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Kukla DA, Belair DG, Stresser DM. Evaluation and Optimization of a Microcavity Plate-Based Human Hepatocyte Spheroid Model for Predicting Clearance of Slowly Metabolized Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:797-812. [PMID: 38777596 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro clearance assays are routinely conducted in drug discovery to predict in vivo clearance, but low metabolic turnover compounds are often difficult to evaluate. Hepatocyte spheroids can be cultured for days, achieving higher drug turnover, but have been hindered by limitations on cell number per well. Corning Elplasia microcavity 96-well microplates enable the culture of 79 hepatocyte spheroids per well. In this study, microcavity spheroid properties (size, hepatocyte function, longevity, culturing techniques) were assessed and optimized for clearance assays, which were then compared with microsomes, hepatocyte suspensions, two-dimensional-plated hepatocytes, and macrowell spheroids cultured as one per well. Higher enzyme activity coupled with greater hepatocyte concentrations in microcavity spheroids enabled measurable turnover of all 17 test compounds, unlike the other models that exhibited less drug turnover. Microcavity spheroids also predicted intrinsic clearance (CLint) and blood clearance (CLb) within threefold for 53% [9/17; average absolute fold error (AAFE), 3.9] and 82% (14/17; AAFE, 2.6) of compounds using a linear regression correction model, respectively. An alternate method incorporating mechanistic modeling that accounts for mass transport (permeability and diffusion) within spheroids demonstrated improved predictivity for CLint (12/17; AAFE, 4.0) and CLb (14/17; AAFE, 2.1) without the need for empirical scaling factors. The estimated fraction of drug metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (fm,CYP3A4) using 3 μM itraconazole was within 25% of observed values for 6 of 8 compounds, with 5 of 8 compounds within 10%. In sum, spheroid cultures in microcavity plates permit the ability to test and predict clearance as well as fm,CYP3A4 of low metabolic turnover compounds and represent a valuable complement to conventional in vitro clearance assays. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Culturing multiple spheroids in ultralow attachment microcavities permits accurate quantitation of metabolically stable compounds in substrate depletion assays, overcoming limitations with singly cultured spheroids. In turn, this permits robust estimates of intrinsic clearance, which is improved with the consideration of mass transport within the spheroid. Incubations with 3 μM itraconazole enabled assessments of CYP3A4 involvement in hepatic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kukla
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - David G Belair
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - David M Stresser
- Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
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Huynh C, Dingemanse J, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Fonseca M, Sidharta PN. The effect of itraconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of the first-in-class ACKR3/CXCR7 antagonist, ACT-1004-1239. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13883. [PMID: 39010703 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of many drugs that are currently on the market and is therefore a key player in drug-drug interactions (DDIs). ACT-1004-1239 is a potent and selective, first-in-class ACKR3/CXRC7 antagonist being developed as a treatment for demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis. Based on the human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study results, ACT-1004-1239 is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4. This study investigated the effect of the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, itraconazole, on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose ACT-1004-1239 in healthy male subjects. In the open-label, fixed-sequence DDI study, a total of 16 subjects were treated. Each subject received a single dose of 10 mg ACT-1004-1239 (Treatment A) in the first period followed by concomitant administration of multiple doses of 200 mg itraconazole and a single dose of 10 mg ACT-1004-1239 in the second period. We report a median of difference in tmax (90% confidence interval, CI) of 0.5 h (0.0, 1.0) comparing both treatments. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) (90% CI) of Cmax and AUC0-∞ was 2.16 (1.89, 2.47) and 2.77 (2.55, 3.00), respectively. The GMR (90% CI) of t1/2 was 1.46 (1.26, 1.70). Both treatments were well-tolerated with an identical incidence in subjects reporting treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE). The most frequently reported TEAEs were headache and nausea. In conclusion, ACT-1004-1239 is classified as a moderately sensitive CYP3A4 substrate (i.e., increase of AUC ≥2- to <5-fold), and this should be considered in further clinical studies if CYP3A4 inhibitors are concomitantly administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Huynh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Patricia N Sidharta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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3
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Miyake T, Mochizuki T, Nakagawa T, Nakamura M, Emoto C, Komiyama N, Hirabayashi M, Tsuruta S, Shimojo T, Terao K, Tachibana T. Quantitative prediction of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions by correctly estimating fraction metabolized using human liver chimeric mice. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1091-1106. [PMID: 37872109 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fraction metabolized (fm ) and fraction transported (ft ) are important for understanding drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in drug discovery and development. However, current in vitro systems cannot accurately estimate in vivo fm due to inability to reflect the ft by efflux transporters (ft,efflux ). This study demonstrates how CYP3A-mediated DDI for CYP3A/P-gp substrates can be predicted using Hu-PXB mice as human liver chimeric mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For estimating human in vitro fm by CYP3A enzyme (fm,CYP3A,in vitro ), six drugs, including CYP3A/P-gp substrates (alprazolam, cyclosporine, docetaxel, midazolam, prednisolone, and theophylline) and human hepatocytes were incubated with or without ketoconazole as a CYP3A inhibitor. We calculated fm,CYP3A,in vitro based on hepatic intrinsic clearance. To estimate human in vivo fm,CYP3A (fm,CYP3A,in vivo ), we collected information on clinical DDI caused by ketoconazole for these six drugs. We calculated fm,CYP3A,in vivo using the change of total clearance (CLtotal ). For evaluating the human DDI predictability, the six drugs were administered intravenously to Hu-PXB and SCID mice with or without ketoconazole. We calculated the change of CLtotal caused by ketoconazole. We compared the CLtotal change in humans with that in Hu-PXB and SCID mice. KEY RESULTS The fm,CYP3A,in vitro was overestimated compared to the fm,CYP3A,in vivo . Hu-PXB mice showed much better correlation in the change of CLtotal with humans (R2 = 0.95) compared to SCID mice (R2 = 0.0058). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CYP3A-mediated DDI can be predicted by correctly estimating human fm,CYP3A,in vivo using Hu-PXB mice. These mice could be useful predicting hepatic fm and ft,efflux .
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Emoto
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Komiyama
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Hirabayashi
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuruta
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Shimojo
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimio Terao
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Aluri KC, Slavsky M, Tan Y, Whitcher‐Johnstone A, Zhang Z, Hariparsad N, Ramsden D. Aminobenzotriazole inhibits and induces several key drug metabolizing enzymes complicating its utility as a pan CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13746. [PMID: 38501263 PMCID: PMC10949176 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is commonly used as a non-selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to assign contributions of CYP versus non-CYP pathways to the metabolism of new chemical entities. Despite widespread use, a systematic review of the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential for ABT has not been published nor have the implications for using it in plated hepatocyte models for low clearance reaction phenotyping. The goal being to investigate the utility of ABT as a pan-CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds by evaluating stability over the incubation period, inhibition potential against UGT and sulfotransferase enzymes, and interaction with nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Induction potential for additional inhibitors used to ascribe fraction metabolism (fm ), pathway including erythromycin, ketoconazole, azamulin, atipamezole, ZY12201, and quinidine was also investigated. ABT significantly inhibited the clearance of a non-selective UGT substrate 4-methylumbelliferone, with several UGTs shown to be inhibited using selective probe substrates in human hepatocytes and rUGTs. The inhibitors screened in the induction assay were shown to induce enzymes regulated through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, Constitutive Androstane Receptor, and Pregnane X Receptor. Lastly, a case study identifying the mechanisms of a clinical DDI between Palbociclib and ARV-471 is provided as an example of the potential consequences of using ABT to derive fm . This work demonstrates that ABT is not an ideal pan-CYP inhibitor for reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds and establishes a workflow that can be used to enable robust characterization of other prospective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Tan
- AstraZenecaWalthamMassachusettsUSA
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Lee J, Beers JL, Geffert RM, Jackson KD. A Review of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Assessment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:99. [PMID: 38254699 PMCID: PMC10813492 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism is a major determinant of drug concentrations in the body. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by the co-administration of multiple drugs can lead to alteration in the exposure of the victim drug, raising safety or effectiveness concerns. Assessment of the DDI potential starts with in vitro experiments to determine kinetic parameters and identify risks associated with the use of comedication that can inform future clinical studies. The diverse range of experimental models and techniques has significantly contributed to the examination of potential DDIs. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of many drugs on the market, making them frequently implicated in drug metabolism and DDIs. Consequently, there has been a growing focus on the assessment of DDI risk for CYPs. This review article provides mechanistic insights underlying CYP inhibition/induction and an overview of the in vitro assessment of CYP-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.L.B.); (R.M.G.)
| | | | | | - Klarissa D. Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.L.B.); (R.M.G.)
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Zhang Y, Umehara K, Romeo AA, Singh N, Cantrill C, Savage M, Chen E, Zhang W, Parrot NJ, Paehler A. Evaluation of the drug disposition of RO7049389 with in vitro data and human mass balance supported by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3079-3091. [PMID: 37264516 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS RO7049389 (linvencorvir) is a developmental oral treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The aim of this work was to conduct mass balance (MB) and absolute bioavailability (BA) analyses in healthy volunteers, alongside in vitro evaluations of the metabolism of RO7049389 and a major circulating active metabolite M5 in human hepatocytes, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to refine the underlying drug disposition paradigm. METHODS Participants in the clinical study (MB: Caucasian, male, n = 6; BA: Caucasian and Asian, male and female, n = 16, 8 in each ethnic groups) received oral [14 C] or unlabelled RO7049389 (600/1000 mg) followed by 100 μg intravenous [13 C]RO7049389. Metabolic pathways with fractions metabolized-obtained from the in vitro incubation results of 10 μM [14 C]RO7049389 and 1 μM M5 with (long-term cocultured) human hepatocytes in the absence and presence of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor itraconazole-were used to complement the PBPK models, alongside the clinical MB and BA data. RESULTS The model performance in predicting the pharmacokinetic profiles of RO7049389 and M5 aligned with clinical observations in Caucasians and was also successfully applied to Asians. Accordingly, the drug disposition pathways for RO7049389 were postulated with newly characterized estimates of the fractions: biliary excretion by P-glycoprotein (~41%), direct glucuronidation via uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (~11%), hexose conjugation (~6%), oxidation by CYP3A4 (~28%) and other oxidation reactions (~9%). CONCLUSION These results support the ongoing clinical development program for RO7049389 and highlight the broader value of PBPK and MB analyses in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Carina Cantrill
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Wen Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China
| | - Neil John Parrot
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Paehler
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Di L. Recent advances in measurement of metabolic clearance, metabolite profile and reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1209-1219. [PMID: 37526497 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2238606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low metabolic clearance is usually a highly desirable property of drug candidates in order to reduce dose and dosing frequency. However, measurement of low clearance can be challenging in drug discovery. A number of new tools have recently been developed to address the gaps in the measurement of intrinsic clearance, identification of metabolites, and reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds. AREAS COVERED The new methodologies of low clearance measurements are discussed, including the hepatocyte relay, HepatoPac®, HμREL®, and spheroid systems. In addition, metabolite formation rate determination and in vivo allometric scaling approaches are covered as alternative methods for low clearance measurements. With these new methods, measurement of ~ 20-fold lower limit of intrinsic clearance can be achieved. The advantages and limitations of each approach are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although several novel methods have been developed in recent years to address the challenges of low clearance, these assays tend to be time and labor intensive and costly. Future innovations focusing on developing systems with high enzymatic activities, ultra-sensitive universal quantifiable detectors, and artificial intelligence will further enhance our ability to explore the low clearance space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Research Fellow, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
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8
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Jiang P, Chen T, Chu LF, Xu RP, Gao JT, Wang L, Liu Q, Tang L, Wan H, Li M, Ren HC. Enhancing drug-drug Interaction Prediction by Integrating Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model with Fraction Metabolized by CYP3A4. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:721-731. [PMID: 37746740 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2263358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing the precision of drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction is essential for improving drug safety and efficacy. The aim is to identify the most effective fraction metabolized by CY3A4 (fm) for improving DDI prediction using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The fm values were determined for 33 approved drugs using a human liver microsome for in vitro measurements and the ADMET Predictor software for in silico predictions. Subsequently, these fm values were integrated into PBPK models using the GastroPlus platform. The PBPK models, combined with a ketoconazole model, were utilized to predict AUCR (AUCcombo with ketoconazole/AUCdosing alone), and the accuracy of these predictions was evaluated by comparison with observed AUCR. RESULTS The integration of in vitro fm method demonstrates superior performance compared to the in silico fm method and fm of 100% method. Under the Guest-limits criteria, the integration of in vitro fm achieves an accuracy of 76%, while the in silico fm and fm of 100% methods achieve accuracies of 67% and 58%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of in vitro fm data to improve the accuracy of predicting DDIs and demonstrates the promising potential of in silico fm in predicting DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Jiang
- Department of DMPK, Shanghai Medicilon Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Shanghai PharmoGo Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Feng Chu
- Department of DMPK, Shanghai Medicilon Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Peng Xu
- Department of DMPK, Shanghai Medicilon Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ting Gao
- Drug Discovery Department, GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Drug Discovery Department, GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Drug Discovery Department, GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lily Tang
- Drug Discovery Department, GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK, Shanghai Medicilon Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R.China
| | - Hong-Can Ren
- Drug Discovery Department, GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Ekiciler A, Chen WLK, Bo Y, Pugliano A, Donzelli M, Parrott N, Umehara K. Quantitative Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction Risk Assessment Using Human Hepatocytes Complemented with Pregnane X Receptor-Activating Profiles. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:276-284. [PMID: 36460477 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable in vitro to in vivo translation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 induction potential is essential to support risk mitigation for compounds during pharmaceutical discovery and development. In this study, a linear correlation of CYP3A4 mRNA induction potential in human hepatocytes with the respective pregnane-X receptor (PXR) activation in a reporter gene assay using DPX2 cells was successfully demonstrated for 13 clinically used drugs. Based on this correlation, using rifampicin as a positive control, the magnitude of CYP3A4 mRNA induction for 71 internal compounds at several concentrations up to 10 µM (n = 90) was predicted within 2-fold error for 64% of cases with only a few false positives (19%). Furthermore, the in vivo area under the curve reduction of probe CYP substrates was reasonably predicted for eight marketed drugs (carbamazepine, dexamethasone, enzalutamide, nevirapine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampicin, and rufinamide) using the static net effect model using both the PXR activation and CYP3A4 mRNA induction data. The liver exit concentrations were used for the model in place of the inlet concentrations to avoid false positive predictions and the concentration achieving twofold induction (F2) was used to compensate for the lack of full induction kinetics due to cytotoxicity and solubility limitations in vitro. These findings can complement the currently available induction risk mitigation strategy and potentially influence the drug interaction modeling work conducted at clinical stages. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The established correlation of CYP3A4 mRNA in human hepatocytes to PXR activation provides a clear cut-off to identify a compound showing an in vitro induction risk, complementing current regulatory guidance. Also, the demonstrated in vitro-in vivo translation of induction data strongly supports a clinical development program although limitations remain for drug candidates showing complex disposition pathways, such as involvement of auto-inhibition/induction, active transport and high protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Ekiciler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
| | - Wen Li Kelly Chen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
| | - Yan Bo
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
| | - Alessandra Pugliano
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
| | - Massimiliano Donzelli
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
| | - Kenichi Umehara
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (A.E., A.P., M.D., N.P., K.U.) and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, China Innovation Center of Roche, Shanghai, China (W.L.K.C., Y.B.)
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