Amino Acid Solute Carrier Transporters in Inflammation and Autoimmunity

Defective Integrator activity shapes the transcriptome of patients with multiple sclerosis

HP1α/CBX5 is an epigenetic regulator with a suspected role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, using high-depth RNA sequencing on monocytes, we identified a subset of MS patients with reduced CBX5 expression, correlating with progressive stages of the disease and extensive transcriptomic alterations. Examination of rare non-coding RNA species in these patients revealed impaired maturation/degradation of U snRNAs and enhancer RNAs, indicative of reduced activity of the Integrator, a complex with suspected links to increased MS risk. At protein-coding genes, compromised Integrator activity manifested in reduced pre-mRNA splicing efficiency and altered expression of genes regulated by RNA polymerase II pause-release. Inactivation of Cbx5 in the mouse mirrored most of these transcriptional defects and resulted in hypersensitivity to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Collectively, our observations suggested a major contribution of the Integrator complex in safeguarding against transcriptional anomalies characteristic of MS, with HP1α/CBX5 emerging as an unexpected regulator of this complex's activity. These findings bring novel insights into the transcriptional aspects of MS and provide potential new criteria for patient stratification.

Regulatory Effects of SLC7A2-CPB2 on Lymphangiogenesis: A New Approach to Suppress Lymphatic Metastasis in HNSCC

BACKGROUND

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a critical factor affecting the outcomes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the main reason for treatment failure. This study was designed to examine the effects of the key genes involved in the LNM of HNSCC.

METHODS

Tissue samples (HNSCC) were examined by transcriptome sequencing, and the core genes associated with LNM were detected via bioinformatics analysis. The functions of these core genes were then validated using the TCGA biological database and their effects on the propagation, invasion, and metastasis of HNSCC cells were evaluated through cell culture experiments. Moreover, the effect of core gene expression on the LNM capability of HNSCC was confirmed via a footpad xenograft mice model.

RESULTS

In the findings, a key gene involved in the LNM of HNSCC was identified as SLC7A2. It was correlated with adverse clinical prognosis and expressed with low expression in HNSCC tissues. As shown in cell culture experiments, FaDu and SCC15 cell growth, invasion, and migration were inhibited when SLC7A2 was overexpressed. Further, cell apoptosis was stimulated, and lymphangiogenesis was suppressed through the downregulation of CPB2 expression. Animal studies demonstrated that the growth and LNM of HNSCC cells were inhibited by SLC7A2 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that SLC7A2 is involved in HNSCC lymphatic metastasis by controlling CPB2 function. The results are anticipated to offer new directions for the effective treatment of HNSCC.

Cytokines reprogram airway sensory neurons in asthma

Nociceptor neurons play a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by detecting and responding to potential dangers in the environment. However, this function can be detrimental during allergic reactions, since vagal nociceptors can contribute to immune cell infiltration, bronchial hypersensitivity, and mucus imbalance, in addition to causing pain and coughing. Despite this, the specific mechanisms by which nociceptors acquire pro-inflammatory characteristics during allergic reactions are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular profile of airway nociceptor neurons during allergic airway inflammation and identify the signals driving such reprogramming. Using retrograde tracing and lineage reporting, we identified a unique class of inflammatory vagal nociceptor neurons that exclusively innervate the airways. In the ovalbumin mouse model of airway inflammation, these neurons undergo significant reprogramming characterized by the upregulation of the NPY receptor Npy1r. A screening of cytokines and neurotrophins revealed that IL-1β, IL-13 and BDNF drive part of this reprogramming. IL-13 triggered Npy1r overexpression in nociceptors via the JAK/STAT6 pathway. In parallel, sympathetic neurons and macrophages release NPY in the bronchoalveolar fluid of asthmatic mice, which limits the excitability of nociceptor neurons. Single-cell RNA sequencing of lung immune cells has revealed that a cell-specific knockout of Npy1r in nociceptor neurons in asthmatic mice leads to an increase in airway inflammation mediated by T cells. Opposite findings were observed in asthmatic mice in which nociceptor neurons were chemically ablated. In summary, allergic airway inflammation reprograms airway nociceptor neurons to acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype, while a compensatory mechanism involving NPY1R limits nociceptor neurons' activity.

Rewired glutamate metabolism diminishes cytostatic action of L-asparaginase

Tumor cells often adapt to amino acid deprivation through metabolic rewiring, compensating for the loss with alternative amino acids/substrates. We have described such a scenario in leukemic cells treated with L-asparaginase (ASNase). Clinical effect of ASNase is based on nutrient stress achieved by its dual enzymatic action which leads to depletion of asparagine and glutamine and is accompanied with elevated aspartate and glutamate concentrations in serum of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. We showed that in these limited conditions glutamate uptake compensates for the loss of glutamine availability. Extracellular glutamate flux detection confirms its integration into the TCA cycle and its participation in nucleotide and glutathione synthesis. Importantly, it is glutamate-driven de novo synthesis of glutathione which is the essential metabolic pathway necessary for glutamate's pro-survival effect. In vivo findings support this effect by showing that inhibition of glutamate transporters enhances the therapeutic effect of ASNase. In summary, ASNase induces elevated extracellular glutamate levels under nutrient stress, which leads to a rewiring of intracellular glutamate metabolism and has a negative impact on ASNase treatment.

Single-cell sequencing reveals glial cell involvement in development of neuropathic pain via myelin sheath lesion formation in the spinal cord

BACKGROUND

Neuropathic pain (NP), which results from injury or lesion of the somatosensory nervous system, is intimately associated with glial cells. The roles of microglia and astrocytes in NP have been broadly described, while studies on oligodendrocytes have largely focused on axonal myelination. The mechanisms of oligodendrocytes and their interactions with other glial cells in NP development remain uncertain.

METHODS

To explore the function of the interaction of the three glial cells and their interactions on myelin development in NP, we evaluated changes in NP and myelin morphology after a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in mice, and used single-cell sequencing to reveal the subpopulations characteristics of oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes in the spinal cord tissues, as well as their relationship with myelin lesions; the proliferation and differentiation trajectories of oligodendrocyte subpopulations were also revealed using pseudotime cell trajectory and RNA velocity analysis. In addition, we identified chemokine ligand-receptor pairs between glial cells by cellular communication and verified them using immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

Our study showed that NP peaked on day 7 after CCI in mice, a time at which myelin lesions were present in both the spinal cord and sciatic nerve. Oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes subpopulations in spinal cord tissue were heterogeneous after CCI and all were involved in suppressing the process of immune defense and myelin production. In addition, the differentiation trajectory of oligodendrocytes involved a unidirectional lattice process of OPC-1-Oligo-9, which was arrested at the Oligo-2 stage under the influence of microglia and astrocytes. And the CADM1-CADM1, NRP1-VEGFA interactions between glial cells are enhanced after CCI and they had a key role in myelin lesions and demyelination.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals the close relationship between the differentiation block of oligodendrocytes after CCI and their interaction with microglia and astrocytes-mediated myelin lesions and NP. CADM1/CADM1 and NRP-1/VEGFA may serve as potential therapeutic targets for use in the treatment of NP.

Gene expression and alternative splicing analysis in a large-scale Multiple Sclerosis study

Background

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease affecting approximately 3 million people globally. Despite rigorous research on MS, aspects of its development and progression remain unclear. Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying MS is crucial to providing insights into disease pathways, identifying potential biomarkers for early diagnosis, and revealing novel therapeutic targets for improved patient outcomes.

Methods

We utilized publicly available RNA-seq data (GSE138614) from post-mortem white matter tissues of five donors without any neurological disorder and ten MS patient donors. This data was interrogated for differential gene expression, alternative splicing and single nucleotide variants as well as for functional enrichments in the resulting datasets.

Results

A comparison of non-MS white matter (WM) to MS samples yielded differentially expressed genes involved in adaptive immune response, cell communication, and developmental processes. Genes with expression changes positively correlated with tissue inflammation were enriched in the immune system and receptor interaction pathways. Negatively correlated genes were enriched in neurogenesis, nervous system development, and metabolic pathways. Alternatively spliced transcripts between WM and MS lesions included genes that play roles in neurogenesis, myelination, and oligodendrocyte differentiation, such as brain enriched myelin associated protein (BCAS1), discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1 (DLG1), KH domain containing RNA binding (QKI), and myelin basic protein (MBP). Our approach to comparing normal appearing WM (NAWM) and active lesion (AL) from one donor and NAWM and chronic active (CA) tissues from two donors, showed that different IgH and IgK gene subfamilies were differentially expressed. We also identified pathways involved in white matter injury repair and remyelination in these tissues. Differentially spliced genes between these lesions were involved in axon and dendrite structure stability. We also identified exon skipping events and spontaneous single nucleotide polymorphisms in membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 1 (MARCHF1), UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), and other genes important in autoimmunity and neurodegeneration.

Conclusion

Overall, we identified unique genes, pathways, and novel splicing events affecting disease progression that can be further investigated as potential novel drug targets for MS treatment.

Variegated overexpression of chromosome 21 genes reveals molecular and immune subtypes of Down syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome, the genetic condition caused by trisomy 21, exhibit strong inter-individual variability in terms of developmental phenotypes and diagnosis of co-occurring conditions. The mechanisms underlying this variable developmental and clinical presentation await elucidation. We report an investigation of human chromosome 21 gene overexpression in hundreds of research participants with Down syndrome, which led to the identification of two major subsets of co-expressed genes. Using clustering analyses, we identified three main molecular subtypes of trisomy 21, based on differential overexpression patterns of chromosome 21 genes. We subsequently performed multiomics comparative analyses among subtypes using whole blood transcriptomes, plasma proteomes and metabolomes, and immune cell profiles. These efforts revealed strong heterogeneity in dysregulation of key pathophysiological processes across the three subtypes, underscored by differential multiomics signatures related to inflammation, immunity, cell growth and proliferation, and metabolism. We also observed distinct patterns of immune cell changes across subtypes. These findings provide insights into the molecular heterogeneity of trisomy 21 and lay the foundation for the development of personalized medicine approaches for the clinical management of Down syndrome.

Transcriptional signatures in human macrophage-like cells infected by Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica

BACKGROUND

In the Mediterranean basin, three Leishmania species have been identified: L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica, causing zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and anthroponotic CL, respectively. Despite animal models and genomic/transcriptomic studies provided important insights, the pathogenic determinants modulating the development of VL and CL are still poorly understood. This work aimed to identify host transcriptional signatures shared by cells infected with L. infantum, L. major, and L. tropica, as well as specific transcriptional signatures elicited by parasites causing VL (i.e., L. infantum) and parasites involved in CL (i.e., L. major, L. tropica).

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

U937 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells were infected with L. infantum, L. major and L. tropica for 24h and 48h, and total RNA was extracted. RNA sequencing, performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, was used to evaluate the transcriptional signatures of infected cells with respect to non-infected cells at both time points. The EdgeR package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (fold change > 2 and FDR-adjusted p-values < 0.05). Then, functional enrichment analysis was employed to identify the enriched ontology terms in which these genes are involved. At 24h post-infection, a common signature of 463 dysregulated genes shared among all infection conditions was recognized, while at 48h post-infection the common signature was reduced to 120 genes. Aside from a common transcriptional response, we evidenced different upregulated functional pathways characterizing L. infantum-infected cells, such as VEGFA-VEGFR2 and NFE2L2-related pathways, indicating vascular remodeling and reduction of oxidative stress as potentially important factors for visceralization.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of pathways elicited by parasites causing VL or CL could lead to new therapeutic strategies for leishmaniasis, combining the canonical anti-leishmania compounds with host-directed therapy.

Characterization of the Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment of Cellular Senescence-related Genes through scRNA-seq and Bulk RNA-seq Analysis in GC

BACKGROUND

Cellular senescence (CS) is thought to be the primary cause of cancer development and progression. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic role and molecular subtypes of CS-associated genes in gastric cancer (GC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CellAge database was utilized to acquire CS-related genes. Expression data and clinical information of GC patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Patients were then grouped into distinct subtypes using the "Consesus- ClusterPlus" R package based on CS-related genes. An in-depth analysis was conducted to assess the gene expression, molecular function, prognosis, gene mutation, immune infiltration, and drug resistance of each subtype. In addition, a CS-associated risk model was developed based on Cox regression analysis. The nomogram, constructed on the basis of the risk score and clinical factors, was formulated to improve the clinical application of GC patients. Finally, several candidate drugs were screened based on the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP) and PRISM Repurposing dataset.

RESULTS

According to the cluster result, patients were categorized into two molecular subtypes (C1 and C2). The two subtypes revealed distinct expression levels, overall survival (OS) and clinical presentations, mutation profiles, tumor microenvironment (TME), and drug resistance. A risk model was developed by selecting eight genes from the differential expression genes (DEGs) between two molecular subtypes. Patients with GC were categorized into two risk groups, with the high-risk group exhibiting a poor prognosis, a higher TME level, and increased expression of immune checkpoints. Function enrichment results suggested that genes were enriched in DNA repaired pathway in the low-risk group. Moreover, the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) analysis indicated that immunotherapy is likely to be more beneficial for patients in the low-risk group. Drug analysis results revealed that several drugs, including ML210, ML162, dasatinib, idronoxil, and temsirolimus, may contribute to the treatment of GC patients in the high-risk group. Moreover, the risk model genes presented a distinct expression in single-cell levels in the GSE150290 dataset.

CONCLUSION

The two molecular subtypes, with their own individual OS rate, expression patterns, and immune infiltration, lay the foundation for further exploration into the GC molecular mechanism. The eight gene signatures could effectively predict the GC prognosis and can serve as reliable markers for GC patients.

Defining solute carrier transporter signatures of murine immune cell subsets

Solute carrier (SLC) transporters are membrane-bound proteins that facilitate nutrient transport, and the movement across cellular membranes of various substrates ranging from ions to amino acids, metabolites and drugs. Recently, SLCs have gained increased attention due to their functional linkage to innate immunological processes such as the clearance of dead cells and anti-microbial defense. Further, the druggable nature of these transporters provides unique opportunities for improving outcomes in different immunological diseases. Although the SLCs represent the largest group of transporters and are often identified as significant hits in omics data sets, their role in immunology has been insufficiently explored. This is partly due to the absence of tools that allow identification of SLC expression in particular immune cell types and enable their comparison before embarking on functional studies. In this study, we used publicly available RNA-Seq data sets to analyze the transcriptome in adaptive and innate immune cells, focusing on differentially and highly expressed SLCs. This revealed several new insights: first, we identify differentially expressed SLC transcripts in phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils) compared to adaptive immune cells; second, we identify new potential immune cell markers based on SLC expression; and third, we provide user-friendly online tools for researchers to explore SLC genes of interest (and the rest of the genes as well), in three-way comparative dot plots among immune cells. We expect this work to facilitate SLC research and comparative transcriptomic studies across different immune cells.

Maladaptive T-Cell Metabolic Fitness in Autoimmune Diseases

Immune surveillance and adaptive immune responses, involving continuously circulating and tissue-resident T-lymphocytes, provide host defense against infectious agents and possible malignant transformation while avoiding autoimmune tissue damage. Activation, migration, and deployment of T-cells to affected tissue sites are crucial for mounting an adaptive immune response. An effective adaptive immune defense depends on the ability of T-cells to dynamically reprogram their metabolic requirements in response to environmental cues. Inability of the T-cells to adapt to specific metabolic demands may skew cells to become either hyporesponsive (creating immunocompromised conditions) or hyperactive (causing autoimmune tissue destruction). Here, we review maladaptive T-cell metabolic fitness that can cause autoimmune diseases and discuss how T-cell metabolic programs can potentially be modulated to achieve therapeutic benefits.

Dietary Debaryomyces hansenii promotes skin and skin mucus defensive capacities in a marine fish model

The present study explores the effects of two supplementation levels of Debaryomyces hansenii (1.1% and 2.2%) as a probiotic in a reference low fish meal-based diet on the skin mucosal tissue in Sparus aurata. This study includes the evaluation of fish performance coupled with a holistic study of the skin mucosa: i) a transcriptomic study of the skin tissue, and ii) the evaluation of its secreted mucus both in terms of skin mucosal-associated biomarkers and its defensive capacity by means of co-culture analysis with two pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that after 70 days of diet administration, fish fed the diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 1.1% presented increased somatic growth and a better feed conversion ratio, compared to fish fed the control diet. In contrast, fish fed the diet including 2.2% of the probiotic presented intermediate values. Regarding gene regulation, the probiotic administration at 1.1% resulted in 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 53.4% and 46.6% were up- and down-regulated, respectively. In particular, D. hansenii modulated some skin biological processes related to immunity and metabolism. Specifically, D. hansenii administration induced a strong modulation of some immune biological-related processes (61 DEGs), mainly involved in B- and T-cell regulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary D. hansenii promoted the skin barrier function by the upregulation of anchoring junction genes (23 DEGs), which reinforces the physical defense against potential skin damage. In contrast, the skin showed modulated genes related to extracellular exosome and membrane organization (50 DEGs). This modulated functioning is of great interest, particularly in relation to the increased skin mucus defensive capacity observed in the bacterial co-culture in vitro trials, which could be related to the increased modulation and exudation of the innate immune components from the skin cells into the mucus. In summary, the modulation of innate immune parameters coupled with increased skin barrier function and cell trafficking potentiates the skin's physical barrier and mucus defensive capacity, while maintaining the skin mucosa's homeostatic immune and metabolic status. These findings confirmed the advantages of D. hansenii supplementation in low fish meal-based diets, demonstrating the probiotic benefits on cultured marine species.

Identification and validation of immune and oxidative stress-related diagnostic markers for diabetic nephropathy by WGCNA and machine learning

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease, but existing therapeutics are limited. Therefore, novel molecular pathways that contribute to DN therapy and diagnostics are urgently needed.

Methods

Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and Limma R package, we identified differentially expressed genes of DN and downloaded oxidative stress-related genes based on the Genecard database. Then, immune and oxidative stress-related hub genes were screened by combined WGCNA, machine learning, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and validated by external validation sets. We conducted ROC analysis to assess the diagnostic efficacy of hub genes. The correlation of hub genes with clinical characteristics was analyzed by the Nephroseq v5 database. To understand the cellular clustering of hub genes in DN, we performed single nucleus RNA sequencing through the KIT database.

Results

Ultimately, we screened three hub genes, namely CD36, ITGB2, and SLC1A3, which were all up-regulated. According to ROC analysis, all three demonstrated excellent diagnostic efficacy. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of hub genes was significantly correlated with the deterioration of renal function, and the results of single nucleus RNA sequencing showed that hub genes were mainly clustered in endothelial cells and leukocyte clusters.

Conclusion

By combining three machine learning algorithms with WGCNA analysis, this research identified three hub genes that could serve as novel targets for the diagnosis and therapy of DN.

SLC1A2 Gene Polymorphism Influences Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis

SLC1A2 is a gene encoded for the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 which is responsible for glutamate reuptake from the synaptic cleft in the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms on glutamate transporters can affect drug dependence, leading to the development of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. Our study investigated the association of rs4755404 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the SLC1A2 gene with methamphetamine (METH) dependence and METH-induced psychosis and mania in a Malaysian population. The rs4755404 gene polymorphism was genotyped in METH-dependent male subjects (n = 285) and male control subjects (n = 251). The subjects consisted of the four ethnic groups in Malaysia (Malay, Chinese, Kadazan-Dusun, and Bajau). Interestingly, there was a significant association between rs4755404 polymorphism and METH-induced psychosis in the pooled METH-dependent subjects in terms of genotype frequency (p = 0.041). However, there was no significant association between rs4755404 polymorphism and METH dependence. Also, the rs455404 polymorphism was not significantly associated with METH-induced mania for both genotype frequencies and allele frequencies in the METH-dependent subjects, regardless of stratification into the different ethnicities. Our study suggests that the SLC1A2 rs4755404 gene polymorphism confers some susceptibility to METH-induced psychosis, especially for those who carry the GG homozygous genotype.

Lower SLC7A2 expression is associated with enhanced multidrug resistance, less immune infiltrates and worse prognosis of NSCLC

BACKGROUND

Solute carrier family 7 member 2 (SLC7A2), a cationic amino acid transporter, is lowly expressed in ovarian and hepatocellular cancers, which is associated with their worse prognosis. However, its roles in the prognosis, drug resistance and immune infiltration in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unclear.

METHODS

We chose SLC7A2 from RNA-Seq of paclitaxel/cisplatin-resistant A549 cells, then bioinformatics, cell lines construction, RT-qPCR, and CCK8 were performed to investigate SLC7A2 role.

RESULT

We analyzed the 223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-Seq of paclitaxel/cisplatin-resistant A549 cells and found that SLC7A2 expression was down-regulated in NSCLC. Lower SLC7A2 expression was associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) in NSCLC. SLC7A2 silencing enhanced the proliferation of NSCLC cells and their insensitivity to paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine in vitro. Activation of AMPK has up-regulated SLC7A2 expression and enhanced the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to anti-tumor drugs, which could be attributed to E2F1's regulation. In addition, the levels of SLC7A2 expression were correlated to the numbers of infiltrated neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and their marker genes, like CD86, HLA-DPA1 and ITGAM.

CONCLUSIONS

SLC7A2 may act as a tumor suppressor to modulate drug sensitivity, immune infiltration and survival in NSCLC. Video abstract.

Targeting N-type calcium channels in young-onset of some neurological diseases

Calcium (Ca ²⁺) is an important second messenger in charge of many critical processes in the central nervous system (CNS), including membrane excitability, neurotransmission, learning, memory, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. In this way, the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) act as a key supply for Ca²⁺ entry into the cytoplasm and organelles. Importantly, the dysregulation of these channels has been reported in many neurological diseases of young-onset, with associated genetic factors, such as migraine, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Notably, the literature has pointed to the role of N-type Ca²⁺ channels (NTCCs) in controlling a variety of processes, including pain, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. Moreover, several Ca²⁺ channel blockers that are used for therapeutic purposes have been shown to act on the N-type channels. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the NTCCs in neurological disorders focusing mainly on Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and migraine. It will discuss possible strategies to generate novel therapeutic strategies.

Catechin Mediates Ferroptosis to Exert an Anti-Inflammatory Effect on RAW 264.7 Cells

Catechin possesses a potential anti-inflammatory activity, but its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still unclear. Herein, the analysis of network pharmacology showed that catechin might mediate ferroptosis on macrophages to exhibit a significant anti-inflammatory effect on RAW264.7. The metabolomics further indicated that catechin might influence ferroptosis by activating two pathways of cysteine and methionine metabolism and glutathione metabolism, and inhibiting the pathway of ferroptosis to promote the reduction of l-methionine-s-oxide and s-glutathionyl-l-cysteine, and the reduction and synthesis of γ-glutamylcysteine. Furthermore, related proteins (MSRA, CDR, GSR and GCL) in three metabolic pathways and ferroptosis-related proteins (GPX4 and SLC7A11) might be relevant to catechin through molecular docking. Thus, we speculate that catechin plays an anti-inflammatory effect through mediating ferroptosis on RAW264.7, which still needs further focus on the detailed molecular mechanism.