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Izat N, Bolleddula J, Abbasi A, Cheruzel L, Jones RS, Moss D, Ortega-Muro F, Parmentier Y, Peterkin VC, Tian DD, Venkatakrishnan K, Zientek MA, Barber J, Houston JB, Galetin A, Scotcher D. Challenges and Opportunities for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Clearance: Toward a Roadmap for Quantitative Translation. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1591-1606. [PMID: 37751998 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Underestimation of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated clearance by current in vitro assays leads to uncertainty in human dose projections, thereby reducing the likelihood of success in drug development. In the present study we first evaluated the current drug development practices for AO substrates. Next, the overall predictive performance of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) and unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance by AO (CLint,u,AO) was assessed using a comprehensive literature database of in vitro (human cytosol/S9/hepatocytes) and in vivo (intravenous/oral) data collated for 22 AO substrates (total of 100 datapoints from multiple studies). Correction for unbound fraction in the incubation was done by experimental data or in silico predictions. The fraction metabolized by AO (fmAO) determined via in vitro/in vivo approaches was found to be highly variable. The geometric mean fold errors (gmfe) for scaled CLint,u (mL/min/kg) were 10.4 for human hepatocytes, 5.6 for human liver cytosols, and 5.0 for human liver S9, respectively. Application of these gmfe's as empirical scaling factors improved predictions (45%-57% within twofold of observed) compared with no correction (11%-27% within twofold), with the scaling factors qualified by leave-one-out cross-validation. A road map for quantitative translation was then proposed following a critical evaluation on the in vitro and clinical methodology to estimate in vivo fmAO In conclusion, the study provides the most robust system-specific empirical scaling factors to date as a pragmatic approach for the prediction of in vivo CLint,u,AO in the early stages of drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Confidence remains low when predicting in vivo clearance of AO substrates using in vitro systems, leading to de-prioritization of AO substrates from the drug development pipeline to mitigate risk of unexpected and costly in vivo impact. The current study establishes a set of empirical scaling factors as a pragmatic tool to improve predictability of in vivo AO clearance. Developing clinical pharmacology strategies for AO substrates by utilizing mass balance/clinical drug-drug interaction data will help build confidence in fmAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Armina Abbasi
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Darren Moss
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fatima Ortega-Muro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Vincent C Peterkin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
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Subash S, Singh DK, Ahire DS, Khojasteh SC, Murray BP, Zientek MA, Jones RS, Kulkarni P, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Cronin CN, Prasad B. Dissecting Parameters Contributing to the Underprediction of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Metabolic Clearance of Drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1362-1371. [PMID: 37429730 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of variability and instability in aldehyde oxidase (AO) content and activity on the scaling of in vitro metabolism data. AO content and activity in human liver cytosol (HLC) and five recombinant human AO preparations (rAO) were determined using targeted proteomics and carbazeran oxidation assay, respectively. AO content was highly variable as indicated by the relative expression factor (REF; i.e., HLC to rAO content) ranging from 0.001 to 1.7 across different in vitro systems. The activity of AO in HLC degrades at a 10-fold higher rate in the presence of the substrate as compared with the activity performed after preincubation without substrate. To scale the metabolic activity from rAO to HLC, a protein-normalized activity factor (pnAF) was proposed wherein the activity was corrected by AO content, which revealed up to sixfold higher AO activity in HLC versus rAO systems. A similar value of pnAF was observed for another substrate, ripasudil. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling revealed a significant additional clearance (CL; 66%), which allowed for the successful prediction of in vivo CL of four other substrates, i.e., O-benzyl guanine, BIBX1382, zaleplon, and zoniporide. For carbazeran, the metabolite identification study showed that the direct glucuronidation may be contributing to around 12% elimination. Taken together, this study identified differential protein content, instability of in vitro activity, role of additional AO clearance, and unaccounted metabolic pathways as plausible reasons for the underprediction of AO-mediated drug metabolism. Consideration of these factors and integration of REF and pnAF in PBPK models will allow better prediction of AO metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study elucidated the plausible reasons for the underprediction of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated drug metabolism and provided recommendations to address them. It demonstrated that integrating protein content and activity differences and accounting for the loss of AO activity, as well as consideration of extrahepatic clearance and additional pathways, would improve the in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of AO-mediated drug metabolism using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Dilip K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Deepak S Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Bill J Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Scott Heyward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Ciarán N Cronin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington (S.S., D.K.S., D.S.A., B.P.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (S.C.K., R.S.J.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (B.P.M., B.J.S.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.K.); BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Structural Biology and Protein Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development and Medical, La Jolla, California (C.N.C.)
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3
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Gajula SNR, Nathani TN, Patil RM, Talari S, Sonti R. Aldehyde oxidase mediated drug metabolism: an underpredicted obstacle in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:427-448. [PMID: 36369949 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) has garnered curiosity as a non-CYP metabolizing enzyme in drug development due to unexpected consequences such as toxic metabolite generation and high metabolic clearance resulting in the clinical failure of new drugs. Therefore, poor AO mediated clearance prediction in preclinical nonhuman species remains a significant obstacle in developing novel drugs. Various isoforms of AO, such as AOX1, AOX3, AOX3L1, and AOX4 exist across species, and different AO activity among humans influences the AO mediated drug metabolism. Therefore, carefully considering the unique challenges is essential in developing successful AO substrate drugs. The in vitro to in vivo extrapolation underpredicts AO mediated drug clearance due to the lack of reliable representative animal models, substrate-specific activity, and the discrepancy between absolute concentration and activity. An in vitro tool to extrapolate in vivo clearance using a yard-stick approach is provided to address the underprediction of AO mediated drug clearance. This approach uses a range of well-known AO drug substrates as calibrators for qualitative scaling new drugs into low, medium, or high clearance category drugs. So far, in vivo investigations on chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) have predicted AO mediated metabolism to the best extent. This review addresses the critical aspects of the drug discovery stage for AO metabolism studies, challenges faced in drug development, approaches to tackle AO mediated drug clearance's underprediction, and strategies to decrease the AO metabolism of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Tanaaz Navin Nathani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rashmi Madhukar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sasikala Talari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
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Toselli F, Golding M, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Chanteux H. Drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase: can we avoid clinical failure? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:890-903. [PMID: 36170034 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a major drug-metabolising enzyme, predicting the pharmacokinetics of its substrates remains challenging. Several drug candidates have been terminated due to high clearance, which were subsequently discovered to be AO substrates. Even retrospective extrapolation of human clearance, from models more sensitive to AO activity, often resulted in underprediction.The questions of the current work thus were: Is there an acceptable degree of in vitro AO metabolism that does not result in high in vivo human clearance? And, if so, how can this be predicted?We built an in vitro/in vivo correlation using known AO substrates, combining multiple in vitro parameters to calculate the blood metabolic clearance mediated by AO (CLbAO). This value was compared with observed blood clearance (CLb-obs), establishing cut-off CLbAO values, to discriminate between low and high CLb-obs. The model was validated using additional literature compounds, and CLb-obs was predicted in the correct category.This simple, categorical, semi-quantitative yet multi-factorial model is readily applicable in drug discovery. Further, it is valuable for high-clearance compounds, as it predicts the CLb group, rather than an exact CLb value, for the substrates of this poorly-characterised enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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5
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Jackson KD, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch RD, Driscoll JP, Heck C, King L, Maw HH, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and Reactivity Research Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:246-281. [PMID: 35876116 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This year's review on bioactivation and reactivity began as a part of the annual review on biotransformation and bioactivation led by Cyrus Khojasteh (Khojasteh et al., 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017; Baillie et al., 2016). Increased contributions from experts in the field led to the development of a stand alone edition for the first time this year focused specifically on bioactivation and reactivity. Our objective for this review is to highlight and share articles which we deem influential and significant regarding the development of covalent inhibitors, mechanisms of reactive metabolite formation, enzyme inactivation, and drug safety. Based on the selected articles, we created two sections: (1) reactivity and enzyme inactivation, and (2) bioactivation mechanisms and safety (Table 1). Several biotransformation experts have contributed to this effort from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Carley Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St Slot 516, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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