-drug interactions (HDI) with trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA), components of cinnamon. Given the presence of cinnamon in food and herbal treatments for various diseases, HDIs involving the CYP2A6 substrates nicotine and letrozole with MCA (KS = 1.58 µM; Hill slope = 1.16) and CA were investigated. The time-dependent inhibition (TDI) by MCA and CA of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that CYP2A6's active site accommodates two dynamic ligands. The preferred binding orientations for MCA and CA were consistent with the observed metabolism: epoxidation, O-demethylation, and aromatic hydroxylation of MCA and cinnamic acid formation from CA. The percent remaining activity plots for TDI by MCA and CA were curved, and they were analyzed with a numerical method using models of varying complexity. The best-fit models support multiple inactivator binding, inhibitor depletion, and partial inactivation. Deconvoluted mass spectra indicated that MCA and CA modified CYP2A6 apoprotein with mass additions of 156.79 (142.54-171.04) and 132.67 (123.37-141.98), respectively, and it was unaffected by glutathione. Heme degradation was observed in the presence of MCA (48.5% ± 13.4% loss; detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). In the absence of clinical data, HDI predictions were made for nicotine and letrozole using inhibition parameters from the best-fit TDI models and parameters scaled from rats. Predicted area under the concentration-time curve fold changes were 4.29 (CA-nicotine), 4.92 (CA-letrozole), 4.35 (MCA-nicotine), and 5.00 (MCA-letrozole). These findings suggest that extensive exposure to cinnamon (corresponding to ≈ 275 mg CA) would lead to noteworthy interactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human exposure to cinnamon is common because of its presence in food and cinnamon-based herbal treatments. Little is known about the risk for cinnamaldehyde and methoxycinnamaldehyde, two components of cinnamon, to interact with drugs that are eliminated by CYP2A6-mediated metabolism. The interactions with CYP2A6 are complex, involving multiple-ligand binding, time-dependent inhibition of nicotine metabolism, heme degradation, and apoprotein modification. An herb-drug interaction prediction suggests that extensive exposure to cinnamon would lead to noteworthy interactions with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Espiritu
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Justin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Michael Larkin
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Robert D Pelletier
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeannine M Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeevan B Gc
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - Senthil Natesan
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
| | - John P Harrelson
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon (M.J.E., M.L., J.P.H.); College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (J.C., J.B.G., S.N.); Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.Y.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (R.D.P.); and Chemistry Department, Pacific University Oregon, Forest Grove, Oregon (J.M.C.)
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Yadav J, Paragas E, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Time-dependent enzyme inactivation: Numerical analyses of in vitro data and prediction of drug-drug interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107449. [PMID: 31836452 PMCID: PMC6995442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme kinetics often do not conform to Michaelis-Menten assumptions, and time-dependent inactivation (TDI) of CYPs displays complexities such as multiple substrate binding, partial inactivation, quasi-irreversible inactivation, and sequential metabolism. Additionally, in vitro experimental issues such as lipid partitioning, enzyme concentrations, and inactivator depletion can further complicate the parameterization of in vitro TDI. The traditional replot method used to analyze in vitro TDI datasets is unable to handle complexities in CYP kinetics, and numerical approaches using ordinary differential equations of the kinetic schemes offer several advantages. Improvement in the parameterization of CYP in vitro kinetics has the potential to improve prediction of clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This manuscript discusses various complexities in TDI kinetics of CYPs, and numerical approaches to model these complexities. The extrapolation of CYP in vitro TDI parameters to predict in vivo DDIs with static and dynamic modeling is discussed, along with a discussion on current gaps in knowledge and future directions to improve the prediction of DDI with in vitro data for CYP catalyzed drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Erickson Paragas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Chen B, Wang X, Lin D, Xu D, Li S, Huang J, Weng S, Lin Z, Zheng Y, Yao H, Lin X. Proliposomes for oral delivery of total biflavonoids extract from Selaginella doederleinii: formulation development, optimization, and in vitro-in vivo characterization. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6691-6706. [PMID: 31692515 PMCID: PMC6708437 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s214686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2'',3''-dihydro-3',3'''-biapigenin, 3',3'''-binaringenin and delicaflavone are five major active ingredients in the total biflavonoids extract from Selaginella doederleinii (TBESD) with favorable anticancer properties. However, the natural-derived potent antitumor agent of TBESD is undesirable due to its poor solubility. The present study was to develop and optimize a proliposomal formulation of TBESD (P-TBESD) to improve its solubility, oral bioavailability and efficacy. Materials and methods P-TBESD containing a bile salt, a protective hydrophilic isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMOs) coating, were successfully prepared by thin film dispersion-sonication method. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of P-TBESD were characterized, and the antitumor effect was evaluated using the HT-29 xenograft-bearing mice models in rats. Results Compared with TBESD, the relative bioavailability of amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2'',3''-dihydro-3',3'''-biapigenin, 3',3'''-binaringenin and delicaflavone from P-TBESD were 669%, 523%, 761%, 955% and 191%, respectively. The results of pharmacodynamics demonstrated that both TBESD and P-TBESD groups afforded antitumor effect without systemic toxicity, and the antitumor effect of P-TBESD was significantly superior to that of raw TBESD, based on the tumor growth inhibition and histopathological examination. Conclusion Hence, IMOs-modified proliposomes have promising potential for TBESD solving the problem of its poor solubility and oral bioavailability, which can serve as a practical oral preparation for TBESD in the future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Lin
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafen Xu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohuang Weng
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Lin
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yao
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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