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Ma C, Yuan D, Renaud SJ, Zhou T, Yang F, Liou Y, Qiu X, Zhou L, Guo Y. Chaihu-shugan-san alleviates depression-like behavior in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress by altering the gut microbiota and levels of the bile acids hyocholic acid and 7-ketoDCA. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1040591. [PMID: 36339629 PMCID: PMC9627339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) is a traditional botanical drug formula often prescribed to treat depression in oriental countries, but its pharmacotherapeutic mechanism remains unknown. It was recently reported that CSS alters the composition of intestinal microflora and related metabolites such as bile acids (BAs). Since the intestinal microflora affects physiological functions of the brain through the gut-microbiota-brain axis, herein we investigated whether CSS altered BA levels, gut microflora, and depression-like symptoms in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice, a well-established mouse model of depression. Furthermore, we determined whether BA manipulation and fecal microbiota transplantation altered CSS antidepressant actions. We found that the BA chelator cholestyramine impaired the antidepressant effects of CSS, which was partially rescued by dietary cholic acid. CSS increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis in the colon of CUMS mice, and increased serum levels of various BAs including hyocholic acid (HCA) and 7-ketodeoxycholic acid (7-ketoDCA). Furthermore, gut bacteria transplantation from CSS-treated mice into untreated or cholestyramine-treated CUMS mice restored serum levels of HCA and 7-ketoDCA, alleviating depression-like symptoms. In the hippocampus, CSS-treated mice had decreased expression of genes associated with BA transport (Bsep and Fxr) and increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, TrkB. Overall, CSS increases intestinal P. distasonis abundance, leading to elevated levels of secondary BAs in the circulation and altered expression of hippocampal genes implicated in BA transport and neurotrophic signaling. Our data strongly suggest that the gut microbiota-brain axis contributes to the potent antidepressant action of CSS by modulating BA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stephen James Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuligh Liou
- China Xiangya Medical Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinjian Qiu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Rast IT, Zini E, Wolfrum C, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Salesov E. Effect of tetra-hydroxylated bile acid on size and insulin sensitivity of subcutaneous adipocytes in healthy lean cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 80:106722. [PMID: 35366568 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Obesity leads to insulin resistance and is a major risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus in cats. Prevention of obesity and obesity-induced insulin resistance is difficult, and reliable long-term strategies are currently lacking. Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ) was recently identified as an important transcription factor in the development of large insulin-resistant adipocytes in mice and humans. RORγ negatively affects adipocyte differentiation through expression of its target gene matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and promotes the development of large insulin-resistant adipocytes. Preliminary studies in mice showed that RORγ can be inhibited by its ligand tetra-hydroxylated bile acid (THBA). In the present study, serum THBA levels were determined in healthy and diabetic cats. Moreover, potential side effects and the effects of THBA supplementation on adipocyte size, mRNA expression of RORγ, MMP3, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, adiponectin and leptin in feline subcutaneous adipocytes and insulin sensitivity were investigated in healthy normal weight cats. Thirteen healthy and 13 diabetic cats were used for determination of serum THBA level, and six healthy normal-weight cats were included in a feeding trial. Similar THBA levels were determined in serum of healthy and diabetic cats. Supplementation of 5 mg/kg THBA for 8 wk did not cause any negative effect on feeding behavior, general condition and blood parameters of tested cats. It significantly reduced adipocyte size and mRNA expression of MMP3, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α in adipocytes, while mRNA expression of adiponectin significantly increased and mRNA expression of RORγ and leptin remained unchanged. Administration of THBA did not influence fasting blood glucose levels or the response of cats to acute insulin administration. Based on these results, THBA is palatable and is considered safe for use in cats. It reduces expression of MMP3 and promotes the development of small adipocytes with increased expression of adiponectin and reduced expression of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the effect of THBA on adipocyte size and insulin sensitivity in obese cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Rast
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy; AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - C Wolfrum
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - T A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C E Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Salesov
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ishimwe JA, Dola T, Ertuglu LA, Kirabo A. Bile acids and salt-sensitive hypertension: a role of the gut-liver axis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H636-H646. [PMID: 35245132 PMCID: PMC8957326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00027.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) affects 50% of the hypertensive and 25% of the normotensive populations. Importantly, SSBP is associated with increased risk for mortality in both populations independent of blood pressure. Despite its deleterious effects, the pathogenesis of SSBP is not fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests a novel role of bile acids in salt-sensitive hypertension and that they may play a crucial role in regulating inflammation and fluid volume homeostasis. Mechanistic evidence implicates alterations in the gut microbiome, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the farnesoid X receptor, and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 in bile acid-mediated effects on cardiovascular function. The mechanistic interplay between excess dietary sodium-induced alterations in the gut microbiome and immune cell activation, bile acid signaling, and whether such interplay may contribute to the etiology of SSBP is still yet to be defined. The main goal of this review is to discuss the potential role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease with a focus on salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thanvi Dola
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lale A Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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