1
|
Cecropin B Represses CYP3A29 Expression through Activation of the TLR2/4-NF-κB/PXR Signaling Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27876. [PMID: 27296244 PMCID: PMC4906279 DOI: 10.1038/srep27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecropins are peptide antibiotics used as drugs and feed additives. Cecropin B can inhibit the expression of CYP3A29, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study was designed to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects of cecropin B on CYP3A29 expression, focusing on the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NF-κB pathways. Our results indicated that the CYP3A29 expression was inhibited by cecropin B, which was regulated by pregnane X receptor (PXR) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cecropin B-induced NF-κB activation played a pivotal role in the suppression of CYP3A29 through disrupting the association of the PXR/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) complex with DNA sequences. NF-κB p65 directly interacted with the DNA-binding domain of PXR, suppressed its expression, and inhibited its transactivation, leading to the downregulation of the PXR-regulated CYP3A29 expression. Furthermore, cecropin B activated pig liver cells by interacting with TLRs 2 and 4, which modulated NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways. In conclusion, cecropin B inhibited the expression of CYP3A29 in a TLR/NF-κB/PXR-dependent manner, which should be considered in future development of cecropins and other antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
|
2
|
Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, Vemireddi V, Greeley M, Brocksmith D, Navratil N, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hollinger C. Pigs in Toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:575-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316639389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Both a rodent and a nonrodent species are required for evaluation in nonclinical safety studies conducted to support human clinical trials. Historically, dogs and nonhuman primates have been the nonrodent species of choice. Swine, especially the miniature swine or minipigs, are increasingly being used in preclinical safety as an alternate nonrodent species. The pig is an appropriate option for these toxicology studies based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. Both similarities and differences exist in phase I and phase II biotransformation pathways between humans and pigs. There are numerous breeds of pigs, yet only a few of these breeds are characterized with regard to both xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and background pathology findings. Some specific differences in these enzymes based on breed and sex are known. Although swine have been used extensively in biomedical research, there is also a paucity of information in the current literature detailing the incidence of background lesions and differences between commonly used breeds. Here, the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are compared between humans and pigs, and minipig background pathology changes are reviewed with emphasis on breed differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- Charles River Laboratories, Spencerville, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Brocksmith
- Sinclair Research Center and Sinclair Bio Resources, Auxvasse, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hollinger
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Helke KL, Swindle MM. Animal models of toxicology testing: the role of pigs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:127-39. [PMID: 23216131 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.739607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In regulatory toxicological testing, both a rodent and non-rodent species are required. Historically, dogs and non-human primates (NHP) have been the species of choice of the non-rodent portion of testing. The pig is an appropriate option for these tests based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in humans and pigs and highlights the similarities and differences of these models. This is a growing field and references are sparse. Numerous breeds of pigs are discussed along with specific breed differences in these enzymes that are known. While much available data are presented, it is grossly incomplete and sometimes contradictory based on methods used. EXPERT OPINION There is no ideal species to use in toxicology. The use of dogs and NHP in xenobiotic testing continues to be the norm. Pigs present a viable and perhaps more reliable model of non-rodent testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Medical University South Carolina, Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, Ste 648, MSC777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mogi M, Toda A, Iwasaki K, Kusumoto S, Takehara H, Shimizu M, Murayama N, Izumi H, Utoh M, Yamazaki H. Simultaneous pharmacokinetics assessment of caffeine, warfarin, omeprazole, metoprolol, and midazolam intravenously or orally administered to Microminipigs. J Toxicol Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mogi
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Akiko Toda
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Kazuhide Iwasaki
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Shogo Kusumoto
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Hiromi Takehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hiroyuki Izumi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Masahiro Utoh
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
CYP3As catalyze nifedipine oxidation in pig liver microsomes: Enzyme kinetics, inhibition and functional expression. CATAL COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
6
|
Huang M, Ho PC. Identification of metabolites of meisoindigo in rat, pig and human liver microsomes by UFLC-MS/MS. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1418-28. [PMID: 19426681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3-(1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-indol-2-one, abbreviated as meisoindigo, has been a routine therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in China since the 1980s. To gain an understanding of the interspecies differences in the metabolism of meisoindigo, the relevant metabolism studies were carried out for the first time in rat, pig and human liver microsomes of different genders by ultra fast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS). The qualitative metabolite identification was accomplished by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in combination with Enhanced Product Ion (EPI). The semi-quantitative metabolic stability and metabolite formation were simultaneously measured by MRM. The in vitro metabolic pathways of meisoindigo in three species were proposed as 3,3' double bond reduction, followed by N-demethylation, and reduction followed by phenyl mono-oxidation. Two novel metabolic pathways involving direct phenyl mono-oxidation without reduction in the three species, and direct N-demethylation without reduction in only pig and human, were also proposed. It may be noted that the two metabolites formed after reduction followed by phenyl mono-oxidation at positions 4, 5, 6 or 7, as well as one metabolite formed from direct phenyl mono-oxidation at either of the two phenyl rings without reduction were found to be uniquely present in human. The in vitro t(1/2) and in vitro CL(int) values of meisoindigo were calculated. Statistical analysis showed there were no significant differences in the metabolic stability profiles of meisoindigo among three species, and gender effect on the metabolic stability of meisoindigo was negligible. Formation profiles of the most significant reductive metabolites were obtained in the three species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murayama N, Kaneko N, Horiuchi K, Ohyama K, Shimizu M, Ito K, Yamazaki H. Cytochrome P450-depedent Drug Oxidation Activity of Liver Microsomes from Microminipigs, A Possible New Animal Model for Humans in Non-clinical Studies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:404-8. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Implications of hepatic cytochrome P450-related biotransformation processes in veterinary sciences. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:502-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Ibrahim Z, Busch J, Awwad M, Wagner R, Wells K, Cooper DKC. Selected physiologic compatibilities and incompatibilities between human and porcine organ systems. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:488-99. [PMID: 17059572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of donor organs is a major barrier to clinical organ transplantation. Although xenotransplantation is considered one of the alternatives to human organ transplantation, there are immunologic and physiologic incompatibilities between humans and pigs. With the exception of coagulation, the major potential physiologic incompatibilities relating to function of the kidney, heart, liver, lungs, pancreatic islets, and hormones are reviewed. Some of these physiologic differences can be overcome by producing genetically altered pigs to improve compatibility with humans. The possibility of producing such pigs for organ transplantation is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhaib Ibrahim
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tevell A, Lennernäs H, Jönsson M, Norlin M, Lennernäs B, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Flutamide metabolism in four different species in vitro and identification of flutamide metabolites in human patient urine by high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:984-92. [PMID: 16540588 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.008516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new metabolic scheme of flutamide is proposed in this article. Some patients treated with flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, have developed severe hepatic dysfunction. Toxic metabolites have been proposed to be responsible for these negative effects. In this study, the qualitative aspects of the in vitro metabolism of flutamide in liver microsomes from human, dog, pig, and rat were evaluated. A direct comparison of the flutamide metabolism in liver and prostate microsomes from pig was made, and the in vivo metabolism of flutamide was investigated in urine from orally treated prostate cancer patients. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used for analysis. The mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray interface and operated in the negative ion mode. In liver microsomes from pig, dog, and rat, extensive hydroxylation of flutamide occurred. One, two, or three hydroxy groups were attached, and isomeric forms were detected for both monohydroxylated and trihydroxylated drug. In pig liver microsomes, isomers of a third metabolite, hydroxylated 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-aniline, were also found after incubation with either flutamide or 2-hydroxyflutamide. In human liver microsomes, the pharmacologically active 2-hydroxyflutamide was the only metabolite detected. Several phase I metabolites as well as four intact phase II metabolites could be recovered from the urine samples. For the first time in humans, glucuronic acid conjugates of hydroxylated 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-aniline, and mono- and dihydroxylated flutamide were identified, together with hydroxylated 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-aniline conjugated with sulfate. In addition, one mercapturic acid conjugate of hydroxylated flutamide, probably formed from flutamide via a reactive intermediate, was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annica Tevell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
For the development of new drugs, evaluation of drug-drug interactions with already known compounds, as well as for better understanding of metabolism pathways of various toxicants and pollutants, we studied the drug metabolism mediated by cytochromes P450. The experimental approach is based on animal drug-metabolising systems. From the ethical as well as rational reasons, the selection of an appropriate system is crucial. Here, it is necessary to decide on the basis of expected CYP system involved. For CYP1A-mediated pathways, all the commonly used experimental models are appropriate except probably the dog. On the contrary, the dog seems to be suitable for modelling of processes depending on the CYP2D. With CYP2C, which is possibly the most large and complicated subfamily, the systems based on monkey (Maccacus rhesus) may be a good representative. The CYP3A seems to be well modelled by pig or minipig CYP3A29. Detailed studies on activities with individual isolated CYP forms are needed to understand in full all aspects of inter-species differences and variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zuber
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University at Olomouc, Hnevotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|